英语语法danglingconstru

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1、to our group Members: Steven Grace Vera Milly Bonnie Stella Apple Linda Dangling Modifier A dangling modifier is a phrase or clause that is wrongly attached to the matrix clause(主 句 ), so that the implied subject(逻 辑 主 语 ) of this phrase/clause is not the same one of the matrix clause. This phrase/c

2、lause is dangling because it is actually unattached to the sentence. 1.Dangling participles and participial clauses Participles or participial clauses may be at the beginning or the end of a sentence, and a participial clause is usually attached to its subject clause . However, when the subject is m

3、issing or the participle attaches itself to another object in a sentence, the clause is seemingly hanging on nothing or on an entirely inappropriate noun. It thus becomes a dangling participle. Example Walking down Main Street, the trees were beautiful. the walking down participle modifies trees, th

4、e subject of the sentence. However, the trees are presumably not themselves walking down Main Street. The participle in fact modifies the unmentioned speaker of the sentence, the one doing the walking (and finding the trees beautiful). 2.Dangling infinitive phrases Some infinitive phrases are used a

5、s adverbial and its logical subject does not agree with the subject of the sentence . ( F） To appreciate the English language, reading must be done. （ T） To appreciate the English language, we must read. 3.Dangling prepositional phrase Some prepositional phrases are used as adverbial and its logical

6、 subject does not agree with the subject of the sentence （ F） Instead of watching The Late Show, a novel was read. （ T） Instead of watching The Late Show, Nancy read a novel. The Dangling Construction of pragmatic meanings（ 语 用 意 义 ） 1.Leading topic: Talking of (谈 及 ， 说到 ） ， Getting back to， Coming

7、to，Referring to eg:1.Talking of money, have you paid the tailor s bill yet? 2.Coming to this question， I say no . 2. Expressing the speech way of people: Putting it mildly , Frankly speaking， Generally speaking， Roughly speaking，Broadly speaking eg: Generally speaking， dogs are more faithful to men

8、than cats 3.Expressing the talking perspective of speaker: Judging from, According to， Considering, Viewing it from(从 来 说 ） ， Seeing eg: Judging from his expression， he is in a bad mood 4. Providing conditions for the content what the speaker said: if or with, Provided ,Supposing eg: Supposing this

9、to be true， he is certainly the murderer 5. Acting as a adversative conjunction : Admitting that（ 虽 然 ， 即 使 ） ， Allowed that， Allowing for， Considering（ that） ，Assuming that， Seeing that， Granting that（ 即 使 ， 假 定 ） ， Granted that eg: Admitting（ Assuming Allowing）that he is drunk， that is no excuse 6

10、. Expressing what the speaker says without exception: Barring（ 除 非 ， 不 包 括 ） ， Bating（ 除 以 外 ） ， Excepting， Excepted, Including， Counting， Setting aside （ 除 以外 ） ， Leaving eg: Setting aside the question of capital（ 资金 ） ， this business has many other problems Useful dangling structuresV-ing structur

11、e V-ed structure Infinitive structure generally speaking 一 般 来 看 broadly speaking 广 而 言 之 personally speaking 就 个 人 而 言 frankly speaking 坦 率 地 说 judging from/by从 看considering考 虑 到 providing在 条 件 下supposing假 定 talking of/about说 起 ， 谈 到 given考 虑 到 granted即 使 ， 假 定 .， 就 算 provided that 假 设 supposed假 设

12、admitted 假 定 allowed 假 设 to tell you the truth说 老 实 话 to be honest诚 恳 地 说 to be sure的 确 ， 毫 无 疑 问 to be fair说 良 心 话 to be frank坦 率 地 说 to cut a long story short长 话 短说 to put it in another way换 句 话 说 to begin with首 先 There are three kinds of correction methods of dangling construction as follows： Dan

13、gling participle or participle phrases,such as: Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen. (a)Determining the logical subject,make sentences into “ Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.” (b)The present participle phrase can be extended into the adverb clause “ When the explorers

14、 climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.” The dangling adverbial phrases, such as: After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite. what is the logical relationship of adverbial phrase and the fish？ ？ ？ (a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman fo

15、und that the fish began to bite. (b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite. Dangling infinitive verb phrases, such as: To write well, a lot of practice is needed. To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must. The infinitive verb phrases of the two sentenc

16、e cant modify practice and a sense of belonging“ . The real subject must bepeople (a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practice a lot. (b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging. Among the three dangling structures above mentioned, the first type i

17、s used frequently, however, the following three kinds of situations, participial phrases are right, they are not dangling structure First， in the Absolute Construction, the participle phrase has its own subject, so it is not dangling structure： Such being the case, we can go home now. Second, when t

18、he participle contain the nature of prepositions and conjunctions , it does not require the logical subject, so there is no dangling problems. For example: Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued. Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better. Third, whe

19、n the participle phrases are used to express the speakers attitude or opinion, also do not need to be the logical subject, so there is not a dangling problem. For example: Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible. Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind t

20、hat idea Some instructions of draping the past participle 1 。 According to English syntax (语法 ） ,when participle or past participle phrase are used as adverbial ,its logical subject should agree with the subject of the sentence.FOR EXAMPLE: Viewed from a distance, the island looked like a cloud. Thi

21、s sentence is correct ,because the logical subject of phrase view from distance is the island， this cession can rewrite as： When it (=the island) was viewed from a distance. 2。 When participle or past participle phrase are used as adverbial， its logical subject doesnt agree with the subject of the s

22、entence， it is called dangling the past participle. Dangling past participle has always been looked as against the syntax, which is incorrect. FOR EXAMPLE:Moved by his speech, tears came to the girls eyes. This sentence is incorrect, because the logical subject of past participle phrase moved by his

23、 speech is the girl, but the subject of this sentence is tears, they are inconforming. How to deal with dangling participle 1.Changing the structure of sentences,make the logical subject and the subject of sentence in agreement. 2. Adding its own subject in front of the participle, form segmentation

24、 of the nominative absolute structure(分 词 的 独 立主 格 结 构 ) EXAMPLESMoved by his speech, the girl couldnt hold back her eyes. This sentence is correct， because logical subject of past participle phrase moved by his speech is the girl，meanwhile， the subject of this sentence is the girl. The girl moved b

25、y his speech, tears came to her eyes. This sentence is correct， too. Because in front of past participle phrase moved by his speech , here we add an logical subject the girl , so it forms a nominative absolute structure(独 立 主 格结 构 ) . Choose the right answer from A B C (1)In these sentences, which s

26、entence is showing what is the topic? A: Coming to this question, I say no. B: Considering the low price, the car is worth buying. C: Given that their inexperience, theyve done a good job. (A) (2)“Getting back to our story , the princess was skilled.” This sentence suits for which situation? A: Show

27、 the speakers way B: Show what is the topic C: Show the speakers basis or perspective (B) (3)Which sentence is show the speakers basis or perspective?A: Generally speaking, dogs are more faithful to men than cats.B: Provided that a film entertains, few people care about its other merits.C: According

28、 to Barthes, the author had died (C) (4) In the following sentences, which sentence is dangling structure? A: Going up the hill, the statue of Lincoln struck my eye. B: Going up the hill, I saw the statue of Lincoln. (A) Sentence A is dangling structure. Because “going to the hill” logic subject is

29、not the subject” the statue of Lincoln” Sentence B is the formal V-ing structure, the logic subject is same with the subject “I” In the following sentences, which sentence is dangling structure? A: Tied to a post, the sea was being tossed up and down by the sea.B: Tied to a post, the sea was tossing

30、 the boat up and down. (A) Sentence A is the formal V-ed structure, the logical subject is same with the subject “I”. Sentence B is tangling structure, because “ tied to a post” logical subject is not the subject” the sea” T or F:(1)To make friends, honesty is important. (x)Reason: in this sentence,

31、 there are two subjects: one is someone, the other is something, so it is wrong .We can correct it in three ways. Three ways: =If one wants to make friends, honesty is important. =To make friends, one must be honest. =For one to make friends, honesty is important. (2)Spreading to the left, he jumped

32、 down from the armchair. (x)Reason :this sentence is also wrong ,the same reason as last sentence. We can correct it in two ways.=The fire spreading to the left, he jumped down from the armchair.=As/ When the fire spread to the left, he jumped down from the armchair. (3) At the age of ten, my father

33、 began to teach me Japanese. (x)Reason: the same reason with last two sentences.Correct: when I was ten years old, my father began to teach me Japanese. What is the dangling construction.Three types of dangling construction.Six pragmatic meanings of dangling construction. Three kinds of correction m

34、ethods of dangling construction. Some instructions of draping the past participle. Some useful exercises to deepen our understanding of dangling construction. Thanks to the contribution of our teacher and classmates,we have enjoyed a knowledge banquet of dangling construction. From now on ,we can use them correctly . What a meaningful lesson it is.