小型路面除冰除雪装置设计【含17张CAD图纸+PDF图】

喜欢就充值下载吧。资源目录里展示的全都有，下载后全都有,请放心下载，原稿可自行编辑修改【QQ：1304139763 或 414951605 可咨询交流】= 喜欢就充值下载吧。资源目录里展示的全都有，下载后全都有,请放心下载，原稿可自行编辑修改【QQ：1304139763 或 414951605 可咨询交流】= COMMINUTION INANON-CYLINDRICAL ROLL CRUSHER*P.VELLETRI and D.M.WEEDON Dept.of Mechanical&Materials Engineering,University of Western Australia,35 Stirling Hwy,Crawley 6009,Australia.E-mail pieromech.uwa.edu.au Faculty of Engineering and Physical Systems,Central Queensland University,PO Box1319Gladstone,Qld.4680,Australia(Received 3 May 2001;accepted 4 September 2001)Velletri and Weedon,2000 P.Velletri and D.M.Weedon,Preliminary investigations into a roll crusherwith non-cylindrical rolls,Proc.Minprex 2000 International Congress on Mineral Processing andExtractive Metallurgy,AIMM,Melbourne(2000),pp.321328.ABSTRACTLow reduction ratios and high wear rates are the two characteristics most commonly associatedwith conventional roll crushers.Because of this,roll crushers are not often considered Jor use inmineral processing circuits,and many of their advantages are being largely overlooked.This paperdescribes a novel roll crusher that has been developed in order to address these issues.Referred toas the NCRC(Non-Cylindrical Roll Crusher),the new crusher incorporates two rolls comprised ofan alternating arrangement of plane and convex or concave surfaces.These unique roll profilesimprove the angle of nip,enabling the NCRC to achieve higher reduction ratios than conventionalroll crushers.Tests with a model prototype have indicated thar even for very hard ores,reductionratios exceeding l0:l can be attained.In addition,since the comminution process in the NCRCcombines the actions of roll and jaw crushers there is a possibility O that the new profiles maylead to reduced roll wear rates.2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Comminution;crushingINTRODUCTIONConventional roll crushers suffer from several disadvantages that have led to their lack ofpopularity in mineral processing applications.In particular,their low reduction ratios(typicallylimited to about 3:1)and high wear rates make them unattractive when compared to other types ofcomminution equipment,such as cone crushers.There are,however,some characteristics of rollcrushers that are very desirable from a mineral processing point of view.The relatively constantoperating gap in a roll crusher gives good control over product size.The use of spring-loaded rollsmake these machines tolerant to uncrushable material(such as tramp metal).In addition,rollcrushers work by drawing material into the compression region between the rolls and do not relyon gravitational feed like cone and jaw crushers.This generates a continuous crushing cycle,which yields high throughput rates and also makes the crusher capable of processing wet andsticky ore.The NCRC is a novel roll crusher that has been developed at the University of Western Australiain order to address some of the problems associated with conventional roll crushers.The newcrusher incorporates two rolls comprised of an alternating arrangement of plane and convex orconcave surfaces.These unique roll profiles improve the angle of nip,enabling the NCRC toachieve higher reduction ratios than conventional roll crushers.Preliminary tests with a modelprototype have indicated that,even for very hard ores,reduction ratios exceeding 10:I can beattained(Vellelri and Weedon,2000).These initial findings were obtained for single particle feed.where there is no significant interaction between particles during comminution.The current workextends the existing results by examining multi-particle comminution in the NCRC.It also looksat various other factors that influence the performance of the NCRC and exploresthe effectiveness of using the NCRC for the processing of mill scats.PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONThe angle of nip is one of the main lectors effecting the performance of a roll crusher.Smaller nip angles are beneficial since they increase the likelihood of particles beinggrabbed and crushed by the rolls.For a given feed size and roll gap,the nip angle in aconventional roll crusher is limited by the size of the rolls.The NCRC attempts toovercome this limitation through the use of profiled rolls,which improve the angle ofnip at various points during one cycle(or revolution)of the rolls.In addition to thenip angle,a number of other factors including variation m roll gap and mode ofcomminution were considered when selecting the roll profiles.The final shapes of theNCRC rolls are shown in Figure I.One of the rolls consists of an alternatingarrangement of plane and convex surfaces,while the other is formed from analternating arrangement of plane and concave surfaces.The shape of the rolls on the NCRC result in several unique characteristics.The most important isthat,for a given particle size and roll gap,the nip angle generated m the NCRC will not remainconstant as the rolls rotate.There will be times when the nip angle is much lower than it would befor the same sized cylindrical rolls and times when it will be much higher.The actual variation innip angle over a 60 degree roll rotation is illustrated in Figure 2,which also shows the nip anglegenerated under similar conditions m a cylindrical roll crusher of comparable size.These nipangles were calculated for a 25ram diameter circular particle between roll of approximately200ram diameter set at a I mm minimum gap.This example can be used to illustrate the potentialadvantage of using non-cylindrical rolls.In order for a particle to be gripped,the angle of nipshould normally not exceed 25 .Thus,the cylindrical roll crusher would never nip this particle,since the actual nip angle remains constant at approximately 52.The nip angle generated by theNCRC,however,the below 25 once as the rolls rotate by(0 degrees.This means that thenon-cylindrical rolls have a possibility of nipping the particle 6 times during one roll revolution.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREThe laboratory scale prototype of the NCRC(Figure 3)consists of two roll units,each comprisinga motor,gearbox and profiled roll.Both units are mounted on linear bearings,which effectivelysupport any vertical component of force while enabling horizontal motion.One roll unit ishorizontally fixed while the other is restrained via a compression spring,which allows it to resist avarying degree of horizontal load.The pre-load on the movable roll can be adjusted up to a maximum of 20kN.The two motors thatdrive the rolls are electronically synchronised through a variable speed controller,enabling the rollspeed to be continuously varied up to 14 rpm(approximately 0.14 m/s surface speed).The rollshave a centre-to-centre distance,at zero gap setting)of I88mm and a width of 100mm.Bothdrive shafts are instrumented with strain gauges to enable the roll torque to be measured.Additional sensors are provided to measure the horizontal force on the stationary roll and the gapbetween the rolls.Clear glass is fitted to the sides of the NCRC to facilitate viewing of thecrushing zone during operation and also allows the crushing sequence to be recorded using ahigh-speed digital camera.Tests were performed on several types of rocks including granite,diorite,mineral ore,mill scatsand concrete.The granite and diorite were obtained from separate commercial quarries;the formerhad been pre-crushed and sized,while the latter was as-blasted rock.The first of the ore sampleswas SAG mill feed obtained from Normandy Minings Golden Grove operations,while the millscats were obtained from Aurora Golds Mt Muro mine site in central Kalimantan.The mill scatsincluded metal particles of up to 18ram diameter from worn and broken grinding media.Theconcrete consisted of cylindrical samples(25mm diameter by 25ram high)that were prepared inthe laboratory in accordance with the relevant Australian Standards.Unconfined uniaxialcompression tests were performed on core samples(25mm diameter by 25mm high)taken from anumber of the ores.The results indicated strength ranging from 60 MPa for the prepared concreteup to 260 MPa for the Golden Grove ore samples.All of the samples were initially passed through a 37.5mm sieve to remove any oversized particles.The undersized ore was then sampled and sieved to determine the feed size distribution.For eachtrial approximately 2500g of sample was crushed in the NCRC.This sample size was chosen onthe basis of statistical tests,which indicated that at least 2000g of sample needed to be crushed inorder to estimate the product P80 to within+0.1ram with 95%confidence.The product wascollected and riffled into ten subsamples,and a standard wet/dry sieving method was then used todetermine the product size distribution.For each trial,two of the sub-samples were initially sieved.Additional sub-samples were sieved if there were any significant differences in the resultingproduct size distributions.A number of comminution tests were conducted using the NCRC to determine the effects ofvarious parameters including roll gap,roll force,feed size,and the effect of single andmulti-particle feed.The roll speed was set at maximum and was not varied between trials asprevious experiments had concluded that there was little effect of roll speed on product sizedistribution.It should be noted that the roll gap settings quoted refer to the minimum roll gap.Dueto the non-cylindrical shape of the rolls,the actual roll gap will vary up to 1.7 mm above theminimum setting(ie:a roll gap selling of l mm actually means 1-2.7mm roll gap). 学2017届本科生毕业设计（论文）文献综述设计题目： 小型路面除冰装置设计 学生姓名： 张 班级： 机 班 学 号： 指导教师： 路面除冰装置的现状研究张 ( )摘 要： 小型路面除冰装置的设计可有效地解决目前所面临的困境，它将人工控制与自动控制相结合，可以针对不同的街道进行清雪除冰作业，可有效地减轻工人的劳动强度，还可利用其机械化作业的优势有效地提高除冰效率。小型机械在制造成本与应用范围较广，能够大面积推广，具有较好的发展前景和应用价值。本文设计的小型路面除冰装置主要用于小区、校园和公园等道路不宽的场所。关键词：半自动化 扫冰绞龙 刨冰轮 冰铲 轻型一、前言在冬季，我国的降雪面积比较大。冰雪的及时清理一直是我国研究的一大难题，主要是因为冰雪物理性质变化范围较大，如密度和硬度；路面冰雪与外界结合紧密，所以含有大量杂质物，形成了难以测量的混合物。我国的除冰雪机械起步较晚，在技术上比发达国家落后一些。针对目前北方大部分城市除冰作业任务主要靠人工或大型机械设备辅助作业，但我国很多街道存在过于狭窄的现状，则需要人工作业、用铁锨、镐头破碎冰层后集中装车运走或者等待气温转高自然融化，劳动强度大、效率低，而且容易损坏路面，狭窄的街道、小区限制了大型机械的工作，只能依靠人工作业来解决目前面临的困境。我国北部地区冬季较长，降雪量大，每年有大量的降雪，降雪导致路面的摩擦系数较其它季节明显降低。这使车辆行驶、制动困难, 容易引发交通事故。冬季的降雪通常会以浮雪、积雪和积冰3种形式滞留于路面1。往往由于清冰不及时造成积冰以及积冰等问题，阻碍了交通运输行业的发展甚至还可能对行人以及车辆安全带来一定的隐患。另外我国由于技术的落后，大型装备制造业的发展远远不能满足人们的需求，在除冰工作中主要靠人工作业为主，浪费大量的人力物力。并且由于冬季天气寒冷造成底部结冰的现状，也增加了工人在除冰过程中的劳动强度，并且我国老龄化不断程度不断加深，多重弊端的限制需求一种小型机械化装备来满足目前的除冰的要求2。二、国内主要除雪去冰方式（一） 机械除冰除冰机械的种类很多，可按工作原理、使用范围、底盘形式和行走方式的不同进行分类。1） 按工作原理分类根据除冰机械工作原理的不同可以将其分为推移式、螺旋抛投式、滚压式、铲剁式、锤击式5 种类型，实际使用中人们又习惯将除冰机分为犁式和螺旋式两种类型3。犁式除冰机主要用于清除未经压实的积雪，特别是密度较小的新降积雪，由于犁式除冰机价格低、效率高、工作可靠，所以使用广泛。国内的犁式除冰机大多具有避让功能，此外还可以实现犁刀升降以及作业角度的变化。螺旋式除冰机一般具有切削、集中、推移和抛投等功能，结构复杂，但功能多，有单级式和双级式两种类型，其中单级式又分为铣刀型和风扇型，双级式则分为单轴螺旋风扇型和双轴螺旋风扇型4。2）按照除冰机械的用途可将其分为泛用除冰机、人行道除冰机、铁道除冰机和高速公路除冰机4 种类型。3） 按底盘分类根据除冰机械的底盘不同可把除冰机分为专用底盘除冰机和通用底盘除冰机两种类型。4）按行走机构分类根据除冰机械的行走机构差异可将其分为轮胎式除冰机和履带式除冰机两种类型。（二） 融冰除雪融雪剂除雪也是目前广泛采用的一种除雪方式。融雪剂多为钠基，除雪机理是降低冰点，加速积雪的融化，使其清除起来比较容易5。然而使用融雪剂会给环境带来污染，腐蚀车辆、路面和桥梁，早在20 世纪60 年代初，美国和加拿大在路面撒氯化钠盐粉，使得原始设计寿命为50 年的路面和桥梁结构，在不到10 年时间里就遭到了严重的破坏6。长期大量使用融雪剂除对植物的损害外对水源的影响也很大，含有大量融雪剂的残雪最终会通过各种渠道进入江河或地下，造成水体污染，这种污染的持续时间更长，影响范围更广7。因此，融雪剂的使用量应严格控制，合理使用，用量越少越好。就未来发展趋势看，融雪剂的使用将会受到越来越严格的限制，使用量及使用范围将非常有限。热融法除雪是一种利用热能将雪加热融解的方法，利用火焰、电加热等方法的除雪技术研究仅见于资料。一种利用退役喷气式飞机发动机的除冰装置在机场有应用，发动机的强大热气流直接将冰汽化，可快速清除大范围积冰。但这种方法能耗很大，仅适合一些特殊的场合8。三、目前国内除冰机械存在的主要问题尽管几十年来国内的许多研发和管理单位在除冰机械的研制与技术引进上做了许多工作，但迄今为止，除冰机械并没有大面积推广使用，其主要原因如下。1）作业速度低目前国外犁式除冰机的最大除冰速度可达50km/h，旋切式除冰机最大速度达70km/h9。20 世纪90 年代初期，吉林省交通科学研究所研制的CBX-1600 型除冰机，集离心冲击破碎、圆周旋切和弹簧储能冲击破碎三种切削功能于一体，性能优越，是国内技术水平较高的除冰机械。但其最大除冰速度仅为2.15km/h，与国外同类除冰机械相比，作业速度很低10。2）整机利用率低、成本高尽管我国北方地区冬季降雪期可达34 个月，但降冰次数并不多，如果除冰机功能单一只能用来除冰，那么机器在一年中大部分时间处于闲置状态，这就大大提高了除冰作业的成本，增加了公路养护部门的经济负担。3） 避让功能差国内已有的犁式除冰机械大部分回避路障的能力较差，在除冰过程中常常因遇路障而使主机或除冰装置损坏。吉林省交通科学研究所与磐石县公路管理段联合开发的CL-2.4 型公路除冰器安装有避让装置和防止过度避让锁链，可以保证其在除冰作业过程中避让路障，防止主机或除冰器损坏。该装置技术水平居国内领先地位，达到了20 世纪90 年代国外同类产品水平，但因各种原因在国内没有得到推广应用。4）对路面保护能力差除冰机在凹凸不平的路面作业时会对路面造成破坏，虽然目前除冰机对路面的损坏程度还没有一个衡量标准，但国内的除冰机械在路面仿形能力及对路面保护等方面与国外机型相比还存在一定差距。在针对目前除冰过程中的不利现状，设计的一种小型清冰除冰机，该机克服了一般大型除冰设备功能单一、除冰性能欠缺的问题，有效地在较窄的街道上除去路面的积雪和积冰，并且为了在工人在操作过程中更加灵活方便，在设计过程中将半自动装置安装在机械装备上，可以满足机械装备在较平坦的路面上可以自动行走除冰，可有效地减轻工人的劳动强度。将除冰、除雪及清扫路面等功能结合起来，大大提高了设备的利用率。该机成本低、体积小、结构简单、操作方便，适用于小区、校园、驾校训练场等场所的积冰清扫工作，具有广阔的市场前景和应用价值。参 考 文 献1 裴玉龙, 孟祥海, 丁建梅.寒冷地区道路交通事故分布的研究J .中国公路学报, 1998, 11(1):89 -94.2 卜小明，田静 除雪机械现状及发展趋势J 黑龙江交通科技，2006( 8) : 25283 Snow removal safety. Bob Tracinski. Claning Maintenance Management . 20014 Developing Technology Improves Snow and Ice Control. Debbie L.Feldman. Public Works . 19995 齐晓杰，等.城市道路机械式清除冰雪机械研究与探讨J.黑龙江工程学院学报，2002，16（2）: 42466 Snow-removal Loaders. RANNEV,KOMATSU A V. Stroitelnye i Dorozhnye Mashiny . 20047 吴书琴，等.城市道路除雪现状及未来发展方向J.佳木斯大学学报：自然科学版，2006，24（4）: 35388 田磊.中国北方城市需要实时清雪技术J.公路建设与养护，2005（2）: 30349 Snowplow steering guidance with gain stabilization. Tan, H.-S.,Bougler, B.,Steinfeld, A. Vehicle System Dynamics . 200110 Small-sized snow-clearing machines to clean yard. Dronov V G. Stroitelnye i Dorozhnye Mashiny . 200452017.6.9小型路面除冰装置的设计姓 名：啊啊班 级：3-2班指导教师：vv三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图三维模型渲染图集抛器动画集抛器动画集抛器动画集抛器动画工作仿真动画工作仿真动画工作仿真动画工作仿真动画2017.6.9谢谢