2022年考博英语-复旦大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷97

《2022年考博英语-复旦大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷97》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-复旦大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷97（21页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-复旦大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 填空题One of the major differences between man and his closest living relative is, of course, that the chimpanzee has not developed the power of speech. Even the most intensive efforts to teach young chomps to talk have met with （1） no success. Verbal Language represe

2、nt a truly gigantic stop forward in mans （2）.Chimpanzees do have a wide range of calls, and these certainly serve to convey some types of information. When a chimp finds good food he utters loud barks, other chimps （3） the vicinity instantly become aware of the food source and hurry to join in an at

3、tacked chimpanzee screams and this may alert his mother or friend, either of （4） may hurry to his aid. A chimpanzee confronted with an alarming and potentially dangerous situation utters his spine-chilling wraaaa-again, other chimps may hurry to the spot to see what is happening. A male chimpanzee,

4、about to enter a valley or charge toward a food source, utters his pant-hoots and their individuals realize that another member of the group is arriving and can identify（5）one. To our human（6）each chimpanzee is characterized more by his pant-hoots than by any other type of call. This is significant

5、since the pant-hoot in particular is the call that serves to maintain contact between the separated groups of the community. Yet the chimps （7） can certainly recognize individuals by other calls; for instance, a mother knows the scream of her offspring. Probably a chimpanzee can recognize the calls

6、of most of his acquaintances.While chimpanzee calls（8） serve to convey basic information about some situations and individuals. They cannot for the most part be compared（9） a spoken language. Man by means of words can communicate abstract ideas; he can benefit from the experiences of their （10） havi

7、ng to be present at the time; he can make intelligent cooperative plans.【答案】1.almost2.evolution3.in4.whom5.which6.ears7.themselves8.do9.to10.without【解析】1.考查句子结构。从句子结构进行分析，可知此处需要填写一个程度副词，almost“几乎”符合题意。句意：即使是集中训练教小猩猩说话也几乎没有成功过。2.考查前后逻辑。前文提到教猩猩说话没有成功，说明语言这项技能只有人类掌握了。句意：话语行为在人类演变史上迈出了重要的一步。空格处填evolutio

8、n“演变，进化”。3.考查固定搭配。in the vicinity“邻近，在附近”。4.考查指示代词。从前文推断出空格处应该填一个代词，根据前面的mother or friend可知空格处的代词是指代人，所以whom符合题意。5.考查指代代词。句意：如果一只雄性黑猩猩试图进入山谷或者抢夺食物，它会发出吼叫声，其他猩猩就会意识到有其他猩猩入侵，并且能辨别出是哪一只。which符合题意。6.考查前后逻辑。根据句子by his pant-hoots than by any other type of call可知空格处应该填写一个与听力有关的词，所以ears符合题意。7.考查反身代词。通过分析句子，

9、可知空格处应该填写一个反身代词，themselves符合题意。8.考查助动词的用法。空格处应该填入一个表强调的词，do符合题意。9.考查固定搭配。be compared to“比作”。10.考查前后逻辑。句意：人类通过语言可以交流抽象的概念，可以从他人的经历中获益，而不需要自己亲身经历。空格处填without符合题意。2. 单选题After a few days, exhaustion _ and the climbers were forced to give up their attempt to reach the top of the mountain.问题1选项A.set offB.

10、set inC.set toD.set out【答案】B【解析】考查动词词组辨析。set off“出发”；set in“开始，流行”；set to“开始认真干”； set out“开始，成列”。句意：几天后，疲惫渐渐袭来，爬山者被迫放弃爬到山顶的尝试。选项B符合题意。3. 填空题Here is a great irony of 21st-century global public health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, pol

11、itical corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions（1）are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources （2） from food secur

12、ity to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes.To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address fundamental causes. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than （3） expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extr

13、a income to eat more and be less active. Market economies encourage this. They turn people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in （4）value, and of cars, television sets, and computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaining weight is

14、good for business. Food is particularly big business because everyone eats.Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones, have farmore than they need -（5） irony. In the United States, to take an extreme example, mostadults of all ages, incomes, educational levels, a

15、nd census categoriesare overweight. The U.S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many adults. Over abundant food forces companies to compete （6） sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns （7） towar

16、d children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think （8） any major industry that might benefit if people ate less food; certainly （9） the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet, or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more, and all employ amides of

17、 lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit （10）.A. splendidB. elegantC. snobbishD. prudentA. he had a good opinion of the St Clair familyB. he granted the St Clair family some creditsC. he owed some money to the St Clair familyD. he was more respectable than some members of

18、the St. Clair familyA.marrying for moneyB. robbing ones wifeC. making fortunesD. selling the teeth of dead soldiersA. bragB. possessC. arrangeD. pluckA. detachedB. positiveC. cynicalD. liberal【答案】1.more2.away3.is4.nutritional5.another6.for7.directed8.of9.not10.overeating【解析】1.考查前后逻辑。空格处所在句子的句意是：当成千上

19、万的人由于经济不平衡、政治腐败和战争而饿肚子时，还有成千上万的人超重。前后进行对比，说明超重的人更多，所以more符合题意。2.考查固定搭配。divert away“转移”。空格处所在句子的句意是：肥胖是一个世界性的普遍现象，它对大人孩子都有影响，它迫使除了最贫穷的国家外的所有国家把稀有资源从食品安全上转移到了照顾患有可预防的心脏病和糖尿病的人们。3.考查动词的用法。空格处所在句子的句意是：超重源于摄入的食物能量超过了被消耗的能量。分析句子结构可知，为了避免重复，than后面省略了energy that，完整的句子应该是energy that is expended。4.考查前后逻辑。空格处所

20、在句子的句意是：他们把具有消费水平的人变为疯狂购买食物的消费者，这些食物通常能量很高，营养价值很低。nutritional 符合题意。5.考查前后逻辑。空格处所在句子的句意是：此外，食物被过量生产，尤其是发达国家拥有的食物远远超过他们所需要的食物-这又是一件具有讽刺意义的事。前面已经提到过一件讽刺的事the cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity，因此another符合题意。6.考查动词短语。空格处所在句子的句意为：过量的食物使各大公司为销售而进行竞争。compete for “为而竞争”。7.考查后置定语。空格处

21、所在句子的句意是：各大公司为了竞争，采用的手段有：广告，健康宣言，推出新产品，加量包装，还有直接针对孩子的活动。空格处所在的单词显然是用来修饰campaigns这个单词的，应该填一个过去分词来作后置定语，direct toward 表示针对。8.考查固定搭配。think of“想出”。9.考查前后逻辑。空格处所在句子的句意是：农业、食品、杂货店、饭店、减肥业或制药业都不会获益。所以此处是一个否定的意思，not符合题意。10.考查动词的用法。空格处所在句子的句意是：人们吃得多时，所有行业都会发展繁荣，所有行业都花钱请游说者去劝政府不要采取任何措施禁止过度饮食（overeat）。Inhibit d

22、oing sth.“禁止做某事”。4. 单选题She wore gloves when she was gardening to prevent the nettles from _ her.问题1选项A.flickingB.strikingC.stingingD.flapping【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。flicking“闪烁”；striking“打击，罢工”；stinging“刺痛”；flapping“拍打”。句意：当她打理花园时，会戴手套，以防荨麻刺痛自己。选项C符合题意。5. 单选题The news that the company is being taken over b

23、y foreign investors has severely（ ）the stock markets.问题1选项A.vibratedB.swungC.trembledD.jolted【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。vibrate“使震动，使摇摆”，指急速地连续震动，也指钟摆等来回摆动；swing“使摇摆，使旋转”；tremble“发抖，颤动”；jolt“使震惊，使颠簸”。句意：公司被国外投资者接管的消息深深震惊了股市。选项D符合题意。6. 单选题The police are doing all they can to bring those responsible for the bo

24、mbing to （ ）.问题1选项A.evidenceB.hearingC.justiceD.rule【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。evidence “证据，证明”；hearing “听力；审讯”；justice “司法，法律制裁，正义”；rule “统治，规则”。句意：警察正竭尽全力找出爆炸案的元凶将之绳之以法。选项C符合题意。7. 单选题In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two-year-old was told that since the child had mad

25、e no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three-year-old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $ 750, 000.The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing

26、 these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizers excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, though prod

27、ucing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless”. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800s. This new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as

28、reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a childs emotional value made child labor taboo.For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of childrens productive value in a maturing i

29、ndustrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of childrens worth. Yet “expu

30、lsion of children from the cash nexus, although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains, “was also part of a cultural process of sacralization of childrens lives.” Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously

31、important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests； this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.In stressing the cultural determinants of a childs worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners o

32、f the new “ sociological economics”，who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences”，these sociologists tend to vie

33、w all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their

34、exchange” or “surrender” value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.1.It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the（ ）.2.It can be

35、 inferred from the passage that in the early 1800s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who（ ）.3.Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are desc

36、ribed in the passage?4.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）.5.Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of childrens worth except changes in（ ）.问题1选项A.earnings of the person at time of deathB.wealth of the party causing the deathC.degree of culp

37、ability of the party causing the deathD.amount of money that had been spent on the person killed问题2选项A.needed enormous amounts of security and affectionB.required constant supervision while workingC.were important to the economic well-being of a familyD.were unsuited to spending long hours in school

38、问题3选项A.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.B.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increase

39、d greatly.C.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual.D.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply,

40、and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.问题4选项A.review the literature in a new academic subfieldB.present the central thesis of a recent bookC.contrast two approaches to analyze historical changeD.refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon问题5选项A.the mortality rateB.the nature

41、 of industryC.the nature of the familyD.attitudes toward reform movements【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】第1题:文章第一句提到1986年一位两岁的小孩意外去世，其父母没有得到赔偿，因为小孩没有给家里带来收入。所以可以推断，19世纪意外死亡的赔偿是根据人能否创造经济价值来决定的。选项A符合题意。第2题:题干中的1800s与第一段的1896对应，所以19世纪早期注重的是孩子的经济价值，所以选项C符合题意。第3题:文章最后一段提到所谓的社会经济学家认为人的一切社会活动都是把金钱放在最重要的地位

42、。（these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain），选项B符合这一原则。第4题:文章没有提到“a new academic subfield”，选项A排除；文章没有通过对比来分析历史，选项C排除；作者并没有表明对社会现象的传统解释的态度，选项D排除。所以选项B符合题意，文章主要在讲述Viviana Zelizer的 Pricing the Priceless Child这本书。第5题:第三段第二句话The

43、gradual erosion of childrens productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors crit

44、ical in changing the assessment of childrens worth. 提到影响儿童价值的因素包括：成熟的工业体系导致童工的比重下降，出生率、死亡率尤其是儿童的死亡率下降，家庭成员间的关系。四个选项中只有D选项没有提及，所以D选项符合题意。8. 单选题A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself

45、. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied, “Im going to walk where I like. Weve got liberty now.” It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would b

46、e universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody elses way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of

47、what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman, say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny, but of liberty. Yo

48、u may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not inter

49、fere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.Liberty is not a

50、personal affair only, but a social contract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which do not touch anybody elses liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown who shall say me nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty t

51、o be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeing my hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid), or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no mans permission. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with

52、 my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I please ourselves and ask no ones leave. We have a whole kingdom in which we rule alon

53、e, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other peoples liberty. I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to

54、the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and if I do it out in the streets the neighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet. There are a lot of people in the world,

55、 and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.

56、 It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, and declare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits of commonplace intercourse that make up the great su

57、m of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.1.The author might have stated his “rule of the road” as（ ）.2.The authors attitude to the old lady in Paragraph 1 is（ ）.3.A situation analogous to the “insolence of office” described in Paragraph 2 would be （ ）.4.The author assumes that he may be as f

58、ree as he likes in（ ）.5.In the sentence “We are all liable.” the author is（ ）.问题1选项A.do not walk in the middle of the roadB.follow the orders of policemenC.do not behave inconsiderately in publicD.do what you like in private问题2选项A.condescendingB.intolerantC.objectiveD.supportive问题3选项A.a teacher corr

59、ecting grammar errorsB.an editor shortening the text of an articleC.a tax inspector demanding to see someones accountsD.an army office giving orders to a soldier问题4选项A.all matters of dress and foodB.any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of othersC.anything that is not against the l

60、awD.his own home问题5选项A.pointing out a general weaknessB.emphasizing his main pointC.countering a general misconceptionD.suggesting a remedy【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】第1题:rule of the road出现在文章的第二段第一句话的后半句，作者在第一段中举了老太太不走人行道过马路这个例子来说明当时的社会风气。作者的观点是要懂得在公共场合体谅他人。选项C符合题意。第2题:作者对老太太过马路不遵守交通规则持反对态度，认为

61、她只顾自己的绝对自由而不管他人，所以选项B符合题意。第3题:insolence of office指的是前面提到的警察指挥交通，这种行为看似侵害到了个人自由，选项C“税务检察院检查某人的账目”与之相似，选项C符合题意。第4题:文章第三段第二句话in matters which do not touch anybody elses liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like 提到绝对自由的前提是不要妨碍他人的自由，所以选项B符合题意。第5题:句子位于文章最后一段第一句话，这个句子中的this指代上文提到的不应该妨碍他人的自由，人们很容易忘记这一点

62、，人们容易看到别人的缺陷。作者指出人们都有这个缺点，选项A符合题意。9. 单选题Should you break the rule against staring at a stranger on an elevator, you will make the other person（ ）uncomfortable, and you are likely to feel a bit strange yourself.问题1选项A.opulentlyB.excessivelyC.consistentlyD.exceedingly【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。 opulently “富裕地，丰裕

63、地”；excessively “过分地，极度”,强调的是超过合理范围的；consistently “一贯地，一致地”；exceedingly “极其，非常”，相当于very 。句意：如果你在电梯里盯着陌生人看，你会让别人极其不舒服，并且你自己也会觉得很奇怪。选项D符合题意。10. 单选题The manager（ ） facts and figures to make it seem that the company was prosperous.问题1选项A.beguiledB.besmirchedC.juxtaposedD.juggled【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。beguile“欺骗”；besmirch“弄脏，诽谤”；juxtapose“并置，并列”；juggle“歪曲，篡改”。句意：经理歪曲事实，并且篡改数据，使得公司看起来一片繁荣。选项D符合题意。11. 单选题Were in an era when computer hackers are stealing credit-card numbers and other technologically adept criminals are（ ）national borders.