基于PLC电梯控制系统的设计与实践毕业论文外文翻译

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1、英文原文 2021 Workshop on Power Electronics and intelligent Transportation System Design and Practice of an Elevator Control System Based on PLC Xiaoling Yang1,2,Qunxiong Zhu1,Hong Xu1 1 College of information Science &Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China 2 Automa

2、tion College of Beijing Union University,Beijing,100101, China yxl_lmy sina , zhuqxmail.buct.edu , Abstract This paper describes the development of 2 nine-storey elevators control system for a residential building. The control system adopts PLC as controller, and uses a parallel connection dispatchi

3、ng rule based on minimum waiting time to run 2 elevators in parallel mode. The paper gives the basic structure, control principle and realization method of the PLC control system in detail. it also presents the ladder diagram of the key aspects of the system. The system has simple peripheral circuit

4、 and the operation result showed that it enhanced the reliability and performance of the elevators. 1. 1ntroduction With the development of architecture technology, the building is taller and taller and elevators become important vertical transportation vehicles in high-rise buildings. They are resp

5、onsible to transport passengers, living, working or visiting in the building, comfortable and efficiently to their destinations. So the elevator control system is essential in the smooth and safe operation of each elevator. it tells the elevator in what order to stop at floors, when to open or close

6、 the door and if there is a safety-critical issue.The traditional electrical control system of elevators is a relay-controlled system. it has the disadvantages such as complicated circuits, high fault ratio and poor dependability; and greatly affects the elevators running quality. Therefore, entrust

7、ed by an enterprise, we have improved electrical control system of a relay-controlled elevator in a residential building by using PLC. The result showed that the reformed system is reliable in operation and easy for maintenance. This paper introduces the basic structure, control principle and realiz

8、ation method of the elevator PLC control system in detail. 2. System structure The purpose of the elevator control system is to manage movement of an elevator in response to users requests. it is mainly composed of 2 parts: 2.1. Electric power driving system The electric power driving system include

9、s: the elevator car, the traction motor, door motor, brake mechanism and relevant switch circuits. Here we adopted a new type of LC series AC contactors to replace the old ones, and used PLCs contacts to substitute the plenty of intermediate relays. The circuits of traction motor are reserved. Thus

10、the original control cabinets disadvantages, such as big volume and high noise are overcome efficiently. 2.2. Signal control system The elevators control signals are mostly realized by PLC. The input signals are: operation modes, operation control signals, car-calls, hall-calls, safety/protect signa

11、ls, door open/close signal and leveling signal, etc. All control functions of the elevator system are realized by PLC program, such as registration, display and elimination of hall-calls or car-calls, position judgment of elevator car, choose layer and direction selection of the elevator, etc. The P

12、LC signal control system diagram of elevator is showed in Figure 1. 2.3. Requirements The goal of the development of the control system is to control 2 elevators in a 9-storey residential building. For each elevator, there is a sensor located at every floor. We can use these sensors to locate the cu

13、rrent position of the elevator car. The elevator car door can be opened and closed by a door motor. There are 2 sensors on the door that can inform the control system about the doors position. There is another sensor on the door can detect objects when the door is closing. The elevator cars up or do

14、wn movement is controlled by a traction motor. Every floor, except the first and the top floor, has a pair of direction lamps indicating that the elevator is moving up or down. Every floor, has a seven segment LED to display the current location of the elevator car. The first step for the developmen

15、t of the elevator control is to define the basic requirements. informally, the elevators behavior is defined as follows. (1) Running with a single elevator Generally, an elevator has three operation states: normal mode, fire-protection mode and maintenance mode. The maintenance mode has the highest

16、priority. Only the maintenance mode is canceled can the other operation modes be implemented. The next is fire-protection mode, the elevator must return to the bottom floor or base station immediately when the fire switch acts. The elevator should turn to normal operation mode when the fire switch i

17、s reset. Under normal operation mode, the control systems basic task is to command each elevator to move up or down, to stop or start and to open and close the door. But is has some constraints as follows: Each elevator has a set of 9 buttons on the car control panel, one for each floor. These butto

18、ns illuminate when they are pressed and cause the elevator to visit the corresponding floor. The illumination is canceled when the corresponding floor is visited by the elevator. Each floor, except the first and the top floor, has two buttons on the floor control panel, one to request an up- elevato

19、r, one to request a down-elevator. These buttons illuminate when they are pressed. The illumination is canceled when an elevator visits the floor, then moves in the desired direction. The buttons on the car control panel or the floor control panel are used to control the elevators motion. The elevat

20、or cannot pass a floor if a passenger wants to get off there. The elevator cannot stop at a floor unless someone wants to get off there. The elevator cannot change direction until it has served all onboard passengers traveling in the current direction, and a hall call cannot be served by a car going

21、 in the reverse direction. if an elevator has no requests, it remains at its current floor with its doors closed. (2) Parallel running with two elevators in this situation, there are two elevators to serve the building simultaneously. it runs at 7am to 9am and 5pm to 7pm every day.When an elevator r

22、eaches a level, it will test if the stop is required or not. it will stop at this level when the stop is required. At the same time, to balance the number of stops, the operation of two elevators will follow a certain dispatching principle. An elevator doesnt stop at a floor if another car is alread

23、y stopping cooperation of its electric power driving system and logic control system. 3. Software design Due to the random nature of call time, call locations and the destination of passengers, the elevator control system is a typical real-time, random logic control system. Here we adopted collectiv

24、e selective control method with siemens PLC S7-200 CPU226 and its extension modules. There are 46 input points and 46 output points in the system. The i/O points are showed in Tablei and Table 2. About software designing, we adopt the modularized method to write ladder diagram programs. The informat

25、ion transmission between modules is achieved by intermediate register bit of PLC.The whole program is mainly composed of i0 modules: hall-call registration and display module, car-call registration and display module, the signal combination module, the hall-call cancel module, the elevator-location

26、display module, thefloor selection module, the moving direction control module, the door open/close module, the maintenance operation module and the dispatching module under parallel running mode. The design of the typical modules is described as follows: 3.1. Hall-call registration and display Ther

27、e are two kinds of calls in an elevator: hall-call and car-call. When someone presses a button on the floor control panel, the signal will be registered and the corresponding lamp will illuminate. This is called hall-call registration. When a passenger presses a button in the elevator car, the signa

28、l will be registered and with the corresponding lamp illuminated. This is called car-call registration. Figure2 shows the ladder diagram of up hall-calls registration and display. The self-lock principle is used to guarantee the calls continuous display.3.2. The collective selection of the calls Her

29、e the collective selection control rules are used. As showed in Figure3, M5.i-M5.7, M6.0 and M6.i are auxiliary relays in PLC. They denote the stopping request signal of ist to 9th floor respectively. The auxiliary relay M6.2 denotes the elevator drivers operation signal. When there is a call in a c

30、ertain floor, the stopping signal of corresponding floor will output. When the elevator is operated by the driver,the hall-calls will not be served. And the elevator cannot pass a floor at which a passenger wishes to alight. 3.3. The cancellation of the calls The program of this module can make the

31、elevator response the hall-calls which have the same direction as the cars current direction, and when a hall-call is served,its registration will be canceled. The ladder diagram of up hall-callscancellation is showed in Figure4. Figure3 The combination of the calls Figure4 The canclellation of up c

32、alls in Figure4, the auxiliary relay M4.0 is the up moving flag of the elevator. When the current direction of the elevator is up, M4.0s contacts are closed; on the contrary, when the current direction of the elevator is down, M4.0s contacts are opened. M0.i to M0.7 denotes the car-calls stopping re

33、quest signal of floor 2 to floor 8 respectively. This program has two functions: (1) Make the elevator response the normal down hall-calls when it is moving down, and when a down hall-call is served, its registration is canceled. (2) When the elevator is moving up, the corresponding floors down hall

34、-call it passing by is not served and the registration is remained. The cancellation of down hall-calls is reversed with up hall-calls. 3.4. Elevators direction The elevator may be moving up or down, depending on the combination of hall-calls and car-calls. The following ladder diagram in Fig.5 illu

35、strates that the elevator will move up. Figure5 shows that when the calls corresponding floor is higher than the elevators current location, the elevator will go up. Here the auxiliary relay M4.0 is used as the up-moving flag. When the elevator is moving up, the up-moving lamp is illuminated, so the

36、 M4.0 is connected on. When the elevator arrives the top floor, the up-moving lamp is off and the timer starts. After 0.2s, the M4.0 is disconnected, the up-moving display is off. Here we used M4.0 to replace Q3.i which can ensure the cancellations reliability. 3.5. Elevators floor-stopping Figure6

37、shows the ladder diagram of the elevators floor-stopping function. As showed in Figure6, M6.4 is the flag of floor-stopping signal. M6.6 is the floor-stopping signal sent by the driver. M7.0 is the fire signal sent by the fire switch. And M6.7 is the forced speed changing signal. When either of thes

38、e contacts act, the system should send out the floor-stopping signal. . Minimum waiting time algorithm in traffic of elevator systems, there are two types of control task usually. The one is the basic control function to command each elevator to move up or down, to stop or start and to open and clos

39、e the door. The other is the control of a group of elevators. The main requirements of a group control system in serving both, car and hall calls, should be: to provide even service to every floor in a building; to minimize the time spent by passengers waiting for service; to minimize the time spent

40、 by passengers to move from one floor to another; to serve as many passengers as possible in a given timei. There are many dispatching algorithms for elevators group control. Such as Nearest-neighbor Algorithm2,which the elevator always serve the closet request next; Zoning Algorithm3 which by analy

41、zing the traffic of elevator system with unequal floor and population demand to dispatch the elevator; and Odd-even rule, which an elevator only serves the odd floor and the other only serves the even floor. The Nearest-neighbor Algorithm minimizes the length of the elevators empty move to the next

42、request. it usually has very small average waiting times, but individual waiting times can become quite large2. The Zoning Algorithm usually used in buildings which has heavy traffic situations, such as the office building at lunch time. Compared to the office building and shopping mall, the traffic

43、 flow of residential buildings is relatively low and even in every floor. Secondly, people usually think of elevators as purely functional objects and the experience of riding an elevator is time waited for most of them.Furthermore, there exist immense problems when attempting to satisfy all require

44、ments.Considering all of the reasons above, we adopted the “minimum waiting time algorithm to realize the 2 elevators parallel running4. 5. Conclusions In this paper, we have improved an old elevator control system by using PLC, and realized the group control of 2 elevators. The new control system h

45、as been operated for 1 year, and its operation scenarios are as follows: (1) DownPeak This traffic condition concerns people out of the building in the morning between 7am to 9am. (2) UpPeak This condition concerns people entering the building between 5pm to 7pm. (3) Other It covers the day from 6:0

46、0 to 0:00 except the two situations above. And in this situation, there is only one elevator running. The results are expressed via an average waiting time and maximum waiting time(both given in seconds) are collected in Tables 3 and 4. Due to the nonparallel running before the reform, so the averag

47、e waiting time and maximum waiting time of downpeak and the uppeak are very longer than the reformed. The practice results have showed the better performance of the improved control system. References 1 Ricardo Gudwin, Fernando Gomide, Marcio (i998). “A Fuzzy Elevator Group Controller With Linear Co

48、ntext Adaptation. IEEE World Congress on Computational intelligence . Vol. 11-486. 2 Philipp Friese, Jorg Rambau (2006). “Online-optimization of multi-elevator transport systems with reoptimization algorithms based on set-partitioning models. Discrete Applied Mathematics .No. 154, pp.1908-1931. 3 Zh

49、eng Yanjun, Zhang Huiqiao, Ye Qingtai, Zhu Changming. (2001). “The Research on Elevator Dynamic Zoning Algorithm and its Genetic Evolution. Computer Engineering and Applicati1. 4 Xiaodong Zhu, Qingshan Zeng (2006). “A Elevator Group Control Algorithm for Minimum Waiting Time Based On PLC. Journal of

50、 Hoisting and Conveying Machiner, No. 6, pp.38-40 英语翻译2021年电力电子技术和智能交通系统研讨基于PLC电梯控制系统的设计与实践Xiaoling Yang1,2,Qunxiong Zhu1,Hong Xu1信息科学与技术学院，中国北京100029北京化工大学中国北京100101北京联合大学自动化系yxl_lmy s1na , zhuqxmail.buct.edu ,摘要本文描述了一个住宅楼宇的两个9层电梯控制系统的开展。这个控制系统采用PLC作为控制器，并用一个基于“最小等待时间的并行连接调度规那么，在并行模式下来运行两个电梯。本文给出了根

51、本结构，控制原理和详细的PLC控制系统的实现方法。他还给出了这个系统的关键方面梯形图。该系统具有简单的外围电路，操作结果显示他可以增强电梯的可靠性和它的性能。随着建筑技术的开展，建筑物是越来越高，电梯成为了在高层建筑中重要的垂直运输车辆。电梯负责运输乘客，建设居住，工作或者在建筑中的参观，舒适而高效的到达他们的目的地。因此，电梯控制系统对于每一个电梯能够顺利，平安操作是至关重要的。电梯控制系统告诉电梯以什么样的顺序在楼层中停下，什么时候翻开或者关闭厅门，是否有平安问题。传统的电梯电气控制系统是继电器控制系统。继电气控制系统有一些缺陷，比方复杂的电路，高故障率，低可靠性，并极大的影响电梯的运行质

52、量。因此，受企业委托，我们把住宅楼中用继电器控制的电气控制系统改善用PLC来控制。这样做的结果说明改革后的系统操作可靠，维护方便。这篇文章将介绍系统的根本结构，控制原理和详细的PLC控制系统的实现方法。电梯控制系统的目的就是能够管理运动的电梯响应用户的请求。该系统主要由两局部组成：电力驱动系统包括：电梯轿厢，牵引电机，门厅电机，制动装置和相关的开关电路。这里我们采用一种新型的LC系列交流接触器来代替旧的，并且用PLC的接触来替代大量的中间继电器。牵引电机的电路被保存。因此，原控制柜的缺陷如过高的电压和高噪音被有效的克服了。2.2 信号控制系统电梯的控制信号主要有PLC来实现。输入信号是：操作模

53、式，操作控制信号，轿厢请求，厅门请求，平安/保护信号，厅门翻开/关闭信号，调配信号等。所有的电梯系统的控制功能都是由PLC程序来实现的，如存放，显示和解除厅门呼叫或轿厢呼叫，电梯轿厢位置的判断，选择层和电梯方向的选择等。电梯的PLC信号控制系统图如图1所示。操作控制信号平安/保护信号PLC轿厢呼叫按钮厅门呼叫按钮水平传感器楼层传感器楼层信号灯厅门呼叫灯方向灯到达信号门翻开/关闭控制门翻开/关闭信号电力驱动系统操作代码操作代码 1nputOutput 图1 PLC信号控制系统图2.3 需求控制系统的开展目标是在一个九层的住宅大楼中控制两个电梯。对于每一个电梯，在每一层都安装有一个传感器。我们可以

54、用这些传感器定位电梯轿厢的当前位置。电梯的轿厢门可以由门电机翻开或关闭。在轿厢门上有两个传感器，这两个传感器能通知控制系统门的位置。还有另外一个传感器，当门关闭时，可以检测对象。电梯轿厢的上升和下降运动由牵引电机控制。除了第一层和最高层以外，每层都有一副方向灯，显示电梯的上升和下降。每层都有一个七段LED灯显示当前电梯轿厢的位置。电梯控制开展的第一步是定义根本需求。简略的来讲，电梯的行为被定义如下。（1） 单个电梯运行一般来讲，一个电梯有三个操作步骤：正常模式，防火保护模式和维护模式。维护模式具有最高优先权。只有维护模式被取消其他操作模式才能够被执行。其次是防火保护模式，当火开关动作时，电梯必

55、须立即返回底层或基站。当火开关复位时，电梯应当进入正常操作模式。在正常操作模式下，控制系统的根本任务是命令每个电梯向上或向下移动，停止或启动，翻开或关闭厢门。但有一些制约因素如下：每一个电梯在轿厢控制盘上都有一组9个按钮，每层一个。当这些按钮被按下时，他们是亮的，使电梯访问相应楼层。当相应楼层被电梯访问时，亮着的按钮将熄灭。除了第一层和顶层以外，每一层在楼层控制盘上都有两个按钮，一个用于请求电梯上行，一个用于请求电梯下行。当按下这些按钮时，这些按钮将会被点亮。当电梯访问楼层，然后按期望的方向移动，点亮的按钮取消。轿厢控制盘上的按钮或者楼层控制盘上的按钮通常用来控制电梯的运行。如果乘客想要在那一

56、层下，电梯就不能通过那一层。电梯在某一楼层不会停，除非有人想在那一层下。电梯不能改变方向，除非它已经送达在当前这个方向上的所有乘客，并且厅门的呼叫不能被正在向相反方向行驶的轿厢响应。如果电梯没有请求，那么它将会保持在当前楼层，并关上厅门。（2） 两个电梯并列运行在这种情形下，有两个电梯同时为这栋大楼效劳。它每天早上7:00到9:00和下午5:00到7:00运行。当电梯到达一定的高度时，它将检测是否有停止请求。当有停止请求时，它将在这个高度停下。同时，为了均衡停车次数，两电梯将按一定的调度规那么运作。如果另一个电梯准备好要停车或者已经停止，那么这个电梯间不会在这一层停车。电梯的正常运行是由其电力

57、驱动系统和逻辑控制系统的合作来实现的。由于调用的时间，调用的位置和乘客的目的地的随机性，电梯控制系统成为了一个典型的实时系统。在这里我们用西门子 PLC S7-200 CPU226 的集中选择控制方法和其扩展模块。在系统中有46个输入端，46个输出端。在表1和表2中显示了输入/输出端口。关于软件设计，我们采用了模块化写梯形图程序的方法。模块中的信息传输是通过PLC的中间继电器位实现的。整个程序主要由十个模块组成：厅门呼叫存放和显示模块、轿厢呼叫存放和显示模块、信号组合模块、厅门呼叫取消模块、电梯位置显示模块、楼层选择模块、移动方向控制模块、厅门翻开/关闭模块、维护操作模块和并行运行下的调度模块

58、。典型模块设计的描述如下：3.1 厅门呼叫存放和显示在电梯中有两种不同的呼叫请求：厅门呼叫和轿厢呼叫。当有人按下楼层控制板上的按钮时信号将会被存放并且相应的灯会被点亮。这被称为轿厢呼叫存放。图2是厅门呼叫和存放的梯形图。自锁通常被用于保证呼叫的连续显示。3.2 呼叫请求的集中选择M5.7，M6.0和M6.1是PLC中的辅助继电器。他们分别表示一楼到九楼的停止请求信号。M6.2的辅助继电器表示电梯驱动器的操作信号。当某层有停车信号，相对应的楼层将会输出停止信号。当电梯被驱动器操控时，厅门呼叫不会被响应并且电梯不会在乘客想要下的楼层停下来。3.3 呼叫请求的解除该模块的程序可以使电梯相应同一方向的

59、厅门呼叫，当那个厅门呼叫被响应，那么他的呼叫就被取消。厅门呼叫请求取消的梯形图如图4所示。 在图4中，辅助继电器M4.0是电梯向上移动的标志。当当前运行方向是电梯上行，M4.0触点闭合；相反，当当当前电梯运行方向是下行，M4.0触点断开，继电器M0.1到M0.7代表2楼到8楼轿厢停止呼叫请求信号。 这个程序有两个功能：（1） 当电梯下行或有一个向下的厅门呼叫请求正在被执行时，使得电梯相应正常下行的厅门呼叫，同时取消呼叫请求。 图3 呼叫请求的组合 图4 向上的呼叫请求接触（2） 当电梯上行时，相应楼层向下的呼叫请求不被执行，并保持记忆。向下的轿厢呼叫请求取消逆转向上的轿厢呼叫。3.4 电梯的方

60、向电梯可能向上或向下运行，这取决于轿厢呼叫与厅门呼叫的组合。下面的梯形图阐释了电梯向上运动。图5 电梯上行图5说明当相应楼层的呼叫高于电梯当前的位置，电梯将上行。这时辅助继电器M4.0被当做上行标志。当电梯正在上行，上行灯被点亮，触点M4.0就闭合。当电梯到达顶层后，上行灯就熄灭，定时器就开始工作。0.2秒后，M4.0断开，向上移动显示关闭。这里我们使用M4.0取代Q3.1，可确保可靠取消。3.5 电梯的楼层停止图6显示了电梯停止功能的梯形图。就像图6所示的那样，M6.4是楼层停止信号的标志。M6.6是驱动器发出的楼层停止信号。M7.0是消防开关发出的消防信号。M6.7是速度改变信号。当他们中

61、任何一个作用时，系统就会发出楼层停止信号。3.6 最小等待时间算法在电梯运行系统中，通常有两种类型的控制任务。一种是根本控制功能到命令每个电梯上下移动，停止或开始翻开或关闭厅门。另一种就是电梯的一组控制。主要需求的一组控制系统满足侥幸和厅门呼叫，应当是：在一层建筑中应当提供效劳；把乘客等待效劳时间降到最低；以最小化时间把乘客这一层带到那一层，在给定的时间里为更多的乘客提供效劳。图6 电梯的楼层停止对电梯的组控制有很多调度算法。例如最近邻算法，电梯总是响应最邻近的请求；分区算法，它通过分析电梯系统的运行状况与不同楼层和乘客需求分发电梯，还有奇偶规那么，一个电梯只为奇数楼层效劳，另一个楼梯那么只为

62、偶数楼层效劳。最近邻算法最小化电梯占空比的长度。它通常只有非常小的平均等待时间，但是个人等待时间会变的非常长。分区算法通常用于那些交通流高的建筑，如办公楼午餐时间。相对于办公楼和购物中心，交通流是相对较低的住宅，甚至在每一层楼。其次是人们常常认为的电梯作为纯函数的对象，对他们中的大多数人来说坐电梯大局部时间就是在等。此外存在的巨大问题是试图满足所有需求。考虑到以上所有问题，我们采用“最小等待时间算法实现电梯的并行运行。4 总结在这篇论文中，我们已经提高了一个古老的利用PLC的电梯控制系统，并实现了组合控制两电梯。新的控制系统已经运营了一年，操作场景如下：1下降峰这种状况令人们在早上7点到9点离

63、开建筑。2上升峰这种状况使人们在晚上5点到7点进入建筑。3其他它涵盖了除了上述两种情况外，从6：00到0:00。在这种情况下，只有一个电梯运行。结果是经由平均等候时间和最大等待时间同时给出了秒，如表3和表4.表3 平均和最大等待时间改革前表4平均和最大等待时间改革后不平行运行改革前，在顶峰和低谷时的平均等待时间和最小等待时间都比改革后要长。实践结果说明改良的控制系统具有更好的性能。参考文献 1 R1cardo Gudw1n, Fernando Gom1de, Marc1o (1998). “A Fuzzy Elevator Group Controller W1th L1near Contex

64、t Adaptat1on. 1EEE World Congress on Computat1onal 1ntell1gence . Vol. 12, No. 5, pp.481-486. 2 Ph1l1pp Fr1ese, Jorg Rambau (2006). “Onl1ne-opt1m1zat1on of mult1-elevator transport systems w1th reopt1m1zat1on algor1thms based on set-part1t1on1ng models. D1screte Appl1ed Mathemat1cs .No. 154, pp.1908-1931. 3 Zheng Yanjun, Zhang Hu1q1ao