定语从句的详细讲解

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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date定语从句的详细讲解定语从句的详细讲解定语从句的详细讲解一、定语从句的概念 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， w

2、hy等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。四、关系代词的用法1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）The coat （tha

3、t） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who

4、代替whom， 也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？ 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年

5、居住的房子。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。（4）关系词只能用that的情况：a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最

6、高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？c.先行词被the only， the very， the same，

7、the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭

8、泣的那个女孩是谁？f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：Whats that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居

9、住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如：Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。五、关系副词的用法（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：This is the place where he works.这是他工作的地点。（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：Nobody knows the reason

10、why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。六限制性和非限制性定语从句定语从句有限制性和非限制性定语从句两种。一般地说，限制性定语从句用来限制先行词的意义，与先行词关系密切，是整个句子不可缺少的一部分，否则会造成全句意义不明确。而非限制性定语从句带有补充说明的性质，与先行词之间存在一种松散的修饰关系，去掉后一般不会影响句子的主要意义。概括起来，两者有如下区别：1）形式不同：限制性定语从句常紧跟其先行词，中间不用逗号隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号隔开。AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyears,hereturne

11、dtothesmalltownwherehegrewupasachild.(NMET1996)在巴黎生活了50年后，他回到了小时候生活过的那个小镇。2）意义不同请比较下面两个句子：Mybrotherwhois18yearsoldisacollegestudent.我18岁的那个弟弟是大学生。Mybrother,whois18yearsold,isacollegestudent.我弟弟是大学生,今年18岁。第一句中，限制性定语从句限制了先行词的意义，明确是18岁的那个弟弟（而不是其他的，即有可能还有几个弟弟）。第二句使用了非限制性定语从句，表明可能只有一个弟弟，18岁，起补充说明作用。另外，如果

12、先行词是专有名词或独一无二的人或物，通常用非限制性定语从句。Hismother,wholovedhimverymuch,diedin1818.最爱他的母亲于1818年去世了。IliketochatwithJack,whoisacleverboy.我喜欢和杰克聊天，他是个聪明人。Whenhewas17,hewenttoatechnicalschoolinZurich,Switzerland,wherehestudiedmathsandphysics.17岁那年，他到瑞士的苏黎士一家技校上学，在那儿他学习了数学和物理。3）先行词不同：限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行

13、词除名词或代词外，还可以是整个主句（此时，常用which或as引导从句）。Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.(MET1989)所需要的只是一些油而已。CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,whichpersonallyIdoubtedverymuch.(NMET1999)凯罗尔说工作可在10月前完工，这一点我个人深感怀疑。Ashasbeenannounced,weshallhaveourfinalexamsnextweek.(2003上海春)我们将于下周举行期末考试，这一点刚才已经宣布了。句中as是关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，指

14、代后面整个主句的内容。4）引导词不同：限制性定语从句的引导词可用关系代词that,which,who(whom,whose),as和关系副词when,where,why；除that和why外，其它的关系代词、关系副词均可引导非限制性定语从句。Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho/thathasbeenawinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.(NMET2000春)他在这些学生中是唯一连续3年获得奖学金的一个。Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.(MET1991)她听到一

15、个可怕的声音，差点儿把胆都给吓破了。（句中which不可用that代替）Thefamousbasketballstar,whotriedtomakeacomeback,attractedalotofattention.(2002春季)那个篮球明星试图复出江湖，吸引了众人的注意。（句中who不可用that代替）5）引导词省略情况不同：众所周知，在限制性定语从句中，关系代词如果充当从句的宾语可以省略；而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词是不能省略的。Isthisthebook(that/which)youarelookingfor?(NMET1999)这就是你要找的那本书吗？（关系代词that/whic

16、h充当从句的宾语，可以省略）Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,whichwehadntexpected.实验的结果非常好，这简直出乎我们的意料。(关系代词which在从句中充当expect的宾语，但因为引导的是非限制性定语从句，所以不能省略)6）译法不同：把句子翻译成汉语时，限制性定语从句中，通常先译从句后译先行词；而非限制性定语从句中则往往相反。Wearelivinginanagewhenmanythingsaredoneoncomputer.(2003北京春)我们生活在一个许多工作都由电脑来完成的时代。Wewillbeshownaroundthecit

17、y:school,museumsandsomeotherplaces,whereothervisitors seldomgo.(2002北京)我们将被带去参观全市各地：包括学校、博物馆和其它场所，那些其它游客很少去的地方。引用 2010高考定语从句集合定语从句-精讲精练一、定语从句考点：（五大考点，每年必考）（1）考点1：定语从句的本质（2）考点2：用关系代词还是关系副词（3）考点3：关系代词和关系副词的特殊情况（4）考点4：在“介词+which/whom”的结构中，介词的选择（5）考点5：非限制性定语从句二、-高考英语语法精讲（1）考点1：定语从句的本质：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句或

18、形容词从句；整个从句修饰这一名词 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词a. God helps those(先行词) who help themselves（定语从句）.b. I like the girl（先行词） who speaks English very well.c. You must do everything(先行词)that I do .（定语从句）关系代词和关系副词的作用：连接作用（连接主句和从句）；替代作用（替代先行词）；成分作用（必须在定语从句中充当成分）（2）考点2：用关系代词还是关系副词 定语从句解题技巧：（三步）I找出连接词II找出主句-分析主句成分-确定从句类型I

19、II立即将先行词直接带入从句-分析从句成分-分析先行词在从句中的成分关系代词和关系副词关系词先行词充当成分关系代词who人主、宾、表whom人宾which物主、宾、表that人和物主、宾、表as物主、宾关系形容词Whose=of whom/ofwhich人和物的定语关系副词When=at/in/on/duringwhich时间时间状语Where=at/in/towhich地点地点状语Why=for which原因原因状语注意：1.关系词所做的成分关键是由从句中的动词来决定This is the place where we work.(vi)This is the place which we

20、 visited.(vt)2.当先行词为时间名词（如time, day, year, week, month, occasion） 用关系副词when,但关系副词只能做状语，如果从句中缺主语或宾语则要用that。当先行词为地点名词（如：place ,room, city, country, situation, case, scene）时，用关系副词where, 但此时只能做地点状语，如果定语从句缺主语或宾语就要用that 。（07安徽卷：）-Do you have anything to say for yourselves? -Yes, this is the only one point

21、 _we must insist on.A. which B. that C. where D. when 答案:A（07全国卷）Some pre-school children go to a day care center;_ they learn simple games and songs. A. then B. there C. while D. where 答案:D(07天津卷)Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing.A. wh

22、en B. whose C. which D. where答案:D(05广东卷) Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger. A. in which B. by which C. which D. that 答案:A(05江苏卷)The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river

23、traffic is the heaviest. A. which; where B. at which; which C.at which; where D.which; in which 答案:C（3）考点3：关系代词和关系副词的特殊情况1指物时只用 that，不用which 的情况： （代高序修饰时）1) 当先行词为 all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing 等不定代词时。All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的已经做了。There must be

24、 something that happened to you.你一定出了什么事。2)先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级或the last, the only ,the very,等修饰。That is the only way that leads to your success.那是通向你成功的唯一之路We have to consider the first thing that starts our work.我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show b

25、efore.这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。3).在疑问词 who, what, which 开头的句子中。（避免歧义）Who is the girl that is talking with Mr.Brown.4).定语从句为there be句型，也可以省略。This is the fastest train (that) there is to Beijing .5). 当先行词既指人又指物时。 We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.6).当关系代词在定语从句中做表语。China is

26、not the country(that)it was.Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be. 2. 只能用 which 不能用 that 的情况。 1). 引导非限定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子。 Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smoking. Tom came back late, which made his parents very angry.2).在介词后面:介词+which (先行词是物)The world in which we live is made of m

27、atter.注意:若介词在从句中而没有直接在关系词后,可以用which 或that.例如:The world that we live in is made of matter.3.指人时只能用who不用that 的情况.1)先行词为one,ones或anyone.(避免歧义)2)先行词为those.(避免歧义)God helps those who help themselves.(天助自主者)3)主句是there be . Eg:There is a man who called himself Mr.Wu at the gate.4)在非限制性定语从句中注意:4. “the same a

28、s”. Such/soas”中的as 可以指人或物,作从句的主语、宾语、表语或介词的宾语。 如：Such money as he earned was spent on spirits and tobacco.Is this the same mosquito as bit you just now?He was not half such a coward as we took him for.相关考点：1So/suchthat (状语从句)She is so beautiful a girl that I love her so much.(状语从句)She is so beautiful

29、 a girl as I love so much .（定语从句）2.as的考点总结：as可以作为关系代词引导限定性定语从句、非限制性定语从句。例如：限定性定语从句（常用于such/soas 和the same 。as等句式中 ）Such points as youve mentioned are really important in solving the problem.你提到的这些方面在解决这个问题上的确很重要。People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays.你描述的这种人现在很少见了。This computer has the

30、 same functions as that one has.这台计算机有着和那台计算机一样的功能。非限制性定语从句（as可以作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句时，as指代整个主句：也就是说，将整个主句看成一件事或是一个事实；并对其进行补充说明。这种非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。）As I know, she hasnt got married.如我所知，她还未结婚。They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.可以预料，他们在比赛中得了第一。Professor Li is extremely p

31、opular among students, as is known to all of us .如我们大家所知，李教授极受学生们的欢迎。5.当其先行词是reason时，关系副词用why(=for which )或that 引导表示原因的定语从句。(相关考点：名词从句）当主句主语是reason时，作主句表语的成分不能有because 或because of 。其结构一般为the reason whyis that, the reason that is that ,He did not tell us the reason why he was late again.The reason wh

32、y (that) he didnt come is that he was ill.Didnt tell her the reason why he was so happy.他没有告诉她为什么他那么高兴的原因The reason why she was late is not so acceptable.她迟到的原因不那么令人接受。They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before.他们向我们解释为什么他们以前误解了我们的原因。6当way表示方式作先行词时，其关系副词不能用how,而要用that 或in w

33、hich在非正式英语中可以不用连接词。The way that he considered the problem was too unacceptable.I dont like the way you talked to your mother.（4）考点4：在“介词+which/whom”的结构中，介词的选择方法1.看定语从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配1.He is the man _on_ whom I think you can depend.2.He referred me to some reference books _with_ which I am not very fam

34、iliar.方法2.看从句中的动词或动词词组与先行词的搭配1.He made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was going on outside the house.2. The librarian with whom I just shook hands works heart and soul.3. The comments on their product, of which this is one example, are very sharp.方法3.先行词与介词的习惯搭配当先行词表示“领域、方面”时，如：

35、aspect, respect, area, field 等，用in which； 当先行词表示“价格、利率、速度”时，如rate,price,speed等,用at which当先行词表示“程度”时，如degree, extent等，用to which.当先行词表示“根据、依据、基础”时，如grounds,foundation,basis等，用on which.1.(06湖南卷)We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us. _ we gave some bells and g

36、lasses.A. to which B. to whom C.with whom D. with which.答案：B2（06重庆卷）I saw a woman running towards me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come.A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which 答案：D3.(07重庆卷)Human facial expressions differ from

37、 those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose.A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which 答案：B方法4.名词/代词/数词+of+which/whom (整体中的部分或定语从句为最高级)链接高考:（05湖南卷）I have many friends, _ some are businessmen.A. of them B.from which C. who of D. of whom答案:D(04辽宁卷)The factory produces h

38、alf a million pairs of shoes every year,80%_ are sold abroad.A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that答案: A(07北京卷)We shouldnt spent our money testing so many people, most of _ are healthy.A. that B. which C. what D. whom答案:D（04广西卷）The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ t

39、he sailing time was 226days.A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which答案:A(07安徽卷)Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _ wanted to buy it.A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom答案:D考点5：非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，一般用引导词which/as/who,非限制性定语从句既可以修饰主句

40、的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。As引导的非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引导的非限制性定语从句不能放在主句句首。As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people life greatly.His speech, which bored us to death, was over at last.Her sister, who lived in another ci

41、ty, was coming to visit her.关于非限制性定语从句，应该注意：1.关于非限制性定语从句和单句的比较I am reading Harry Porter, which is an interesting book.He failed in the exam. That made his parents angry.Vs. He failed in the exam, which made his parents angry.He has two sons. Both of them are teachers.Vs. He has two sons, both of who

42、m are teachers.2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句与it。The earth is round. It is known to all. 比较：The earth is round, which is known to all.As is known to all, the earth is round.比较： It is known to all that the earth is round.As具有“正如”之意，搭配的动词一般是固定的，如as you know/as you see/as we planned/as we expected/as is reported.3.

43、as引导的限制性定语从句与其他从句的比较。(状语从句)This is such an interesting book that we all like it.（定语从句）This is such an interesting book as we all likesuch +名词+as+从句the same +名词+as+从句（as在从句中作主语、宾语或者表语）（07上海卷）His movie won several awards at the film festival,_ was beyond his wildest dream.A. which B. that C. where D.

44、it答案:A（06天津卷）The Beatles, _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.A. what B. that C. how D. as 答案:D（05浙江卷）Jim passed the driving test,_ surprised everybody in the office.A.which B. that C. this D.it答案:D（04江苏卷）_ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.A.Which B

45、. When C. What D.As 答案:D（04北京卷）_ is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress.A.It B. As C.That D.What非限制性定语从句的五个“不能”（1）关系词不能用that (2)关系词不能用 why，只能用 for which（3）有且只有as能放整个句首，which不能 (4) “介词+关系代词 其中的关系代词不能用as. 介词+which/whom（5）指人的关系代词作宾语时，只能用宾格whom;不能用who替换，也不能省略考点

46、6：如何用好whose引导的定语从句Whose引导的定语从句，其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。（05天津卷）Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods,from _ effects the people are still suffering.A. that B. whose C. those D. what答案：B(06福建卷)Look out! Dont get too close to the house _roof is under repair.A. whose B. which C. of which D. th

47、at答案：A历年高考考点真题：1.-Mom, what did your doctor say? -He advised me to live _ the air is fresher. 2006年 (四川卷) A. in where B. in which C. the place where D. where 【解析】从句属五大句型(3), 先行词在句中无法找到, 故该句型不属定语从句,应为地点状语从句。本题考察了定语从句与地点状语从句的区别。【D】2. I saw a woman running towards me in the dark. Before I could recogni

48、ze who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come. 2006年（重庆卷）A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which 【解析】从句属五大句型(1), 按题意先行词the direction用在come (from) 后构成(from) the direction在句中作方式状语, 在结构图中，按线路进行进行，应填from which。【D】3. Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot

49、 at Canada, this was a memory she especially treasured. 2006年（广东卷） A. as B. if C. when D. where【解析】从句属五大句型(3)，先行词是指整个主句的内容, 但是它在从句中不充当任何成分，故该句型不属定语从句,应为原因状语从句。本题考察了定语从句与原因状语从句的区别。【A】4. Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont. 2

50、006年（北京卷） A. who; 不填B. 不填; whoC. who; who D. 不填; 不填【解析】从句属五大句型(2), 先行词Women在句中作主语, 在结构图中，按线路进行，应选【C】5. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us _we gave some bells and glasses. 2006年（湖南卷）A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which 【解析】从句属五大句型(4), 按题意先行词

51、them在句中作give sth to sb结构作介词的宾语, 在结构图中，按线路进行，应选【B】。 6. She was educated at Beijing University, _ she went on to have her advanced study abroad. 2006（陕西卷）A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that 【解析】从句属五大句型(2)，按题意先行词是指整个主句的内容,在句中又构成了(after) sth作介词的宾语,在结构图中，按线路进行，应选【A】。 7. The Beatles, m

52、any of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. 2006年（天津卷）A. what B. that C. how D. as【解析】从句属五大句型(3), 按题意先行词是指整个主句的内容,在句中作remember的宾语, 在结构图中，按线路进行，应选【D】。8. I was given three books on cooking, the first _ I really enjoyed. 2006年（浙江卷） A. of thatB. of whichC. thatD. which【解析】从句属五大句型(2), 按题意

53、先行词three books在句中与the first (of)一起作enjoyed的宾语,在结构图中，按线路进行，应选【B】。9. My most famous relative of all, _ who really left his mark on America, was Rob Sussel, my great-grandfather. 2006年（江苏卷） A. oneB. the oneC. heD. someone【解析】从句属五大句型(5), 按题关系代词为who已给出,在句中作主语。 本题是考察根据从句找出先行词。根据题意关系代词指人，常用the one代替，故选【B】

54、10. Were just trying to reach a point both sides will sit down together and talk. 2006年（山东卷） A. where B. that C. when D. which 【解析】从句属五大句型(1)，先行词a point在句中作地点状语，在结构图中，按线路进行，应选【A】。11.You can find whatever you need at the shopping centre，_ is always busy at the weekend. 2006年（上海春季）A. that B. where C.

55、what D. which【解析】从句属五大句型(3), 先行词the shopping centre在句中作主语,在结构图中，按线路进行，且该句为非限制性定语从句，故【D】12.Some pre-school children go to a day care center,_ they learn simple games and songs. 2007年（全国卷）A. while B.there C. then D. where【解析】从句属五大句型(2), 先行词a day care center在句中作地点状语，在结构图中，按线路进行，应选【D】。13.Last week, only

56、 two people came to look at the house,_ wanted to buy it. 2007年（安徽卷）A.none of them B.both of them C.none of whom D.neither of whom【解析】从句属五大句型(2), 按题意先行词only two people在句中作主语,在结构图中，按线路进行，应选【D】。14.Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose. 2007年（重庆卷） A.with which B.to which C.of which D.for which 【解析】从句属五大句型(2), 按题意先行词the degree在句中构成to sth(达到某种程度)作句中作宾语,在结构图中，按线路进行，应选【B】。-