2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷33

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Japan is going through a complex national identity crisis. That may be no bad thing, says a new book by an American academic Japanologist. The economy is stalled, but the society is in motion. Japan is a difficult country to report on and analyze because things

2、do not change in big, noticeable ways; they change in an incremental process, generally of small steps but which, over time, can add up to big movements. And just such a big movement seems to be taking place.Mr. Nathan, a professor of Japanese cultural studies, has been observing Japan since the 196

3、0s. Whereas most people look at economic data or the comings and goings of prime ministers, he is more interested in schools, novels, comic books, and the minds of young entrepreneurs and maverick local politicians. In particular, his focus is on whether Japans famously cohesive, conformist society

4、may be fracturing under the strain of economic stagnation, and on how such strains have been affecting the countrys sense of purpose and of national identity.Fractures are what he looks for and fractures are what he finds. On balance, they are neither obviously dangerous nor obviously positive, but

5、they are, as he says, signs of motion which could, in time, lead in unpredictable directions. The most worrying fractures he writes about are in the schools, where violence and truancy have risen remarkably. Old Japan hands shrug wearily at such things, for worries about bullying have long existed b

6、ut have never really seemed terribly serious. Now, though, Mr. Nathans numbers do make the situation look grave.Since 1998, youths aged between 14 and 19 have been involved in 50% of all arrests for felonies, including murder. Truancy is also in the up. Mr. Nathan asserts that the true number is 350

7、,000 children, or 5% of the student population.Such trends appear to be symptoms of two related phenomena: a widespread feeling of disillusionment, alienation, uncertainty or plain anger, which has spread to children too; and a gradual breakdown of old systems of disciplinepart familial, part social

8、, part legal一which appear to prevent schools and parents from dealing effectively with errant children.Japan is, in short, passing through a national identity crisis. There are plenty of positive aspects to it too, however. One is a considerable increase in the number of actual or budding young entr

9、epreneurs, a trend especially visible in the willingness of high-flyers to leave good, safe jobs in order to set up their own firms. The numbers remain modest, but are nevertheless surprisingly high given the state of the economy in recent years. Another is a new eagerness among popular writers and

10、maverick politicians to try to define and encourage a new national pride.1.What characterizes the social changes in Japanese society is that（ ） .2.It is implied in the second paragraph that（ ）.3.School violence and truancy in Japan seem to be（ ） .4.The reason behind school violence and truancy in Ja

11、pan seems to be that （ ）.5.What is the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.they are often accompanied by a national identity crisisB.they often take place in major scale but end up in small effectC.they often happen humbly while producing huge accumulative consequencesD.they often take place without

12、being analyzed and reported due to their complexity问题2选项A.Japan is undergoing a serious political instabilityB.a static economy might have a negative influence on societyC.most people in Japan are under severe mental strainD.many people suffer from a fracture due to their job pressure问题3选项A.tiring J

13、apanese parents up for a long timeB.not as serious as most Japanese have imaginedC.quickly on the increase especially in recent yearsD.obviously endangering the safety of Japanese students问题4选项A.school and parents do not want to deal with errant children effectivelyB.economic stagnation has reduced

14、parents time to communicate with their childrenC.youths bullying has already become a popular practice for students and they find it excitingD.children are infected with problem in the adult world and rules are not strict enough问题5选项A.Solutions to Youths Crimes in Japan.B.The Japanese National Ident

15、ity CrisisC.School Violence and Truancy in Japan.D.Economic and Social Changes in Japan.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.推断题。第一段：.Japan is a difficult country to report on and analyze because things do not change in big, noticeable ways (其实很难报道日本和分析日本，因为在日本，事情不是以大规模以及人们可以注意得到的方式发生变化的)。由此推测C项 (通常不起

16、眼地发生，但也会因累积而产生巨大的后果)正确。2.推断题。第二段：In particular, his focus is on whether Japans famouslycohesive, conformist society may be fracturing under the strain of economic stagnation, and on how such strains have been affecting the countrys sense of purpose and of national identity.他关注的重点在.日本社会是否在经济停滞的压力下产生裂

17、痕，以及这种压力是怎样影响国家的宗旨和国家特征的。可知，Nathan要研究的就是日本经济停滞是否造成社会裂痕。故选B(停滞的经济可能对社会产生消极影响)。3.细节题。根据题干关键词School violence and truancy定位至第三段: The most worrying fractures he writes about are in the schools, where violence and truancy have risen remarkably. Old Japan hands shrug wearily at such things, for worries abo

18、ut bullying have long existed but have never really seemed terribly serious (他有写到最令人担忧的裂痕是在学校，那里的暴力和旷课现象会显著增加。日本家长对这些事情疲倦地耸耸肩，因为对欺凌的担心由来已久，但似乎并没有那么严重)。故A:使日本家长们疲惫很久了。为正确答案。4.推断题。第五段: Such trends appear to be symptoms of two related phenomena: a widespread feeling of disillusionment, alienation, unce

19、rtainty or plain anger, which has spread to children too; and a gradual breakdown of old systems of discipline (这种趋势似乎是两种相关现象的症状：一种普遍的幻灭感、疏离感、不确定感或明显的愤怒感，这种情绪也蔓延到了儿童身上；一种是旧的纪律体系逐渐瓦解), 由此可知,D项(成人的问题影响了孩子，而且规则也不够严格)正确。5.主旨大意题。全文主要是谈论日本经济停滞对社会造成的问题。但是作者认为日本国民认同危机是有利有弊。2. 单选题Producing elastic through ch

20、emical synthesis is a tedious process consuming three months.问题1选项A.the better half ofB.for the better ofC.all the better forD.the better part of【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。句意: 通过化学合成生产弹性是很烦的一个过程，会花费大约三个月的时间（三个月大部分的时间）。the better part of大多数。3. 单选题In the case of mobile phones, change is everything. Recent research

21、 indicates that the mobile phone is changing not only our culture, but our very bodies as well.First, lets talk about culture. The difference between the mobile phone and its parent, the fixed-line phone is, you get whoever answers it.This has several implications. The most common one, however, and

22、perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever, is the “meeting” influence. People no longer need to make firm plans about when and where to meet. Twenty years ago, a Friday night would need to be arranged in advance.You needed enough time to allow everyone to get from their place of work to

23、 the first meeting place. Now, however, a night out can be arranged on the run. It is no longer see you there at 8, but text me around 8 and well see where we all are.Texting changes people as well. In their paper, “Insight into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging”，two British

24、 researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users: the “talkers” and the lexters”一those who prefer voice to text message and those who prefer text to voice.They found that the mobile phones individuality and privacy gave texters the ability to express a whole new outer personality.

25、Texters were likely to report that their family would be surprised if they were to read their texts. This suggests that texting allowed texters to present a self-image that differed from the one familiar to those who knew them well.Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to

26、body language.There are two kinds that people use while speaking on the phone. There is the “speakeasy”： the head is held high, in a self-confident way, chatting away. And there is the “spacemaker”： these people focus on themselves and keep out other people.Who can blame them? Phone meetings get can

27、celled or reformed and camera-phones intrude on peoples privacy. So, it is understandable if your mobile makes you nervous. But perhaps you neednt worry so much. After all, it is good to talk.1.When people plan to meet nowadays, they （ ）.2.According to the two British researchers, the social and psy

28、chological effects are mostly likely to be seen on（ ） .3.We can infer from the passage that the texts sent by texters are（ ） .4.According to the passage, is afraid of being heard while talking on the mobile（ ）.5.An appropriate title for the passage might be（ ） .问题1选项A.arrange the meeting place befor

29、ehandB.postpone fixing the place till last minuteC.seldom care about when and where to meetD.still love to work out detailed meeting plans问题2选项A.TALKERSB.the speakeasyC.the spacemaker*D.texters问题3选项A.quite revealingB.well writtenC.unacceptableD.shocking to others问题4选项A.talkersB.the speakeasyC.the sp

30、acemaker,D.texters问题5选项A.The SMS effectB.Cultural implication of mobile useC.Change in the use of the mobileD.Body language and the mobile phone【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节题。第四段: It is no longer see you there at 8, but text me around 8 and well see where we all are。说明现在人们可以随时约定约会时间，而不用拘泥于一个

31、固定的时间, 所以B项正确。2.推断题。第六段: This suggests that texting allowed texters to present a self-image that differed from the one familiar to those who knew them well (这表明，发短信允许短信者出现 不同于平日展现在熟人面前的的自我形象)。因此D项 (社会和心理变化主要体现在爱 发短信的人身上)正确。3.推断题。B项文中没有提及。第六段: Texters were likely to reportthat their family would be s

32、urprised if they were to read their texts (发短信的人可能会报告说，如果家人阅读短信，他们会很惊讶), 而非C选项说的无法接受。由此判断D选项也是错误的。4.细节题。倒数第二段: And there is the spacemaker, : these people focus on themselves and keep out other people (spacemaker不喜欢打电话时被旁人听见)。故选C。5.主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了手机对人类文化的改变。4. 单选题Im very glad to know that my boss has

33、generously agreed to（ ） my debt in return for certain services.问题1选项A.take awayB.cut outC.write offD.clear up【答案】C【解析】动词短语辨析。句意:我很高兴得知老板慷慨地将我的债务 （ ），作为我为企业服务多年的一种回报。take away:带走，拿走，取走。cut out:切断，删去，关 掉。write off勾销，注销，取消。clearup:清理，放晴，整理，打扫。因此C项符合句意,在这里表示 “将我的债务一笔勾销”。5. 单选题A great amount of work has

34、gone into（ ） the Cathedral to its previous splendor.问题1选项A.refreshingB.restoringC.renovatingD.renewing【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。句意: 大量的修复工作已经使大教堂回复到了它先前的壮观景象。Refresh 更新; restore 使.恢复到之前或原始的状态; renovate 修复到之前或更佳的状态; renew （遭到损害后）重生。句中并未提及教堂被损坏，并且提及大量的修复工作,因此renovate最合适。6. 单选题The president explained that the purp

35、ose of taxation was to（ ） government spending.问题1选项A.financeB.expandC.enlargeD.budget【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意: 总统解释说，税收的目的是为政府开支（ ）。 Finance为.提供资金; expand扩大; enlarge扩大; budget安排开支,预算。故选A。7. 写作题Write an essay of at least 250 words on the topic My View on High Housing Price. You are required to base your writ

36、ing on the following outline.(1) 问题与现状(2) 危害(3) 原因(4) 解决办法【答案】My View on High Housing Price8. 单选题The Olympic Games （ ）in 776 B.C.in Olympia, a small town in Greece.问题1选项A.originatedB.stemmedC.derivedD.descended【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意: 奥林匹克运动会起源于公元前776年希腊一个叫奥林匹亚的小镇。originated in 起源于，通常后面接地点; steemed 一般与介词fr

37、om连用表示 “源于”; derived from 由衍生而来; descend from 由传下来，通常后面接某人。9. 单选题（ ）It was after the failure of this attempt that he to force.问题1选项A.resolvedB.recurredC.exertedD.resorted【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意: 自那次试验失败后，他诉诸武力。resolve:决心，分解;recur:复发，重视，再发生;exert: 运用，发挥。resort:求助，诉诸。此句是个强调句型，强调是状语。Resort to诉诸,求助于。故D项符合句意。10

38、. 单选题More often than not, it is difficult to（ ） the exact meaning of a Chinese idiom in English.问题1选项A.exchangeB.transferC.conveyD.convert【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。句意: 多数情况下，人们很难用英语 （ ）中国成语的意思。Exchange 交换 , 例如 exchange ideas 交换意见; transfer 交换，改变; convey 表达 ; convert 使转变，改变信仰;。故C项符合句意。11. 单选题When I decided to qu

39、it my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I co

40、vered my exit by claiming “wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “havin

41、g it all”，preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning

42、 the doctrine of “juggling your life”，and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured d

43、eadlines, and the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting 一 also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” 一 has, ironically

44、, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tight Wad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything fro

45、m recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late 80s and is s

46、till linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in the mid-90s is not so much a

47、 search for the mythical good life_growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one as a personal recognition of your limitations.1.We know from the first paragraph that（ ）.2.The writers experiment shows that downshifting（ ） .3.“Juggling ones life” probably means living a life chara

48、cterized by（ ） .4.The word “it” in the first sentence of paragraph three refers to （ ）.5.According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of （ ）.问题1选项A.full-time employment is a new international trendB.the writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her jobC.“A lateral move

49、” means stepping out of full-time employmentD.the writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family问题2选项A.enables her to realize her dreamB.helps her mold a new philosophy of lifeC.prompts her to abandon her high social statusD.leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine问题3选项A.non-ma

50、terialistic lifestyleB.a bit of everything.C.extreme stressD.anti-consumerism问题4选项A.stressB.doctrineC.the alternative moveD.downshifting问题5选项A.the quick pace of modem lifeB.mans adventurous spiritC.mans search for mythical experiencesD.the economic situation【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节题。第一段

51、: A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “wanted to spend more time with my family”(一次平行的调动伤了我的自尊，并阻碍了我的事业发展，这促使我放弃自己地位较高

52、的职业， 就像颜面扫尽的政府部长那样，我也掩饰自己的离开，以“我想花更多的时间 与家人待在一起”为借口),因此推测作者是“被迫离开”。故选B。2.细节题。根据题干定位至第二段,作者说到: 我被美国人所说的“放慢生活节奏”的实验，把我老掉牙的借口变成了一个绝对的现实。在过去的七年里，琳达凯尔西（Linda Kelsey）在她杂志上宣扬的“拥有一切”哲学让我从一个充满激情的倡导者转变为乐于接受任何东西，凡事只要一丁点的女人。因此B项(帮助她塑造一种新的人生哲学)正确。3.语义题。根据题干定位至第三段文中提到放弃“jugglingyour life”的生活哲学，转而过一种“downshifting”

53、的生活所带来的回报，比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。“juggling your life”和“downshifting”相对立。根据第四段，“ downshifting”本文指“过于简朴、自在的生活”，那么“juggling ones life”当指“紧张的生活方式”。4.语义题。It所在句子为: and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status (转而过一种“放慢生活节奏”的生活所带来的回

54、报，比经济成功和社会地位更有价值), 故选D。5.细节题。题干问的是downshifting”的生活方式出现在美国的原因。根据最后两段得知,在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应。12. 单选题The miserable fate of Enrons employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and

55、noble: thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems. Its the latest turn in the unwinding

56、of one of the most audacious promise of the 20th century.The promise was assured economic security-even comfort- for essentially everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream bef

57、ore. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days- lack of food warmth, shelter- would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in

58、 the U. S). Labor unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant corporations came into to being and offered the possibility- in some cases the promise- of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions. The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how milli

59、ons of people approached life itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively, with huge Layoff

60、s. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands, many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were al

61、so in decline. Labor-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans realized that Social Security wont provide social security for any of us.A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To

62、 make costs easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to define contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the 4

63、01(k). The significance of the 401(k) is that it puts most of the responsibility for a persons economic fate back on the employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into plan each year and how it gets invested- the two factors that will determine how much its worth when the employee retires.What brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings wen