2023年考研英语二真题及答案汇总

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1、2023年考研英语二真题及答案汇总【完形填空】The Internet affords anonymity to its users a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But thatvery anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world thatseems increasi

2、ngly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nations cyberczar, offered the Obama government a 4 tomake the Web a safer place a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech 5 ofa physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smartidentity card, or a di

3、gital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at arange of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 whichsystem to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigatethose systems. Th

4、e approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license 10by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems that make itpossible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a “walled garden”

5、 in safe “neighborhoods” and bright“streetlights” to establish a sense of 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations cancomplete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that thetransaction runs 15 .Still,

6、 the administrations plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach;others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntaryecosystem” would st

7、ill leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 toregister and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden2.A.for B. within C. while D. though3.A.careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4.A.reason B. reminder

8、C. compromise D. proposal5.A.information B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6.A.by B. into C. from D. over7.A.linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8.A.dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9.A.recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10.A.released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered1

9、1.A.carry on B. linger on C. set in D. log in12.A.In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13.A.trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14.A.caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15.A.on B. after C. beyond D. across16.A.divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17.A.frequently

10、 B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18.A.skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19.A.manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20.A.invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forcedPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosi

11、ng A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2023:a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decadeshe apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. B

12、ut by the end of 2023 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensationcommittee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors

13、are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executives proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be ab

14、le to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2023. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. T

15、hemost likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentratedon those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The

16、 likelihood of being named in afederal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse.The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such direc

17、tors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding ablow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a revi

18、ew of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have tocreate incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Parag

19、raph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for . Againing excessive profitsBfailing to fulfill her dutyCrefusing to make compromisesDleaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .Agenerous investorsBunbiased executivesCshare price forecastersDindepe

20、ndent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure, the firm is likely to .Abecome more stableBreport increased earningsCdo less well in the stock marketDperform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outsid

21、e directors .Amay stay for the attractive offers from the firmBhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firmCare accustomed to stress-free work in the firmDwill decline incentives from the firm25. The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is .ApermissiveBpositiveCscornfulDcritica

22、lText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near.The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chroniclingtheir own doom. Americas Federal Trade commission l

23、aunched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers haveshrugged

24、off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all thesame.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by p

25、ushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2023. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and,

26、sadly for many journalists, they can be pushedfurther.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual intheir reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2023,acco

27、rding to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). InJapan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much morestable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of thedamage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are leas

28、t distinctive. Carand film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result.But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like their own doom” (Lines

29、3-4, Para. 1), the authorindicates that newspaper .Aneglected the sign of crisisBfailed to get state subsidiesCwere not charitable corporationsDwere in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .Areaders threatened to pay lessBnewspapers wanted to

30、reduce costsCjournalists reported little about these areasDsubscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .Ahave more sources of revenueBhave more balanced newsroomsCare less dependent on advertisingDa

31、re less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?ADistinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.BCompleteness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.CForeign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.DReaders ha

32、ve lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .AAmerican Newspapers: Struggling for SurvivalBAmerican Newspapers: Gone with the WindCAmerican Newspapers: A Thriving BusinessDAmerican Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the deca

33、des immediately following World War II as a time ofprosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be m

34、ore. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “le

35、ss is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect LudwigMies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exerteno

36、rmous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so thatMies.Miess signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and lamina

37、ted wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Miess sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicagos Lake Shore

38、 Drive, forexample, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the citys Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings details and proportions, the architectural equ

39、ivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20thcen

40、tury.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape,new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case St

41、udy House, Ralph everyday life few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothesdryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans .Aprosperity and growthB

42、efficiency and practicalityCrestraint and confidenceDpride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?AIt was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.BIts designing concept was affected by World War II.CMost American architects used to be associated with it

43、.DIt had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .Awas related to large spaceBwas identified with emptinessCwas not reliant on abundant decorationDwas not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicagos L

44、ake Shore Drive?AThey ignored details and proportions.BThey were built with materials popular at that time.CThey were more spacious than neighboring buildings.DThey shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?AMechanical devices were w

45、idely used.BNatural scenes were taken into considerationCDetails were sacrificed for the overall effect.DEco-friendly materials were employed.Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the projects greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing

46、a“Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core,the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zones economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks

47、to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fixof devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europes single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zones dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater

48、harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree aboutwhat to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regi

49、ons and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a countrys voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EUclub, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, G

50、ermany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that meanspoliticians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from riche

51、rto poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or

52、labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the worlds largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable t

53、rading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .A it has more or less lost faith in marketsB even its supporters begin to feel concernedC some of its member countries plan to abandon euro

54、D it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EUs single currency is stuck because the dominant powers.A are competing for the leading positionB are busy handling their own crisesC fail to reach an agreement on harmonizationD disagree on the steps towards disintegration3

55、8. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .A EU funds for poor regions be increasedB stricter regulations be imposedC only core members be involved in economic co-ordinationD voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that _ _.Apoor

56、countries are more likely to get fundsBstrict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesCloans will be readily available to rich countriesDrich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel _ _.ApessimisticBdesperateCconceitedDhopeful【新

57、题型】Part B Directions:(7 选 5) In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose themost suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extrachoices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10

58、points) Such a move could affect firms such as McDonalds, which sponsors the youth coachingscheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements”such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said. Professor Dinesh Bhu

59、gra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If childrenare taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at leastinformation is available up front.” He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areaswithi

60、n which takeaways cannot open. A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public healthwhere all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a newresponsibility deal with business, built on social responsibility, not state regul

61、ation. Later thisyear, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.” The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves,especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking overthe last decade.41.A

62、ndrew Lansley held that42.Terence Stephenson agreed43.Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that44.Dinesh Bhugra suggested that45.A Department of Health Spokesperson propsed thatA “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonalds.the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neigh

63、borhood of schools.C “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.D cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.E the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Lifecampaign.F parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.G the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.Section Translation 46. Directions: In this section there is a text in English. Trans