考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前自测提分卷8(含答案详解）

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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.填空题Asian American children of high school age generally outscore other students on the Scholastic AAptitude Test. They make up a disproportionate large segment of student bodies in the most prominent B C Dcolleges and universities.

2、【答案】C disproportionate改为disproportionately【解析】【考查点】副词。【解题思路】large为形容词，应该用副词修饰，所以用disproportionately正确。【句意】亚裔美国高中生在学业能力倾向测试中的得分普遍高于其他学生。在最著名的学院和大学里，他们在学生群体中所占比例相当大。2.填空题Contraction of front and side parts of the brainas cells die offwas observed in some subjects in their thirty, but it was still not

3、evident in some sixtyand seventy-year-olds. A B C D【答案】C thirty改为thirties【解析】【考查点】固定表达。【解题思路】in ones thirties意思为“在某人三十多岁时”，这里指的年龄是概数。【句意】有的人大脑前部和侧部的收缩随着细胞的死亡在三十多岁时就能被观察到了，但是也有些人直到六七十岁依然不明显。3.填空题Papousek noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go onmaking

4、 the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the childrens responses in situations when no milk A B C Dwas provided.【答案】D when改为where【解析】【考查点】从句。【解题思路】D部分到句尾是修饰situations的定语从句，situations意思为“情况，状况”表示地点，因此D部分应为where。【句意】帕普塞克注意到，婴儿喝够了牛奶，就会拒绝牛奶，但仍会继续做出习得性反应，并带有明显的快乐迹象。因此，他开始研

5、究在不提供牛奶的情况下孩子们的反应。4.单选题It has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot c

6、ycle. But after more than a century of investigation, the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities

7、 discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by

8、 European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth

9、 to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established. However, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities

10、by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycles past existence.If consistent and reliable geological or archa

11、eological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Suns internal motions (caused by rotation and

12、 convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maint

13、ained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanation supposes that the Suns large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnet

14、ic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle could be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient p

15、henomenon.1. The author focuses primarily on _.2. Which of the following statements about the two models of solar activity, as they are described in Para. 3, is accurate?3. According to the passage, late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries Chinese records are important for which of the follow

16、ing reasons?4. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate are based on which of the following assumptions?问题1选项A.presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar activi

17、ty and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support themB.giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological researchC.discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity a

18、nd indicating how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physicsD.outlining the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical approach of modern physics问题2选项A.In both models cyclical solar activity is rega

19、rded as a long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years.B.In both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.C.In one model the Suns magnetic field is thought to play a role in causing solar activit

20、y, whereas in the other model it is not.D.In one model cycles of solar activity with periodicities longer than a few decades are considered to be impossible, whereas in the other model such cycles are predicted.问题3选项A.They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicted were incorre

21、ct.B.They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climate.C.They establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum.D.They establish that solar activity at the time of the Maunder minimum did not significantly vary from its present

22、pattern.问题4选项A.The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period in which the tree rings grew.B.The biological mechanisms causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term weather patterns.C.Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thic

23、kness.D.Tree-ring thickness reflect changes in terrestrial climate.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The author focuses primarily on _. 作者主要关注_。A. presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support them A. 提出两种相互矛盾的关于太

24、阳活动的科学理论，并评价经常被引用来支持它们的地质证据B. giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological research B. 简要概述太阳物理学的一些最近的科学发展，并评估它们对未来气候学研究的影响C. discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activi

25、ty and indicating how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physics C. 讨论将地球现象与太阳活动联系起来所涉及的困难，并指出解决这个问题将如何影响我们对太阳物理学的理解D. outlining the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical approach of modern phy

26、sics D. 概述了太阳物理学中一个问题尚未解决的具体原因，并对现代物理学过于理论化的方法提出了批评【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段提出“仍不清楚（remains unclear）太阳活动周期（solar-activity cycle）与地球天气和气候的关系（terrestrial weather and climate）”，第二段总结道“研究未能明确地证明陆地气候与太阳活动周期的关系（unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle）”，第三段提出“如果能找到一致可靠的地质或考古证据（geolog

27、ical or archaeological evidence），追溯远古时期的太阳活动周期（the solar-activity cycle），它也可能解决太阳物理学中的一个重要问题（issue in solar physics）。”综上所述，前两段在讲述找到地球现象与太阳活动的联系很困难，在最后一段点出解决这个问题对太阳物理学非常重要，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“提出两种相互矛盾的关于太阳活动的科学理论，并评价被引用来支持它们的地质证据”：这两种矛盾的太阳活动模型只在第三段出现，并且没有提到分别支持这两种理论的地质证据，属于以偏概全和无中生有；B项“简要概述太阳物理学的一些最近的科

28、学发展，并评估它们对未来气候学研究的影响”：文中没有提到这些研究对未来气候学研究的影响，属于无中生有；D项“概述了太阳物理学中某个尚未解决的问题的具体原因，并对现代物理学过于理论化的方法提出了批评”：没有讲到原因，也没有批判现代物理学，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】Which of the following statements about the two models of solar activity, as they are described in Para. 3, is accurate? 如第3段所述，下列关于太阳活动的两种模型的陈述，哪一种是准确的？A. In both m

29、odels cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years. A. 在这两个模型中，周期性的太阳活动都被视为太阳长期存在的特征，在数十亿年的时间里几乎没有变化。B. In both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.

30、B. 在两个模型中，假设太阳活动周期依赖于大规模的太阳磁场。C. In one model the Suns magnetic field is thought to play a role in causing solar activity, whereas in the other model it is not. C. 在一个模型中，太阳的磁场被认为是引起太阳活动的因素，而在另一个模型中则不是。D. In one model cycles of solar activity with periodicities longer than a few decades are consider

31、ed to be impossible, whereas in the other model such cycles are predicted. D. 一个模型中认为，太阳活动周期不可能超过几十年，然而另一个模型可以预测其周期。【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词Para. 3和信息词two models of solar activity定位到第三段第二句，该处讲到“有两种太阳活动模型（two models of solar activity）”，结合该段第三句“第一种假说假设太阳的内部运动（internal motions）与它的大范围磁场相互作用（inte

32、ract with its large-scale magnetic field）”以及该段第五、六句“另一种解释（alternative explanation）认为在这个模型中，依赖于太阳磁场的太阳机制（the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnetic field）运行得更快。”，可知两种模型都认为太阳活动依赖于太阳磁场，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“在这两个模型中，周期性的太阳活动都被视为太阳长期存在的特征，在数十亿年的时间里几乎没有变化”：对应文章最后一句“现代太阳观测的时间跨度太短，无法揭示（too short a time

33、 to reveal whether）目前的周期性太阳活动是太阳长期存在的特征（long-lived feature of the Sun），还是仅仅是一种短暂的现象（transient phenomenon）。”，在阐述两种模拟太阳活动的模型后，总结说因为观察太阳的时间短，无法确定哪种情况正确，第一种情况对应第一个模型，第二种情况对应第二个模型；本选项也对应该段第四句“太阳的大规模磁场被看作是自我维持的，因此由它驱动的太阳活动周期可能在几十亿年的时间里整体变化不大（little overall change for perhaps billions of years）。”，可知本选项是对第一

34、种模型的阐述，不包括第二种，属于以偏概全；C选项“在一个模型中，太阳的磁场被认为是引起太阳活动的因素，而在另一个模型中则不是”：两种模型都认为太阳活动由太阳磁场引起，属于反向干扰；D选项“一个模型中认为，太阳活动周期不可能超过几十年，然而另一个模型可以预测其周期”：第一种模型对应第三段第四句“太阳活动周期可能在几十亿年的时间里（billions of years）整体变化不大（little overall change）”，第二种模型对应该段第七句“可以预测（be expected to change）太阳活动周期的特征会在很长一段时间内发生变化”，可知第一种模型说的是太阳活动周期在几十亿年不

35、会有太大变化，而不是说周期不可能超过几十年，第二种模型说的是可以预测太阳活动周期会变化，而不是可以预测周期是多长，属于偷换概念。第3题:【选项释义】According to the passage, late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries Chinese records are important for which of the following reasons? 根据文章，在17世纪晚期和18世纪早期中国的记录非常重要，是因为以下哪个原因？A. They suggest that the data on which the Maun

36、der minimum was predicted were incorrect. A. 他们认为蒙德极小期预测的数据是错误的。B. They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climate. B. 他们认为蒙德极小期与气候不相关。C. They establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum. C. 他们证实在蒙德极小期的时候，全世界有段时间天气异常寒冷。D

37、. They establish that solar activity at the time of the Maunder minimum did not significantly vary from its present pattern. D. 他们证实蒙德极小期的太阳活动与目前的模式没有显著变化。【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词Chinese records定位到第二段倒数第三句，该处讲到“尤其是因为（especially since）当时中国肉眼观测太阳活动的记录（Chinese naked-eye observers）似乎与此相矛盾（contradi

38、ct it）”，结合该段倒数第四句“蒙德极小期的真实性（The reality of the Maunder minimum）还有待确定（yet to be established）”，倒数第三句的it指的是Maunder minimum，可知中国的记录和蒙德极小期的观点相悖，并且根据中国的记录，蒙德极小期可能是错误的，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们认为蒙德极小期与气候不相关”：文中没有提到他们质疑蒙德极小期与气候的相关性，而是质疑有段时间太阳黑子活动短暂停止这个假设的真实性，属于无中生有；C选项“他们证实在蒙德极小期的时候，全世界有段时间天气异常寒冷”：对应第二段第三句“蒙德极小

39、期与欧洲（in Europe）从16世纪到19世纪早期的异常寒冷有关”，可知其范围不是在全世界，而是在某一个地区，属于偷换概念；D选项“他们证实蒙德极小期的太阳活动与目前的模式没有显著变化”：对应第二段第一、二句“人们还研究了太阳长期变化的影响。17世纪晚期和18世纪早期欧洲观察家的笔记中没有记录到太阳黑子活动，这使得一些学者假设在那个时候太阳黑子活动短暂停止（这个时期被称为蒙德极小期）”以及第二段倒数第三句“尤其是因为（especially since）当时中国肉眼观测太阳活动的记录（Chinese naked-eye observers）似乎与此相矛盾（contradict it）”，可知

40、在蒙德极小期是学者假设的内容，与当时中国所有的观察记录相反，所以中国的记录没有证实蒙德极小期的存在，更没有证实蒙德极小期的太阳活动与目前的模式没有显著变化，属于反向干扰。第4题:【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate are based on which of the following assumpt

41、ions? 从这篇文章中可以推断出，试图利用树木年轮厚度来确定太阳周期和陆地气候之间可能的联系的研究是基于下列哪个假设？A. The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period in which the tree rings grew. A. 在树木年轮生长时，太阳活动周期就以现在的形式存在。B. The biological mechanisms causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term weather patterns. B. 造成树木

42、生长的生物机制不受短期天气模式的影响。C. Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thickness. C. 陆地气候和太阳活动周期随机影响树木年轮厚度。D. Tree-ring thickness reflect changes in terrestrial climate. D. 树轮厚度反映陆地气候的变化。【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词tree-ring thickness定位到第二段倒数第二句，该处讲到“科学家们还通过研究间接的气候学数

43、据（indirect climatological data），如（such as）古树年轮厚度（thickness of ancient tree rings）的化石记录。”，可知他们认为树木年轮的厚度可以反映气候，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“在树木年轮生长时，太阳活动周期就以现在的形式存在”：文中没有提到是因为太阳活动周期现在和以前一样，属于无中生有；B选项“造成树木生长的生物机制不受短期天气模式的影响”：文中没有提到树木的生长不受短期天气的影响，属于无中生有；C选项“陆地气候和太阳活动周期随机影响树木年轮厚度”：文中没有提到树木年轮厚度受陆地气候和太阳活动周期随机影响，属于无中

44、生有。5.填空题Concerns about research ethics were further heighted by a research project called the Tuskegee Study,sponsored by the United States Public Health Service to assess the clinical course of syphilis. A B C D【答案】A heighted改为heightened【解析】【考查点】被动语态。【解题思路】此句为被动语态，指的是人们对研究伦理的担忧进一步被加剧，应该用heighten的过去

45、分词heightened。【句意】一个名为“塔斯基吉研究”的研究项目进一步加剧了人们对研究伦理的担忧，该研究项目由美国公共卫生局资助，旨在评估梅毒的临床病程。6.填空题Meteorologists describe the air primarily in terms of its composition, temperature, pressure, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, and _. (humid)【答案】humidity【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】根据关键词and，可知precipitation和横线所在内容为并列结

46、构，应该和precipitation一样为名词，humidity“（空气中的）湿度”符合语境，指的是湿度是描述空气的元素之一。【句意】气象学家主要根据空气的组成、温度、压力、风速、风向、降雨量和湿度来描述空气。7.填空题Too often we believe what accounts for others success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely success is so mysterious. A B C D【答案】D success is改为is success【解析】【考查点】倒装。【解题思路】表示否定意

47、义的副词或连词放在句首时，用部分倒装，句子的一般陈述句语序为success is so mysterious，此时is应该提前，因此D部分应为is success。【句意】我们常常相信别人的成功是某种特殊的秘密或幸运的突破。但成功很少如此神秘。8.填空题The 18th-century Geneva-born philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau promoted a(n) _ view of education that emphasized the importance of individual self-expression. (influence)【答案

48、】influential【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】根据横线前的a(n)和横线后的view，可知横线处为形容词，用来形容view。influential的意思为“有很大影响的”，符合语境，指的是卢梭的教育观对世界影响很大。【句意】18世纪日内瓦出生的哲学家卢梭提出了一种有影响力的教育观，即强调个人自我表达的重要性。9.填空题Animal behavior was studied as a discipline on its own, and human behavior was studied similarly inrelatively isolation. However, be

49、havioral traits in animals and in humans may under certaincircumstances have profound effects on A B Cbreeding patterns and mate selection. D【答案】B relatively改为relative【解析】【考查点】定语。【解题思路】在B部分中，isolation“孤立状态”是名词，应该用形容词作为定语修饰名词，所以此处应为relative“相比较而言的”。【句意】动物行为是作为一门独立的学科来研究的，人类行为也是在相对孤立的环境中研究的。然而，在某些情况下，

50、动物和人类的行为特征可能会对繁殖模式和配偶选择产生深远的影响。10.单选题When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exists in any part of it, they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the life that exists on Earth. Mars looks like the only planet where life like ours c

51、ould exist, and even this is doubtful. But there may be other kinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry, and they may multiply on Venus or Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advanced

52、 stage of evolution. Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage. His individual units retain a strong sense of personality. They are, in fact, still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individual lives. But mans societies are already sufficiently developed to have eno

53、rmously more power and effectiveness than the individuals have.It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very long on the evolutionary time scale. Fifty thousand years from now mans societies may have become so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate persona

54、lity. Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multiple organism and the inorganic parts (machines) that have been constructed by it. A million years further on man and his machines may have emerged as closely as the muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set

55、them in motion.The explorers of space should be prepared for some such situation. If they arrive on a foreign planet that has reached an advanced stage (and this is by no means impossible), they may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.The uni

56、ts may be “secondary”machines created millions of years ago by a previous form of life and given the will and ability to survive and reproduce. They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials. If this is the case, they may be much more tolerant of their environment, multiplying unde

57、r conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compounds and dependent on the familiar carbon cycle.Such creatures might be relics of a past a past age, many millions of years ago, when their planet was favorable to the origin of life, or they might be immigrants from a favo

58、red planet.1. Humans on Earth today are characterized by _.2. According to the passage, some people believe that eventually _.3. Even most imaginative people have to admit that _.4. It seems that the writer _.问题1选项A.their existences as free and separate beingsB.their capability of living under favorable conditionsC.their great power and effectivenessD.their strong desire for living in a close-knit society问题2选项A.human societies will be much more cooperativeB.man will live in a highly organized worldC.machines will replace manD.living beings will d