2022年考博英语-东北大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷21

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1、2022年考博英语-东北大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题People are living longer than ever, but for some reason, women are living longer than men. A baby boy born in the United States in 2003 can expects to live to be about 73, a baby girl, about 79. This is indeed a wide gap, and no one really knows why it exists. T

2、he greater longevity （长寿） of women, however, has been known for centuries. It was, for example, described in the seventeenth century. However, the difference was smaller than the gap is growing.A number of reasons have been proposed to accounts for the differences. The gap is greatest in industriali

3、zed societies, so it has been suggested that women are less susceptible to work strains that may raise the risk of heart disease and alcoholism. Sociologists also tell us that women are encouraged to be less adventurous than men （and this may be why they are more careful drivers, involved in fewer a

4、ccidents）.Even smoking has been implicated in the age discrepancy. It was once suggested that working women are more likely to smoke and as more women entered the work force, the age gap would begin to close, because smoking is related to earlier deaths. Now, however, we see more women smoking and t

5、hey still tend to live longer although their lung cancer rate is climbing sharply.One puzzling aspect of the problem is that women do not appear to be as healthy as men. That is, they report far more illnesses. But when a man reports an illness, it is more likely to be serious.Some researchers have

6、suggested that men may die early because their health is more strongly related to their emotions. For example, men tend to die sooner after losing a spouse than women do. Men even seem to be more weakened by loss of a job. （Both of these are linked with a marked decrease in the effectiveness of the

7、immune system.） Among men, death follows retirement with an alarming promptness.Perhaps we are searching for the answers too close to the surface of the problem. Perhaps the answers lie deeper in our biological heritage. After all, the phenomenon is not isolated to humans. Females have the edge amon

8、g virtually all mammalian （哺乳动物的）species, in that they generally live longer. Furthermore, in many of these species the differences begin at the moment of conception; there are more male miscarriages （流产）. In human, after birth, more baby boys than baby girls die.1. According to Paragraph 1, which o

9、f the following statements is true?2. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?3. As is suggested in Paragraph 2, the two factors relevant to womens longer lifespan are （ ）.4. According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements is true?5. Which of the following phenomena makes researc

10、hers puzzled?6. The word “edge” in Paragraph 6 means “（ ）”.7. According to Paragraph 6, which of the following statements is true?8. What is the main idea of the passage?问题1选项A.Women did not live longer than men until 17th century.B.The longevity gap between women and men has been growing since 17th

11、 century.C.A baby boy born in the United States in 2003 can live to be about 73.D.All women live longer than men.问题2选项A.Mens lifespan remains almost unchanged.B.Researchers have found the cause of the age gap.C.The more advanced a society, the greater the age gap.D.The age gap was noticed only recen

12、tly.问题3选项A.diseases and road accidentsB.industrialization and work strainsC.their immunity to heart disease and refusal of alcoholD.their endurance of work strains and reluctance for adventure问题4选项A.The great number of male smokers contributes to the age gap.B.The growing number of smoking women wil

13、l narrow the age gap.C.Female workers are more likely to smoke than male workers.D.Smoking does not seem to affect womens longevity.问题5选项A.Mens health is more closely related to their emotions.B.Though more liable to illnesses, women still live longer.C.Men show worse symptoms than women when they f

14、all ill.D.Quite a number of men die soon after their retirement.问题6选项A.marginB.sideC.advantageD.quality问题7选项A.Only for human beings, females live longer than males.B.Women live longer than men because of genes.C.Females are different from males since the beginning of life.D.Both B and C问题8选项A.The gr

15、eater longevity of women remains a mystery.B.That women are healthier than men well explains their longevity.C.People are living longer as a result of industrialization.D.Women are less emotionally affected by difficulties in life.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:B第6题:C第7题:C第8题:A【解析】1.【试题解析】判断推理题。A：直到17世

16、纪，女性才比男性长寿。B：女性和男性的寿命差距自17世纪以来一直在扩大。由“It was, for example, described in the seventeenth century. However, the difference was smaller then the gap is growing.（例如，这在17世纪就有描述。然而，当时的差异比现在小，现在的差距在增长）”可知A项以及B项错误。C：一个2003年出生在美国的男婴能够活到73岁。由“A baby boy born in the United States in 2003 can expects to live to

17、 be about 73（一个于2003年出生在美国的男婴预期能够活到73岁）”可知C项正确。D：所有女性都比男性活得长。此项并未被提及。因此本题选C。2.【试题解析】判断推理题。文章第一段讲女性更长寿，男女寿命存在差异，而且差距正在增加。第二段讲了一些造成差距大的可能因素。A：男性的寿命几乎保持不变。此项并未被前两段提及。B：研究者已经找到年龄差距的原因。此项不符合前两段所述，前两段只是提出了可能因素。C：社会越先进，寿命差距越大。此项可由前两段推断而出。D：寿命差距只是在最近才被注意。此项错误。因为第一段指出：It was, for example, described in the se

18、venteenth century.（17世纪就有所描述了）。因此C项正确。3.【试题解析】细节事实题。第二段中提到的影响男女寿命差异的两个因素是：女性工作压力比男性小，也没有男性那么爱冒险。因此，D项“她们承受的工作压力和不愿意冒险”正确。4.【试题解析】判断推理题。第三段指出：It was once suggested that working women are more likely to smoke and as more women entered the work force, the age gap would begin to close, because smoking i

19、s related to earlier deaths. Now, however, we see more women smoking and they still tend to live longer although their lung cancer rate is climbing sharply.（曾经有人指出，职业女性吸烟的可能性更大，随着越来越多的妇女进入职场，年龄差距将开始缩小，因为吸烟与较早死亡有关。然而现在，我们看到越来越多的女性吸烟，她们的寿命也越来越长，尽管她们的肺癌发病率在急剧攀升）。由此推测，D项“吸烟似乎不会影响妇女的寿命”正确。5.【试题解析】细节事实题。第

20、四段指出：One puzzling aspect of the problem is that women do not appear to be as healthy as men. That is, they report far more illnesses. But when a man reports an illness, it is more likely to be serious. （男女寿命差这个问题令人费解的一点是：女性似乎并没有男性健康。也就是，她们更容易得病。但是当一位男士生病了，往往更严重）。因此让研究人员费解的一点是B项“尽管女性更容易得病，但她们仍然活得更长”。

21、6.【试题解析】词义题。“edge”所在句为：Females have the edge among virtually all mammalian （哺乳动物的）species, in that they generally live longer.（几乎所有雌性的哺乳动物都拥有这个，因为她们普遍活得更长）。由此推测，“edge”表示“优势”的意思。7.【试题解析】判断推理题。A：只有人类的女性比男性命长。由“After all，the phenomenon is not isolated to humans. Females have the edge among virtually al

22、l mammalian （哺乳动物的）species, in that they generally live longer.（毕竟，这种现象并不是人类所独有的。几乎所有雌性哺乳动物都拥有这个优势，因为她们普遍活得更久）”可知A项错误。B：女性比男性活得久，是由于基因方面的原因。由“Perhaps we are searching for the answers too close to the surface of the problem. Perhaps the answers lie deeper in our biological heritage.（也许我们正在寻找的答案只是问题的表

23、面。也许答案在于更深层次生物遗传的原因）”可知B项错误。C：从生命一开始，男性和女性就存在差别。由“In human, after birth, more baby boys than baby girls die.（就人类而言，出生后死亡的男婴比女婴多）”可知C项正确。8.【试题解析】主旨大意题。文章提出：人们的寿命普遍比以前长；但女性比男性活得久一些。并且分析了造成这种差异的可能因素。最后指出，也许男女寿命差异可能在于更深层次的生物遗传原因。因此A项“女性更长寿仍然是个迷”比较符合文章主旨大意。2. 单选题The scientists became very excited as they

24、 felt they were on the（ ）of a discovery.问题1选项A.crestB.borderlineC.brinkD.bluff【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。on the brink of“在的边缘”，句意：当感觉自己处于一个发现的边缘时，科学家们变得非常兴奋。故C选项正确。3. 单选题Because the demand of coal decreased, many miners became （ ）.问题1选项A.indignantB.extraneousC.immaterialD.redundant【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项indignant

25、“愤愤不平的”；B选项extraneous“外来的；没有关联的”；C选项immaterial“非物质的；无形的；不重要的；非实质的”；D选项redundant“多余的，过剩的；被解雇的，失业的；冗长的”。句意：因为煤炭的需求下降，所以很多煤矿工人变得失业。结合句意，判断出选项D正确。4. 单选题He is one of the most active（ ）in the extracurricular activities of the students union.问题1选项A.inhabitantsB.descendantsC.participantsD.tenants【答案】C【解析】考查

26、名词辨析。A选项inhabitant“居民；居住者”；B选项descendant “后裔；子孙”；C选项participant“参与者”；D选项tenant“承租人；房客；佃户”。句意：他是学生会课外活动最积极的参与者之一。结合句意，判断出选项C正确。5. 单选题Many people seem to think that science fiction is typified by the covers of some of the old pulp magazines: the Bug-Eyed Monster, embodying every trait and （1） that mos

27、t people find repulsive, is about to grab, and presumably ravish, a sweet, blonde, curvaceous, scantily-clad Earth girl. This is unfortunate because it demeans and （2） a worthwhile and even important literary endeavor. In （3）to this unwarranted stereotype, science fiction rarely emphasizes sex, and

28、when it （4）, it is more discreet than other contemporary fiction.（5）, the basic interest of science fiction lies in the（6）between man and his technology and between man and the universe. Science fiction is a literature of change and a literature of the future, and while it would be foolish to（7）that

29、 science fiction is a major literary genre at this time, the（8）of human life that it considers make it well worth reading and studying for（9）other literary form does quite the same things.The question is: what is science fiction? And the answer（0）be, unfortunately, that there have been（1）attempts to

30、 consider this question at any length or with much seriousness; it may well be that science fiction will resist any comprehensive definition of its（12）. To say this, however, does not mean that there are no ways of defining it, （13）that various facets of its totality cannot be clarified. To begin wi

31、th, the following（14）should be helpful: science fiction is a literary subgenre which postulates a change (for human beings) from conditions as we know them and follows the（15）of these changes to a conclusion. Although this definition will necessarily be modified and（16）, it covers much of the basic

32、groundwork and provides a（17）of departure.The first pointthat science fiction is a literary subgenreis a very important one, but one which is often overlooked or（18）in most discussions of science fiction. Specifically, science fiction is cither a short story or a novel.（19）are only a few dramas whic

33、h could be（20）science fiction, with Karel Capeks RUR (Russums Universal Robots)（21）the only one that is well-known; the body of poetry that might be labeled science fiction is only slightly larger. To say that science fiction is a subgenre of prose fiction is to say that it has all the basic charact

34、eristics and serves that same basic（22）in much the same way as prose fiction（23）, that is, it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories.Everything that can（24）about prose fiction, in general, applies to science fiction. Every piece of science fiction, （25）short story or novel, must

35、 have a narrator, a story, a plot, a setting, characters, language and theme. And（26）any prose, the themes of science fiction are concerned with（27）mans nature and experience in relation to the world around him. Themes in science fiction are constructed and（28）in exactly the same ways that themes ar

36、e dealt with in any other kind of fiction. They are the result of a particular（29）of narrator, story, plot, character, setting, and language. In short, the reasons for reading and enjoying science fiction, and the ways of studying and analyzing it, are basically the same as they would（30）for any oth

37、er story or novel.问题1选项A.expressionB.featureC.characterD.merit问题2选项A.desertsB.advocatesC.degradesD.reduces问题3选项A.regardB.contrastC.relationD.accordance问题4选项A.wasB.isC.didD.does问题5选项A.InsteadB.HoweverC.ThereforeD.Also问题6选项A.bondsB.communicationC.relationD.alliance问题7选项A.claimB.swearC.requestD.confirm

38、问题8选项A.dimensionsB.walksC.aspectsD.roles问题9选项A.noneB.someC.anyD.no问题10选项A.shouldB.mustC.willD.cant问题11选项A.fewB.a fewC.littleD.a little问题12选项A.essenceB.characteristicsC.qualityD.value问题13选项A.norB.soC.thoughD.since问题14选项A.procedureB.argumentC.instructionD.definition问题15选项A.suggestionsB.applicationsC.i

39、mplicationsD.descriptions问题16选项A.prolongedB.expandedC.continuedD.stretched问题17选项A.pointB.dotC.locationD.spot问题18选项A.abandonedB.dismissedC.initiatedD.ignored问题19选项A.ThoseB.WhatC.ThereD.They问题20选项A.referredB.entitledC.calledD.declared问题21选项A.beingB.isC.areD.does问题22选项A.intentionsB.functionsC.routinesD

40、.occasions问题23选项A.in resultB.in commonC.in generalD.in manner问题24选项A.be sayingB.be saidC.to sayD.say问题25选项A.eitherB.neitherC.not onlyD.whether问题26选项A.asB.thoughC.unlikeD.like问题27选项A.interpretingB.translatingC.exchangingD.representing问题28选项A.recognizedB.presentedC.depictedD.expressed问题29选项A.conflictB

41、.cooperationC.collectionD.combination问题30选项A.haveB.doC.beD.make【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A第6题:C第7题:A第8题:C第9题:D第10题:B第11题:A第12题:B第13题:A第14题:D第15题:C第16题:B第17题:A第18题:D第19题:C第20题:C第21题:A第22题:B第23题:C第24题:B第25题:D第26题:D第27题:A第28题:B第29题:C第30题:D【解析】1. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项expression“表现，表达；表情”；B选项feature“特色，特征；容

42、貌；特写”；C选项character“性格，品质；特性；角色”；D选项merit“优点，价值；功绩；功过”。由空格前trait“特点”可知B选项正确。2. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项desert“遗弃；放弃；逃跑”；B选项advocate“提倡，主张，拥护”；C选项degrade“贬低；使丢脸；使降级；使降解”；D选项reduce“减少；降低”。由空格前关键字demean“贬低的身份”可知C选项正确。3. 【试题解析】考查固定搭配。in contrast to“与相反”，由空格后关键句science fiction rarely emphasizes sex，中文翻译为：科幻小说很少强调

43、性，可知B选项正确。4. 【试题解析】考查语法。由空格前的句子可知此处为一般现在时，并且这里为主谓结构。根据语境和句意可知D选项正确。5. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。结合后文“the basic interest of science fiction lies in.between man and his technology and between man and the universe.”，中文大意为：科幻小说的根本兴趣在于人与其技术和人与宇宙之间的。因此判断出空格处表示相反的意思，A选项正确。6. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项bonds“联结，连接，联系”；B选项communica

44、tion“通讯；通信；交流”；C选项relation“关系；叙述；亲属关系”；D选项alliance“联盟，联合；联姻”。联系下文“between man and his technology and between man and the universe.”，句意：人与其技术和人与宇宙之间的根据语境和句意可知C选项正确。7. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项claim“声称；需要”；B选项swear“发誓；咒骂”；C选项request“请求”；D选项confirm“确认；确定”。由下文“that science fiction is a major literary genre”，中文翻译

45、为：科幻小说是一个主要的文学形式，可知A选项正确。8. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项dimension“范围；尺寸，长度；深度”；B选项walk“步行；行业；人行道”；C选项aspect“方面；方向；形势；外貌”；D选项role“角色；任务”。根据上下文可知C选项正确。9. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项none“没有人；一个也没有；没有任何东西”；B选项some“一些；若干；其中的一部分；（数量不确切时用）有些人”；C选项any“任何；任何一个；若干”；D选项no“没有；不”。根据上文make it well worth reading and studying，中文翻译为：让它值得被

46、阅读和研究。for在本句话中翻译为“因为”，结合上下文意思，D选项正确。10. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。结合上下文可知该空格处应表示有把握的一种推测。因此B选项正确。11. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。结合上下文，空格处应表示“几乎不”，此处大意应为：几乎没有人试图对这个问题作过详尽或认真的考虑。结合句意A选项正确。12. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项essence“本质，实质；精华”；B选项characteristics“特性，特征；特色”；C选项quality“质量，品质；特性”；D选项value“价值；价格”。B选项正确。13. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。联系下文“various f

47、acets of its totality cannot be clarified”，中文翻译为“它全体的各个方面不能被澄清”可知此处表示否定，A选项正确。14. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项procedure“程序，手续；步骤”；B选项argument“论证；论据；争吵”；C选项instruction“指令；教导；用法说明”；D选项definition“定义；清晰度”。根据句意，D选项正确。15. 【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项suggestion“建议；示意”；B选项application“应用；申请；敷用”；C选项implication“含义；暗示；可能的结果，影响”；D选项des

48、cription“描述，描写”。联系上下文可知C选项正确。16. 【试题解析】考查词义。A选项prolong“延长；拖延”；B选项expand“扩展；使膨胀；详述”；C选项continue“延续”；D选项stretch“伸展，张开；使竭尽所能”。结合句意，B选项正确。17. 【试题解析】考查固定搭配。a point of departure“出发点”。A选项正确。18. 【试题解析】考查词义。A选项abandon“放弃”；B选项dismiss“解散；解雇”；C选项initiate“开始；发起”；D选项ignore“忽视；不理睬”。结合上下文及空格之前的内容，可知D选项正确。19. 【试题解析】

49、考查语法。there be表示某处存在某人或某物。此处大意为：只有一些戏剧作品因此C选项正确。20. 【试题解析】考查词义，A选项refer“涉及；委托；归诸于；使求助于”；B选项entitle“给称号；使有权利”；C选项call“称呼；召集；称为”；D选项declare“忽视；不理睬”。结合上下文语义，可知C选项正确。21. 【试题解析】考查语法。With引导伴随状语，后面的系动词be要用现在分词形式，因此A选项正确。22. 【试题解析】考查词义。A选项intention“意图；目的；意向；愈合”；B选项function“功能；职责”；C选项routine“程序；日常工作；例行公事”；D选项

50、occasion“时机；场合”。结合上下文可知B选项正确，意为“为同样的功能服务”。23. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。此处后文“that is, it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories.”中文翻译为：也就是说，它与其他小说和短篇故事有很多相同之处。结合上下文，可知C选项正确。24. 【试题解析】考查语法。此处为被动语态，can为情态动词，后面所接动词用原型。故选B。25. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。由上下文可知此处应该表示“无论”，因此D选项正确。26. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。由上下文可知此处应该表示“如

51、同”，故D选项正确。27. 【试题解析】考查词义。下文“mans nature and experience in relation to the world around him.”中文翻译为：人类的本性和人类与自己周围世界相关的经历。A选项interpret“解释；说明；阐明”；B选项translate“翻译；转化”；C选项exchange“交换；交易；兑换”；D选项represent“代表；表现”。根据语境及句意，可知A选项正确。28. 【试题解析】考查词义。A选项recognize“认出，识别；承认”；B选项present“提出；介绍；呈现；赠送”；C选项depict“描述；描画”；D

52、选项express“表达；快递”。联系上下文可知此处表达的为“呈现”，故B选项正确。29. 【试题解析】考查词义。A选项conflict“冲突，矛盾；斗争；争执”；B选项cooperation“合作，协作”；C选项collection“采集，聚集；税收征收；收藏品；募捐”；D选项combination“结合；组合；联合”。联系下文“of narrator, story, plot, character, setting, and language.”中文翻译为：叙述者、故事、情节、人物、场景和语言的判断出D选项正确。30. 【试题解析】考查逻辑关系。根据上文可知此处应填写系动词，故C选项正确。

53、6. 翻译题Passage OneA beached whale is a whale which has become stranded on land, usually on a beach. Beaching is often fatal for whales, as they become dehydrated and die. Whales have been found beached throughout human history and so many standings can be attributed to natural and environmental facto

54、rs. There could be many natural reasons like rough weather, weakness due to old age or infection, difficulty giving birth, hunting too close to shore and navigational mistakes. A single stranded animal can prompt the entire pod to respond to its distress signals and become stranded. In 2004, scienti

55、sts at the University of Tasmania found a link between whale standings and the weather. It is hypothesized that when cool Antarctic waters rich in squid and fish flow north, whales follow their prey closer towards land making them more prone to stranding. In some cases predators (such as killer whal

56、es) have been known to panic whales, herding them towards the shoreline. Strandings can be grouped into several different types. The most obvious distinctions are between single and multiple standings. Single live strandings are often the result of an illness or injury, which would almost inevitably

57、 end in death unless a passer-by knows how to react.Multiple strandings of dead animals in one locality are rare and often cause a great deal of media coverage as well as rescue efforts by sympathetic humans. Even multiple offshore deaths are unlikely to lead to multiple strandings due to the variab

58、le winds and currents scattering the animals across the sea. A key factor in many of these cases appears to be the strong social cohesion amongst toothed whales. If one whale gets into trouble, its distress calls may prompt the rest of the group to follow and become beached themselves. There is no d

59、efinitive specific cause for mass strandings. Instead they may happen due to numerous factors that can act in combination. Many have been proposed, with some seeking to explain only a subset of cases; however, they are difficult to prove conclusively and are sometimes controversial.Passage TwoIt is

60、a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a Jaguar XK 4.2-S. So might “Pride and Prejudice” have started had Jane Austen, who was paid 110 (3, 200, or $5,700, in todays money) for one of the bestselling novels ever, been lucky enough to l

61、ive in an era which offered the mutually beneficial partnership between creative talent and commercial sponsorship known as product placement.See how swiftly the hero runs in his flash new trainers? Notice how luxuriantly the shower gel foams on the heroines back? Thats probably because the companie

62、s that make those products have paid the producers of those programs fat fees to portray their wares nicely. Product placement, which gave birth to the original soap operas created to sell washing powders, is back.Digital technology is the reason. Viewers can now effortlessly skip the ads, so broadcasters and the companies that used to buy airtime for commercials a