Unit4Astronomythescienceofthestars课件

Unit-4-AstronomyUnit-4-Astronomy：-the-science-of-the-the-science-of-the-stars-stars-课件课件Period 1 Warming up and pre-readingWhat subjects do you learn at school?lChineselEnglish lmathematicslphysicslchemistrylgeographylbiologylhistoryphysicschemistrybiologygeology mathematicsMedicineBiochemistryGeophysicsAstronomyScience subjectsFrontier scienceWarming upmedicinebiology chemistry astronomy physics mathematicsgeophysicsgeology physics biochemistry biology chemistryAstronomy is the scientific study of the universe and the heaven bodies(such as the sun,the moon,and stars),gas,and dust within it.astronomerSolar system 水星最接近太阳，是太阳系中第二小行星。水星的英文名字Mercury来自罗马神墨丘利。墨丘利也就是希腊神话中的Hermes。或许由于水星在空中移动得快，才使它得到这个名字。金星是离太阳第二近，太阳系中第六大行星。古希腊人称之为Aphrodite(阿芙罗狄蒂)，是希腊神话中爱与美的女神。而在罗马神话中爱与美的女神是维纳斯Venus，因此金星也称做“维纳斯”。地球是距太阳第三颗，它是太阳系类地行星中最大的一颗，也是太阳系第五大行星，行星年龄估计大约有45亿年(4.5109)。地球是唯一一个不是从希腊或罗马神中得到的名字。Earth一词来自于古英语及日耳曼语。这里当然有许多其他语言的命名。在罗马神话中，地球女神叫Tellus肥沃的土地。火星为距太阳第四远，也是太阳系中第七大行星。因为火星在夜空中看起来是血红色的，所以在西方，以罗马神话中的战神Mars命名它。木星是离太阳第五颗行星，而且是最大的一颗。木星是天空中第四亮的物体。木星是自转最快的行星。在西方称它为朱庇特Jupiter，是罗马神话中的众神之王，相当于希腊神话中的宙斯（Zeus）。土星是离太阳第六远的行星。是太阳系中仅次于木星的第二大行星。中国古代称之为镇星或填星。土星的英文名字Saturn（以及其他绝大部分欧洲语言中的土星名称）是以罗马神的农神萨杜恩命名的。希腊神话中的农神Cronus是Uranus（天王星）和该亚的儿子，也是宙斯的父亲。天王星是太阳系中离太阳第七远行星，颜色为灰蓝色，是一颗巨型气体行星(Gas Giant)。以直径计算，天王星是太阳系第三大行星；天王星的命名，是取自希腊神话的天神乌拉诺斯 Uranus。乌拉诺斯是古希腊神话中的宇宙之神，是最早的至高无上的神。他是该亚的儿子兼配偶，是Cronus（农神土星）、独眼巨人和泰坦的父亲。海王星为太阳系九大行星中的第八个，是一个巨行星。海王星。目前海王星是太阳系内离太阳第二远的行星。海王星的名字是罗马神话中的海神涅普顿（Neptune）。古希腊神话中海神叫波塞冬(Poseidon)。1.Do you know how did the universe begin?Each religion or culture has its own ideas about the beginning of the universe?Pre-readingPangu separates the sky from the earth.Pangu separates the sky from the earth Pangu separated the earth and sky with an ax.After he died,his breath became wind and cloud;his voice became thunder and his left eye sun and right one moon;arms and legs became edges and mountains;blood became rivers and tendon(筋筋脉脉)became roads;muscles became fields and hair stars;teeth and bones became metals,pearls and jade;sweat became rain.Other legends about the beginning of universeThe Holy BibleThe Biblical AccountDay 1:God spoke and separated light from darkness creating Day and Night Day 2:God spoke and separated the water creating sky and ocean Day 3:God spoke and created dry land 上帝创世说：Day 4:God spoke and created the sun,moon and stars Day 5:God spoke and created living creatures in the air and sea Day 6:God spoke and created the land animals and man Day 7:God rested and blessed this day calling it Holy Brahman(婆罗门婆罗门)is the god first represented in the Hindu Triad.He is the creator of the universe and all living beings are said to have evolved from him.IndiaPeriod 2 Reading How Life Began on the EarthDo you know the origin of the human beings?Man had evolved from apes.EarthHow life began on the earthThe Big Bang Big BangA solid ballAtmosphere The earthIt was full of water.Original cells.The cells in the water began to separate.waterPlants in the waterShellfish and fishPlants on landInsects and amphibiansReptiles Dinosaurs Mammals Man had evolved from apes.watergreen plants on land234How life began on the earthAnalysing 5678forestsshellfish and all sorts of fishinsects(on land)amphibians(on land and in water)reptiles(on land)dinosaurs(on land)mammals(on land)small clever animals with hands and feet human small plants in water1A cloud of dustCombine into a solid ballExplodewith fire&rock(produce H2O,CO2,O2,N2,other gases)atmosphereCool downwater appeared dissolve harmful gases into Life beganLife developedThe development of lifeScanning1.What was produced when the earth exploded?2.How did water come into being on the earth?3.Where did life first begin,on the land or in the sea?4.Why were mammals different from other animals?1.What was produced when the earth exploded?Water vapour,carbon dioxide,oxygen,nitrogen and other gases.2.How did water come into being on the earth?The explosion of the earth produced water vapor,which turned into water when the earth cooled down.3.Where did life first begin,on the land or in the sea?In the sea.Because water dissolved harmful gases and made it possible for life to begin.4.Why were mammals different from other animals?Because they produced their young from within their bodies.Careful Reading Finish the comprehending on page 27Think about what you have read and make choices.Why was the earth different from other planets?A it produced a lot of heat.B.The water remained.C Water disappeared.D.It was the oldest planet.Why was life able to develop on the earth but not on other planets?A The earth had a solid shape.B.The earth did not have harmful gases in its atmosphere.C The water stayed on the earth but not on other planets.D.The earth was not too hot and not too cold.Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals?A Animals needed plants to protect them from the sun.B Plants provided oxygen for animals to breathe.C Animals could hide from hunters in forest.D It was easier for plants to grow.What problem is caused by human being?A They exist everywhere on the earth.B They cause global warming.C They find new methods of growing crops.D They enjoy hunting and fishing.Comprehending 1.B C B B2.D B I G E H A C F Ja cloud of dusta solid ballpresence of watersmall plants grow on the watershellfish and other fish appearplants begin to grow on dry landinsects and amphibians appearreptiles appeardinosaurs appearmammals(including humans)appearP26(6)Listen to the tape 1 23 4 5 6 789Small plants in waterShellfish and all sorts of fishGreen plants on landInsects(on land)Amphibian(on land and in water)ForestsReptiles(on land)Dinosaurs(on land)Mammals(on land)The development of lifeWhat problems have been caused by humans to the earth?How to protect the earth and make it a better place to live on?RetellText Retelling The explosion of the earth produced_ _,which turned into water when the earth cooled down.Water allowed the earth to _ harmful gases into the oceans and seas.That made it possible for _ to begin to develop.The arrival of small _ encouraged the development of early _ and all sorts of fish.Many millions of years later the first green plants began to appear on land.watervapourdissolvelifeplantsshellfishLater land animals appeared.Some were_.Others,called_,were able to live on land as well as in the sea.When the plants grew into forests,_appeared for the first time.Then _developed,which became the most important animals on the earth for millions of years.After they disappeared,_ became more important.Text RetellinginsectsamphibiansreptilesdinosaursmammalsThey were the last group of animals and they were different because they _ their young from within their bodies.Small clever animals,with hands and feet,_ and _ all over the earth.As time went by,they covered the earth and have become the most important animals on the planet.Text RetellingproducedappearedspreadPeriod 3 Grammar:Subject clauseCan you find the following sentence in the reading passage?In this sentence,a noun clause is used as the subject.What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.Please pick out three more sentences with subject clauses from the reading passage.1.because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.2.What scientists think is that the earth was different because of 3.Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on P64 USING STRUCTUREDo you know where we come from?How did the universe begin?Read the passage and try to understand how Stephen Hawking solved the problems?1.What has attracted Stephen Hawking all his life?2.Does he think it simple to answer the questions?Whats his opinion?3.What have we discovered about the universe,past and present?4.How can we have a complete picture of the universe?What the universe is like has attracted him.No.The answers have always well beyond our reach.Milky Way galaxy;billions of galaxies,in a universe that is infinite and expanding;big bang;black hole;a dark matter;a possible Big Crunch.Learning to understand what we see.1._ the universe is like has attracted Stephen Hawking all his life.2._ is clear and simple about the universe has always seemed too difficult for us to answer.3._ the universe exists the way it does is a major question to all those who have looked at stars like Hawking.4._ has developed over two thousand years of observation has to be greatly revised.5._ in the universe we live is not the centre,but one of the mine planets orbiting the sun,which is just one of millions of stars in our own Milky Way galaxy.WhatWhatWhy What where6._ we understand the universe is the time when we human beings will have answered all the questions.7._ we can have a complete picture of the universe depends on learning to understand what we see.8._ Hawking wants to tell us in this text is that we should study the universe.understand it.When HowWhat做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主语，又称主语从句，引导主语从句的有从属连词that,whether，连接代词who,what,which，连接副词when,where,how,why等。1.连接词：连接词：1）从属连词：）从属连词：that，whether等等.that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。不能省略。That she left him cut him to the heart.That he will come is certain.2)连接代词连接代词who，what，which,whatever,whichever,whoever What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.Which side will win is not clear.由由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首，句后都可。放在句首，句后都可。Whether it will please them is not easy to say.Whether shes coming or not doesnt matter too much.3)连接副词连接副词when，where，how，why等。等。Why he did it remains a mystery.When they will start is not known yet.How he became a great scientist is known to us all.2.位置：位置：主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。用用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，常用下面几种句型。常用下面几种句型。1）It+be+表语表语 +主语从句主语从句表语：（名词，表语：（名词，形容词，过去分词）形容词，过去分词）It is certain that she will do well in her exam.It is true that I told her everything.It is a pity that we cant go.It is no surprise that our team should have won the game.It is an honour that I was invited to attend the meeting.It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.It is reported that China has sent another manmade earth satellite into orbit.2）It+不及物动词或短语不及物动词或短语+主语从句主语从句It seemed(happened,doesnt matter,has turned out)that It happens that they were absent.It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.3)It+及物动词（被动语态）及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句主语从句It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays.注意注意:1）主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引）主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，从属连词从属连词that可以省略。可以省略。误：误：They should like each other is natural.正：正：That they should like each other is natural.正：正：It is natural that they should like each other.2)如果主语从句放在句首，不能用如果主语从句放在句首，不能用if引引导，但是如果用导，但是如果用it 做形式主语，而把主做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导引导.误：误：If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.正：正：It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.1.I have always been honest and straightforward,and it doesnt matter _that Im talking to.A.who is it B.who it is C.it is who D.it is whom 2.It is pretty well understood _ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.A.that B.when C.what D.how 3._ made the school proud was_ more than 90 of the students had been admitted to key universities.A.What;because B.What;thatC.That;what D.That;because4._ we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where5._ that they can pass the written exam this time.A.That is hoped B.It is hoped C.It hopes D.That hopes6.It was doubtful _ Mary really heard him.A.that B.if C.whether D.whatReading comprehension:Put the following sentences into Chinese:1.What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.随后它会变成什么曾经是一个谜，直到最后这团尘埃开始慢慢地合成一个环绕太阳运转的球状物。2.The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.问题是地球（开始）变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。3.It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases,which had become part of the earths atmosphere,into the oceans and seas.它使得地球得以把曾经存在于大气层中的有害气体，溶解在海洋里。4.Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.在未来的千百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续将取决于这个问题能否得到解决。HomeworkReview the subjective clause.Finish the exercise on the workbook.Period 4 Language points1.What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.1._ （使大家吃惊的是）is that he didnt come to the meeting.What surprised everybody 2._（他所做的）added to our difficulty.What he did _ we cant get seems better than _ we have.A.What;what B.What;that C.That;that D.That;what_ made the school proud was _ more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities.A.What;because B.What;that;C.That;what D.That;becauseAB2.The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续下去。续下去。n.n.固体固体 solid,liquid,gas adj.固体的；实心的固体的；实心的,无空隙的；结实的，坚固的无空隙的；结实的，坚固的 solid fuels solid food a solid sphere solid furniturea man of solid build1)Matter has three states:solid,liquid and gas.2)When water freezes,it becomes solid and we call it ice.be to(do):(something)will definitely happen,or it must happen 不可避免要发生或必须发生不可避免要发生或必须发生 e.g.They said goodbye,little knowing that they were never to meet again.She is to be honoured for this great work.Mr.Clark said to his daughter,“You are to be home by 10 oclock at the latest.”3.It exploded loudly with fire and rock,which were in time to produce the water vapour,1).（使某物）炸开，爆炸使某物）炸开，爆炸 2).（指感情）激发（指感情）激发 3).（指人口）突然或迅速增加（指人口）突然或迅速增加 The firework exploded in his hand and he was hurt seriously.I was frightened when she exploded into loud laughter.Now it is not easy to find jobs with the exploding population.explosion n.爆炸（声）爆炸（声）explosive adj.爆炸性的，易爆炸的爆炸性的，易爆炸的 n.n.炸药，爆炸物炸药，爆炸物 in time(for sth/to do sth):not late 及时；不迟及时；不迟She will be back in time to prepare dinner.她来得及回来准备晚饭。她来得及回来准备晚饭。in time:sooner or later;eventually 迟早；最后迟早；最后Ill see him in time.总有一天我会遇见他。总有一天我会遇见他。in/out of time:in/not in the correct time 合合/不合节拍不合节拍The audience clapped in time to the music.观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。4.As the earth cooled down,water began to appear on its surface.随着地球的冷却随着地球的冷却,地球的表面就开始出现了水。地球的表面就开始出现了水。cool adj.adj.凉快；冷静；冷淡凉快；冷静；冷淡 v.（使）变冷；冷静下来（使）变冷；冷静下来 1)Lets sit in the shade and get cool.2)I knew I had to keep cool.3)His play received a cool response from the public.4)The rain has cooled the air.5)Let your soup cool a little before you drink it.6)A heated argument can be settled better if both sides cool down first.7)I tried to cool her down but she was still very angry when she left.5.Nobody knew that it was going to be different from other planets going round the sun.be very/much/quite/entirely/totally different from与与不同不同 City life is quite different from country life.1）城市生活和农村生活很不同。）城市生活和农村生活很不同。2）他们的品位和我不同。）他们的品位和我不同。Their tastes are different from mine.There are differences betweenand 与与之间有不同之处之间有不同之处tellfrom 把把与与区分开来区分开来the same as 与与一样一样be similar to 与与相似相似 going round the sun为现在分词短语，做定语，表示一为现在分词短语，做定语，表示一般的动作。例如：般的动作。例如：Men breaking the law will be punished.Men who break the law will be punished.现在分词短语作定语，也可表示进行的动作。例如：现在分词短语作定语，也可表示进行的动作。例如：Can you see the girl dancing with your boyfriend?Can you see the girl who is dancing with her boyfriend?你能看到与男友跳舞的那个姑娘吗？你能看到与男友跳舞的那个姑娘吗？6.It allows the earth to dissolve harmful gases,which allow vt.允许、许可、容许允许、许可、容许allow+n./pron./doing allow sb.to do be allowed to doMy father doesnt allow smoking at home.In fact he doesnt allow us to smoke anywhere at any time.父亲不允许在家里吸烟。实际上，他不允许我们在任何地方父亲不允许在家里吸烟。实际上，他不允许我们在任何地方任何时候吸烟。任何时候吸烟。Are we allowed to use the computer?我们可以用电脑么？我们可以用电脑么？be harmful to 对对有害有害 do harm to sb.=do sb.harm 伤害某人，对某人有害处伤害某人，对某人有害处 1)Pollution is especially harmful to animals.2)Smoking will do you a lot of harm.it作形式宾语，其真正的宾语可以是不定式，动名词和从句。作形式宾语，其真正的宾语可以是不定式，动名词和从句。1.The foreign Minister said,“_ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004BJ)A.This is B.There is C.That is D.It is 2.I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(NMET2004)A.this B.that C.it D.one 3.Why dont you bring _ to his attention that you are too busy to do it?A.this B.that C.what D.it DCD7.That made it possible for life to begin to develop.4.Why?I have nothing to confess._ you want me to say?A.What is it that B.What it is that C.How is it that D.How it is that 5.Was it at the school _ was named after a hero _ he spent his childhood?A.which;that B.where;where C.that;where D.which;whereAA8.They multiplied and filled the first oceans and seas with oxygen.multiply(数目上数目上)增加，增多；乘；（使）繁殖增加，增多；乘；（使）繁殖 1)Our problems have multiplied since last year.2)2 and 5 multiply to make 10.4)The plants here multiply rapidly.3)6 multiplied by 5 is 30.=Multiply 6 by 5 to make 30.9.This encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.encourage 鼓舞；促进；怂恿。后接名词、代词，也可接不定式作宾语补足语。如：High prices for corn and wheat will encourage farming.玉米和小麦的高价将促进农业的发展。玉米和小麦的高价将促进农业的发展。My success encouraged me to continue.我的成功鼓励我继续干下去。我的成功鼓励我继续干下去。He encouraged me to learn dancing.他鼓励我去学跳舞。他鼓励我去学跳舞。development(1)U成长,发育；发展(过程)；扩展The development of this industry will take several years.这项工业的发展要经过几年的时间。(2)C开发区开发区,新社区新社区 a new housing development 新建住宅区新建住宅区(3)C进化进化,进展；新情况进展；新情况,新闻新闻What are the latest developments?The use of computers in teaching is a recent development.教学上使用计算机是新近才有的事.10.Many millions of years later the first green plants began to appear on land.late adj.迟到的，晚的；前任的；以前的；已故的迟到的，晚的；前任的；以前的；已故的 later adv.后来，较晚时候后来，较晚时候,过后过后 adj.late的比较级的比较级(更迟的,更后的)latest adj.最新的最新的 lately adv.=recently 近来近来 1)Mr.Zhu Rongji is the late Prime Minister of China.3)She said she would ring you later this morning.5)Its only lately that she has been well enough to go out.2)He is often late for school.4)Have you heard about the latest news?11.When the plants grew into forests,reptiles appeared for the first time.She is growing into a beautiful young woman.她渐渐出落成一个美丽的姑娘。她渐渐出落成一个美丽的姑娘。生长成为生长成为,渐渐成为或变得渐渐成为或变得（不用于被动语态）（不用于被动语态）12.They produced young generally by laying eggs.Its generally believed that一般认为一般认为 generally speaking 一般而言，概括来说一般而言，概括来说 1)Its generally believed that girls work harder than boys do.2)Generally speaking,women cry more easily than men.动词动词过去式过去式过去分词过去分词现在分词现在分词意义意义lielaylainlying躺，位于躺，位于lieliedliedlying撒谎撒谎laylaid laidlaying搁，放，搁，放，下蛋下蛋The naughty boy _ to me that the hen that _ there just now had_ two eggs the day before.A.laid;laid;laid B.laid;lay;lainC.lied;laid;lain D.lied;lay;laidD13.Small clever animals,now with hands and feet,appeared and spread all over the earth.vi.散布散布,传播，蔓延传播，蔓延,伸展，扩展伸展，扩展 vt.铺开，摊开铺开，摊开 1)The news spread through the school very quickly.2)Theres a desert spreading for hundreds of miles.3)He spread out his arms to welcome us.4)I spread a new cloth on the table.14.They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.阻止某人做某事阻止某人做某事:prevent sb.(from)doing sth.stop sb.(from)doing sth.keep sb.from doing sth.1)We must prevent them from making trouble.2)You should prevent the child from injuring himself.If nothing prevents,如果没有什么阻碍的话如果没有什么阻碍的话,15.Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.depend on sb./sth.sb.to do sth.sb.doing sth.sb./sth.for sth.相信，信赖相信，信赖,依靠依靠,依赖依赖,视视而定，取决于而定，取决于 1)When you are in a strange place youd better depend on the map.2)You cant depend on others to help you.3)All living things depend on the sun for their growth.4)He depends on his pen for his living.wh-5)You can depend on him.Hell lead you there.6)Success depends on your own hard work.7)Our success depends on whether everyone works hard.depend on it 没