GRE阅读36套第一套翻译解析

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1、Passage 1Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. 与博弈论有着紧密联系的是特定寄生蜂种群中的性别比例，该种群有着大量的雌蜂。In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. 在这些种群中，受精卵发展成为雌蜂，而未受精的卵发展成为雄蜂。A female

2、stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.T2答案的依据雌蜂储存精子，并通过受精与否决定每个卵的性别。By Fishers genetic argument that the sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies

3、transmitted, it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. 通过F的遗传论据，性别比例将会倾向于那些将后代数量最大化的个体，并因此大量的基因复制得以被传输。而这应该会使得雌蜂生产等量的雌雄幼体。Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their hostthe larva of another insectand that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disper

4、se, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. H认为，蜂卵将在它们寄主-其他昆虫的幼虫中进行发育， 新长成的成年蜂会立即进行交配并分散开。Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. 由于只有雌蜂会在特定的幼虫中产卵，这将使它只生产一只雄性蜂，因为在紧急情况下，该雄峰可

5、以使其姊妹得以受精。Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategyT1 答案的依据T3 答案的依据, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.与F一样，H寻找一种进化稳定的策略，但他比公认他只是在寻找一种策略更进一步。 （T1）CThe author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both sci

6、entists：作者认为F和H的工作相似是因为两个科学家都：A、 conducted their research at approximately the same time在相同的时间得出相似的结论。B、 sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied寻找操控他们研究的某些动物的性别比例的方法。C、 sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable寻找对于为什么特定性别比例能够存在并保持稳定的原因。D、

7、 studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory研究博弈论，从而为后面策略理论的发展提供重要依据。E、 studied reproduction in the same animal species研究相同物种的繁殖。（T2）BThe passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions about wasps?文中包含的信息可以

8、回答以下哪些问题？A、 How many eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva?雌蜂通常在单个寄主幼体中产多少个卵？B、 Can some species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring?某些蜂种可以决定其后代的性别比例吗？C、 What is the approximate sex ratio among the offspring of parasitic wasps?在寄生蜂后代中大概的性别比例是多少？（T3）DWhich of the

9、 following is NOT true of the species of parasitic wasps discussed in the passage?下面哪一项文中关于寄生蜂的讨论是错误的？A、 Adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm.成年的雌蜂有能力储存精子。B、 Female wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects.雌蜂在其他昆虫的幼虫中产卵。C、 The adult female wasp can be fertilized by a male that

10、was hatched in the same larva as herself.成年雌蜂可以被在同一幼体中孵化的雄蜂受精。D、 So few male wasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.极少数的雄峰被生产以至于物种灭绝是肯定的。E、 Male wasps do not emerge from their hosts until they reach sexual maturity.雄峰未能从其宿主中形成直到它们达到性成熟。Passage 2Tocqueville, apparently, was wrong. Jacks

11、onian America was not a fluid, egalitarian society where individual wealth and poverty were ephemeral conditions. 显然，托克维尔是错误的，杰克逊式的美国并不是不稳固的，在平均主义社会中，个体的富裕和贫穷是短暂的状况。At least so argues E. Pessen in his iconoclastic study of the very rich in the United States between 1825 and 1850. 至少伊-佩森在其1825年到1850年

12、间对于美国巨富的反传统研究中是如此描述的。Pessen does present a quantity of examples, together with some refreshingly intelligible statistics, to establish the existence of an inordinately wealthy class. （T1 A选项论据）佩森列举了大量的例子与一些令人耳目一新令人可理解的统计数据，去证明一个极度富有的阶层的存在。Though active in commerce or the professions（T1 C选项论据）, most

13、of the wealthy were not self-made, but had inherited family fortunes.（T1 D选项错误的原因） 尽管多数富豪活跃于商业中或专职领域，但他们并非白手起家，而是继承家族财产。In no sense mercurial, these great fortunes survived the financial panics（T1 E选项论据）that destroyed lesser ones. 由于这些巨大的财富未被置于流通中，它们得以在经济恐慌中保存。而规模较小者则被击垮。Indeed, in several cities th

14、e wealthiest one percent constantly increased its share（T1 B选项论据） until by 1850 it owned half of the communitys wealth. 的确，在不少的城市中，最富有者的百分之一固定地增长着他们的财富份额，直到1850年，这些人掌握了一半的社会财富。Although these observations are true, Pessen overestimates their importance by concluding from them that the undoubted progr

15、ess toward inequality in the late eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian period and that the United States was a class-ridden, plutocratic society even before industrialization.尽管这些观察是真的，对于十八世纪后期毋庸置疑的不平等进一步延续至杰克逊时期的结论，以与美国早在工业革命前就是一个阶级分化的财阀社会的结论，使得佩森过度估计了巨富们的重要性。(T1)According to the passage,

16、 Pessen indicates that all of the following were true of the very wealthy in the United States between 1825 and 1850 EXCEPT:根据文章，佩森指出以下关于美国1825年至1850年间巨富的事实正确，除了：A、 They formed a distinct upper class.他们来形成于独特的上层阶级。B、 Many of them were able to increase their holdings.他们其中的许多有能力增加他们的财产。C、 Some of them

17、 worked as professionals or in business.他们中的有些人供职于专业工作或者商业领域。D、 Most of them accumulated their own fortunes.其中的许多人积累着他们的自己的财富。E、 Many of them retained their wealth in spite of financial upheavals.尽管金融剧变，其中的许多人依旧保持着他们的财富。（T2）Which of the following best states the authors main point?以下哪一个选项是作者中心思想的最正确

18、表述？A、 Pessens study has overturned the previously established view of the social and economic structure of early nineteenth-century America.佩森的研究颠覆了之前建立的关于十九世纪早期美国社会和经济结构的观点（错误，文中并没有涉与佩森的研究是关于十九世纪早期的）B、 Tocquevilles analysis of the United States in the Jacksonian era remains the definitive account o

19、f this period.托克维尔关于美国在杰克逊时期的分析在这一时期保持着决定性的因素。（错误，文中开头便提到托克维尔的观点是错误的，“Tocqueville, apparently, was wrong”）C、 Pessens study is valuable primarily because it shows the continuity of the social system in the United States throughout the nineteenth century.佩森的研究是有价值的主要是因为它展示了贯穿十九世纪的美国社会系统的连续性。（错误，文章并没有对

20、佩森的研究的价值给予过多的评价，相反最后一段指出佩森的研究得出了不正确的结论）D、 The social patterns and political power of the extremely wealthy in the United States between 1825 and 1850 are well documented.在1825年至1850年间，美国巨富群体的社会分布和政治权力被很好的记录了下来。（错误，该点并非文章中作者的主要思想）E、 Pessen challenges a view of the social and economic system in the Un

21、ited States from 1825 to 1850, but he draws conclusions that are incorrect.佩森挑战了对于1825年至1850年间美国社会和经济系统的一般观点，但他得出了不正确的结论。（正确，前面段落描述佩森用大量的研究指出托克维尔关于杰克逊时期美国的观点是错误的，但最后一句表面，佩森未能客观看待美国巨富的重要性，导致其得出不正确的结论，“Pessen overestimates their importance”）Passage 3Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is

22、 produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider. 无氧酵解是这么一种过程，在没有氧气的情况下产生能量，经过分解由肌肉糖原变为乳酸以与三磷酸腺苷（ATP）能量的提供者。The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen presen

23、tin all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles wet weight. （T1 D选项的论据）大量的能量可以无氧地被生产出来是由于一种机制，即一定数量的糖原存在于所有有脊椎动物中，大概占它们肌肉湿重的0.5%。Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal. 因此有脊椎动物的厌氧能量的吸收与该动物体型大小成比例。If, for example, some predators had attack

24、ed a 100-ton dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production.例如，一些捕食者攻击一个重达100顿通常行动迟缓的恐龙，而恐龙可以通过无氧酵解瞬间产生相当巨大的能量，相当于3000个人在最大有氧代谢下产生的能量。（T1）The passag

25、es suggestion that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrates size is based on which of the following assumption?文章中关于有脊椎动物所吸收的全部无氧能量与有脊椎动物的体型大小成比例关系的设想是基于以下哪一个论据？A、 larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates大型有脊椎动物比小型有脊椎动保存更多能量。（错误，

26、文中并没有提与大型有脊椎动物与小型有脊椎动物与保存能量之间的关系。）B、 larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates大型有脊椎动物比小型有脊椎动物在每单位重量下用更少的氧。（错误，文中并没有提到大型有脊椎动物和小型有脊椎动物每单位重量下氧的用量，并且也没有指出氧气用量与无氧能量吸收与体型的比例关系。）C、 the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size有脊椎动物消耗食物的能力是其体型的基本功能。（

27、错误，文中并未提与消耗食物等概念。）D、 the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size有脊椎动物肌肉组织的总量直接与其体型大小有关。（正确，文中提到糖原存在于有脊椎动物中，并占其肌肉湿重的0.5%，“The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen presentin all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of thei

28、r muscles wet weight”，这就说明有脊椎动物体型越大其肌肉组织越多，肌肉组织中糖原越多，可得出其吸收或产生的无氧能量越多。）E、 the size of a vertebrate is proportional to the quantity of energy it can utilize有脊椎动物体型的大小与它可以利用的能量的多少成比例关系。（错误， 文中并未提与能量的利用率与无氧能量的吸收与有脊椎动物体型大小的比例关系）Passage 4Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutio

29、nary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted.超凡的创造力被刻画为变革者的特征，公然对抗那些已经建立的事物，创造不被现在所承受但终将会被承受的事物。According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of o

30、rganization. 根据这种描述，非凡的创造力超越现有体制的限制，并建立一种新的组织原则。However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. 然而，当超凡的创造力超越现有限制这一概念运用在艺术领域时便成了一种误导，尽管这一概念可能对科学领域有价值。Difference between highly cre

31、ative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. 极富创造力的艺术与极富创造力的科学之间的差异的产生部分来源于它们之间不同的目标。For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. 对于科学，创新行为的目标以与最终结果是得出一种新理论。Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diver

32、se phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. 革新的科学产生新的主张，依据这些新的主张，不同的现象能够以更连贯的方法一个接一个联系起来。Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. 这些现象例如闪耀的钻石或者正在筑巢的小鸟都一种数据模式相关，这种模式作为

33、正式阐述或测试新理论的一种手段。The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. 而极富创造力的艺术的目标则非常不同：现象成为创造行为直接的结果。Shakespeares Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picassos paintin

34、g Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. 莎士比亚的哈姆雷特不是有关于优柔寡断的王子的行为或政治权力用途的小册子，同样地，毕加索的名画格尔尼卡中主要的命题陈述也不是关于西班牙内战或法西斯主义邪恶。What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather

35、an aesthetic particular. 高度创意的艺术活动所产生的并不是超越已有限制的一种新的普遍性说明，而是一种审美上的独特之物。Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.美学上的独特之物由高度创新的艺术家以一种创新的方式延生或是利用现有的形式的局限，而不是超越这种形式。This is not t

36、o deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi,who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. 这并不是对于那些极富创造力的艺术家某时在艺术领域的历史中所建立的新的组织原则的一种否定。创造了音乐的最高审美价值的作曲家蒙泰韦尔迪由此进入我们的心中。More gen

37、erally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. 然而更普遍的来说，无论一个创作在是否在音乐史中建立了一种新的原则，其都与自身的审美价值有很少的联系。Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine

38、 Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music.因为它们表达了一个全新的组织原则，一些音乐作品，如佛罗伦萨卡梅拉塔的歌剧，它是历史重要性的一个标志，但只有少数听众或音乐家愿意将这些作品包含入音乐巨作中去。On the other hand, Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of mu

39、sic even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. 从另一方面来说，莫扎特的婚礼进行曲无疑是音乐领域的杰作，虽然其简单适度的创新仅限于拓展现有的手法。It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. 有关于贝多芬，人们说他从沉闷而有限制的传统中推翻规则并且解放了音乐。But a close study of h

40、is compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. 但对其作品细致的研究显示贝多芬并没有推翻任何基本的规则。Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach in strikingly original wa

41、ys.事实上，他是一位无人能比的策略家，他以一种鲜明瞩目的方法利用局限即从其先驱如海顿和莫扎特，汉德尔以与巴赫那继承而来的规则，形式与传统。（T1）ABThe passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?文中所提供的信息可以回答一下那些问题？A、 Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?创造力是否并不通常作为革命者的特征？（正确，文章的开头句回答了该问题, “Extraordinary creat

42、ive activity has been characterized as revolutionary”）B、 Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?贝多芬创作的音乐传统中是否包含汉德尔和巴赫？(正确，文章的末尾句回答了该问题, “he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecess

43、ors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach in strikingly original ways”)C、 Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?除了蒙泰韦尔迪之外，谁写的乐曲被作者认为表达了新的组织原则并被赋予较高的审美价值？(错误，文章未能回答该问题，作者并未给出除对蒙泰韦尔迪关于新组织原则和审美价值之

44、间关系之外其他作曲家的正向评论，从文章中间段可以看, “More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth”, 并在文章后段分别评价了“莫扎特简单适度的创新仅限于拓展现有的手法”；“贝多芬但对其作品细致的研究显示贝多芬并没有推翻任何基本的规则”)（T2）AThe author regards the idea that all highly creati

45、ve artistic activity transcends limits with作者以何种形式考虑所有极富创造力的艺术活动都超越其限制这一观点？A、 deep skepticism深度的怀疑。（正确，从文章第三句话可以看出, “However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences”）B、 strong ind

46、ignation强烈的愤慨。C、 marked indifference表示中立。D、 moderate amusement适度的调侃。E、 sharp derision尖锐的嘲笑。(T3) EThe author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that作者指出创新科学的一个贡献是：A、 is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists在其他科学家间被公共引用的高频率。（错误，文章没有提到被其他科学家引用）B、 is ac

47、cepted immediately by the scientific community被科学社会立即承受。（错误，文章第一句说明创新行为无法被现在所承受）C、 does not relegate particulars to the role of data没有将特性降低到数据模式。（错误，文章中提到的钻石和筑巢的鸟都是将特性降低到数据模式）D、 presents the discovery of a new scientific fact 表达了一个新的科学事实的发现。（错误，文章指出创新科学以创立新的理论为目标）E、 introduces a new valid generaliza

48、tion引入了一种新的价值概论。（正确，文章指出创新科学以创立新的理论为目标）(T4) BWhich of the following statements would most logically concluded the last paragraph of the passage?以下陈述哪一个最有逻辑的总结了最后一段？A、 Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.然而，与贝多

49、芬不同，即便现代最杰出的作曲家如斯特拉文斯基，也没有超越现存的音乐形式。（错误，文章并没有提到斯特拉文斯基，同时最后一段指出贝多芬没有超越现存的音乐形式。）B、 In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.在相同的潮流中，现存的音乐形式会被下一代杰出的作曲家进一步利用。（正确，最后一段指出，贝多芬实际上继承并发扬了上一代如汉尔德和巴赫等的音乐形式）C、 Thus, many of the grea

50、t composers displayed the same combination of talents exhibited by Monteverdi.因此，许多著名作曲家展现了如蒙泰韦尔迪展示的相同的整合才能。（错误，最后一段指出蒙泰韦尔迪超越的现有局限，并没有重点强调其整合才能，强调的是莫扎特和贝多芬的整合才能。）D、 By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature.相反地，创造

51、力在艺术利用中没有超越局限的这种观点在文学领域的到支持（错误，文章中并没有提与文学领域）E、 Actually, Beethovens most original works were largely unappreciated at the time that they were first performed.实际上，贝多芬的大多数原创作品在第一次演奏它们时并未得到欣赏。（错误，文章并未提与贝多芬大多数原创作品第一次被演奏时的情况。）Passage 5Great comic art is never otherworldly, it does not seek to mystify us,

52、 and it does not deny ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differs from good. 伟大的喜剧从来都不是超凡脱俗的，它并未寻求迷惑众人，并且它不会通过贴上标签区别“好”和“坏”而否认两者之间的模糊性。Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend them by a

53、ppeals to extra social symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature. 伟大的漫画家们认为真理往往汇聚在光亮之下，因此他们寻求强调在社会行为中的矛盾点，但并非通过诉诸于额外的神圣目的社会象征，全宇宙的目标与自然法则的过度修饰或者超越它们。The moment of transcendence in great comic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction that we are human, even though we try to

54、be gods. 伟大喜剧艺术超然的瞬间是社会的瞬间，该瞬间来源于我们是人类，尽管我们尝试着成为神这一坚定的信念。The comic community to which artists address themselves is a community of reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate beings, who are willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally. 艺术家们致力于表现自我的那个喜剧社会，是一个充满理性，爱，愉快以与激情的社会，在该社会中，他们愿意承当人类由于理

55、性行为而带来的风险。Without invoking gods or demons, great comic art arouses courage in reason, courage which grows out of trust in what human beings can do as humans.不需要祈求神明或者恶魔，伟大的喜剧艺术唤起我们对于理性的勇气，唤起那种源自于作为人可以做到的事情的信心。（T1）Select the sentence in the passage that suggests that great comic art can be characteri

56、zed as optimistic about the ability of humans to act rationally.在文章中选一句话能够证明伟大的喜剧艺术可以作为关于人类理性行为能力的乐观主义的特征Without invoking gods or demons, great comic art arouses courage in reason, courage which grows out of trust in what human beings can do as humans.这句话通过“Without invoking gods or demons”来说明了乐观。（T2

57、）DIt can be inferred from the passage that the author admires great comic artists primarily for their可以从文章中得出作者钦佩伟大的喜剧艺术家主要是因为他们：A、 ability to understand the frequently subtle differences between good and evil有能力弄懂“好”和“坏”之间频繁而细小的差别。（错误，文章第一句指出伟大的戏剧艺术不会否认好坏之间的模糊性。）B、 ability to reconcile the contradi

58、ctions in human behavior有能力去调和人类行为中的矛盾。（错误，并非调和而是寻求强调矛盾“thus they seek to accentuate contradictions”。）C、 ability to distinguish between rational and irrational behavior有能力去分辨理性以与非理性的行为。（错误，文章中并未提与如何分辨非理性行为。）D、 insistence on confronting the truth about the human condition坚持与人类的真实境遇相抗衡。（正确，文章第三句强调伟大的喜

59、剧艺术超然的瞬间是源自人类坚定的信念尝试成为神，表达了人类坚持与其真实境遇相抗衡。）E、 insistence on condemning human faults and weaknesses坚持谴责人类的失误和缺点。（错误，文章中未提与谴责人类的失误和缺点。）（T3）CWhich of the following is the most accurate description of the organization of the passage?以下哪一句话最准确的描述了文章的组织结构？A、A sequence of observations leading to a predictio

60、n一系列的观察引出一个预测。（错误，文章中没有观察，没有预测）B、A list of inferences drawn from facts stated at the beginning of the passage根据文章开头的事实陈述得出一连串的推理。（错误，文章中没有关于主旨的推理）C、A series of assertions related to one general subject一系列关于一般对象的申明。（正确，文章从开头到结尾一直对喜剧艺术的伟大进行申明）D、 A statement of the major idea, followed by specific examples主要观点的陈述，其后跟着具体的例子。（错误，文章各段都在陈述其主要观点）E、 A succession of ideas moving from specific to general从特殊到一般的观点的延续。（错误，文章并未表达观点的特殊性和一般性）32 / 32