2022年考博英语-燕山大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷33

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1、2022年考博英语-燕山大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题The old man was kind and _ enough to help the children cross the street.问题1选项A.timidB.livelyC.graciousD.graceful【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项timid“羞怯的”；B选项lively“活泼的；充满趣味的，热烈的”；C选项gracious“和蔼可亲的；有礼貌的”；D选项graceful“优雅的”。句意：这位老人非常友好和_，还帮助孩子们过马路。根据语境，这里C选项gracious“和蔼可亲

2、的；有礼貌的”形容老人比较合理，意思指老人热心帮助孩子们，非常和蔼可亲。因此C选项正确。2. 单选题There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individu

3、al will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual-the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never att

4、ain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.The importance of environment in determining an individuals intelligence can be demonstrated by the casehistory of the identical twins, Peter and Mark X. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the

5、 same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He

6、was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Marks I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than th

7、e average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.1. This selection can best be titled _.2. The best statement of the main idea of this passage is that _.3. According to the p

8、assage, the average I.Q. is _.4. The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that _.5. This passage suggests that an individuals I.Q. _.问题1选项A.the Case of Peter and MarkB.How the brain influences IntelligenceC.Measuring Your IntelligenceD.Intelligence and Environment问题2选项A.enviro

9、nment is crucial in determining a persons intelligenceB.persons having identical brains will have roughly the same intelligenceC.human brains differ considerablyD.the brain a person is born with is important in determining his intelligence问题3选项A.110B.125C.85D.100问题4选项A.lack of opportunity blocks the

10、 growth of intelligenceB.changes of environment produce changes in the structure of the brainC.individual with identical brains seldom test at same levelD.an individuals intelligence is determined only by his environment问题5选项A.can be increased by educationB.is determined by his childhoodC.can be pre

11、dicted at birthD.stays the same throughout his life【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段第四句But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn.（但是，不管一个人的大脑有多好，除非他有机会学习，否则他的智力水平就会很低。），文章第一段

12、提出天生的大脑和成长的环境决定智力高低，并且后天环境的影响比天生的因素更重要，随后在第二段举出彼得和马克的案例来证明天生大脑一样，后天环境对智力有很大影响，文章表达的重点在于环境对智力的影响，D选项“智力与环境”正确。A选项“彼得和马克的案例”：不足以概括全文。B选项“大脑如何影响智力”和C选项“测量你的智力”：文中没有具体提到。因此D选项正确。2.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段第四句But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intel

13、ligence unless he has opportunities to learn.（但是，不管一个人的大脑有多好，除非他有机会学习，否则他的智力水平就会很低。），可知相比于天生的大脑，环境对个人智力影响更大，A选项“环境在决定个人智力方面至关重要”正确，B选项“有相同大脑的人有大致相同的智力”和D选项“大脑天生的因素在决定他的智力方面很重要”错误。C选项“人类的大脑差别很大”：文中没有提到。因此A选项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】事实细节题。根据文章倒数第二句Marks I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the averag

14、e and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.（马克的智商是125，比平均水平高25分，比他的同卵兄弟整整高40分。），可知平均智商是100，D选项“100”正确。A选项“110”，B选项“125”和C选项“85”错误。因此D选项正确。4.【试题答案】A【试题解析】语义推测题。根据文章最后一句Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.（如果机会均等，拥有

15、相同大脑的双胞胎的测试水平大致相同。），结合双胞胎因为环境不同而智力不同的案例，可知机会的多和少影响他们各自的智力，A选项“缺乏机会阻碍智力的增长”正确。B选项“环境的变化产生大脑结构的变化”：文中没有讲到环境对大脑结构的具体改变。C选项“具有相同大脑的个体很少在相同水平上测试”：文中只讲了一个案例，不足以得出此结论。D选项“一个人的智力只由他所处的环境决定”：文中还提到天生的大脑影响智力。因此A选项正确。5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第三句This environmental difference continued until the twins were in t

16、heir late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence.（这种环境差异一直持续到双胞胎十八九岁的时候，那时他们接受了测试，以衡量他们的智力。），这种环境差异指的是受教育的机会和程度，可知教育可以提高智力，A选项“可以通过教育提高”正确。B选项“由童年决定”：这里两个双胞胎童年的差距就是教育，A选项更符合题意，而且教育可以在除了童年以外的时期进行。C选项“可以在出生时预测”和D选项“一生保持不变”：环境中教育的因素会影响智力，所以智力会因为教育而改变。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题The age of gi

17、lded youth (纨绔子弟) is over. Todays under-thirties are the first generation for a century who can expect a lower living standard than their parents. Research into the lifestyles and prospects of people who were born since 1970 shows that they are likely to face a lifetime of longer working hours, lowe

18、r job security and higher taxes than the previous generation. When they leave work late in the evening, they will be more likely to return to a small rented flat than to a house of their own. When, eventually, they retire, their pensions are far lower in real terms than those of their immediate fore

19、bears.These findings are revealed in a study of the way how the ageing of Britains population is affecting different generations. Anthea Tinker, professor of social gerontology at Kings College London, who carried out much of the work, said the growth of the proportion of people over 50 had reversed

20、 the traditional flow of wealth from older to younger generations. “Todays older middle-aged and elderly are becoming the new winners.” she said, “They made relatively small contributions in tax but now make relatively big claims on the welfare system. Generations born in the last three to four deca

21、des face the prospect of handing over more than a third of their lifetimes earnings to care for them.”The surging number of older people, many living alone, has also increased demand for property and pushed up house prices. While previous generations found it easy to raise a mortgage, todays under-t

22、hirties have to live with their parents or rent. If they can afford to buy a home, it is more likely to be a flat than a house. Laura Lenox-Conyngham, 28, grew up in a large house and her mother did not need to work. Unlike her wealthy parents, she graduated with student and postgraduate loan debts

23、of 13,000. She now earns about 20,000 a year, preparing food to be photographed for magazines. Her home is a one-bedroom flat in central London and she sublets the lunge sofa-bed to her brother. “My father took pity and paid off my student debts.” she said, “But I still have no pension and no chance

24、 of buying a property for at least a couple of years-and then it will be something small in a bad area. My only hope is the traditional one of meeting a rich man.” Tinkers research reveals Lenox-Conyngham is representative of many young professionals, especially in London, Manchester, Edinburgh and

25、Bristol.1. By saying “the growth of the proportionto younger generations” (Para. 2), Anthea Tinker really means that _.2. Why are todays older middle-aged and elderly becoming the new winners?3. Which factor pushed house prices?4. In what way does Laura Lenox-Conyngham make her living?5. We can conc

26、lude from the passage that _.问题1选项A.currently wealth flows from old generation to younger generationB.traditionally wealth flows from younger generation to old generationC.with the increasingly big population of over 50, the trend arises that wealth flows from younger generation to old generationD.w

27、ith more and more people of over 50, traditions have been reversed问题2选项A.Because they contributed a small portion in lax but enjoy more on the welfare system.B.Because they contributed a lot in tax and now can claim much on the welfare system.C.Because they made small contributions, but now can make

28、 money easily.D.Because they outnumber younger generation and enjoy more privileges in the present society.问题3选项A.Many young men, who live alone, have increased demand for houses.B.Many young men need to rent more houses.C.It is easy to apply for a mortgage tor young generation.D.The number of older

29、 people, many of whom live alone, becomes bigger and bigger.问题4选项A.By taking photographs for magazines.B.By marring a rich man.C.By subletting the lounge sofa-bed to her brother.D.By preparing food for photographs for some magazines.问题5选项A.Todays under-thirties are leading a miserable life in Britai

30、nB.Laura Lenox-Conynghams attitude to work and life represents that of many young professionals in BritainC.Life can get harder for under-thirties in BritainD.Elders enjoy extremely high living standards in Britain【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第二句Anthea Tinkersaid the gr

31、owth of the proportion of people over 50 had reversed the traditional flow of wealth from older to younger generations.（Anthea Tinker表示，50岁以上人口比例的增长逆转了财富从老一辈流向年轻一代的传统趋势。），可知因为50岁以上人口比例的增长，财富从老一辈流向年轻一代的传统趋势被逆转。结合第一段第三句Research into the lifestyles and prospects of people who were born since 1970 shows

32、 that they are likely to face a lifetime of longer working hours, lower job security and higher taxes than the previous generation.（对1970年以后出生的人的生活方式和前景的研究表明，与上一代人相比，他们可能终生面临更长的工作时间、更低的工作保障和更高的税收。）和第二段第一句These findings are revealed in a study of the way how the ageing of Britains population is affec

33、ting different generations.（一项关于英国人口老龄化如何影响不同世代的研究揭示了这些发现。），可知Anthea Tinker的研究对老一代和年轻一代的财富进行对比，是为了证明人口老龄化让财富从年轻一代流向老一代，C选项“随着50岁以上的人口越来越多，出现了财富从年轻一代流向老一代的趋势”正确。A选项“目前财富从老一代流向年轻一代”和B选项“在传统上财富从年轻一代流向老一代”：和文中观点相反，属于反向干扰。D选项“随着50岁以上的人口越来越多，传统被颠覆了”：文中的重点是人口老龄化对财富趋势的影响，而不是对传统的改变，属于曲解原文。因此C选项正确。2.【试题答案】A【试

34、题解析】事实细节题。根据第二段第三、四句“Todays older middle-aged and elderly are becoming the new winners.” she said, “They made relatively small contributions in tax but now make relatively big claims on the welfare system.”（“如今的中老年人口正在成为新的赢家。”她说，“他们缴纳的税款相对较少，但现在对福利制度的要求相对较高。”），可知A选项“因为他们贡献得少，但在福利制度上享受更多”正确。B选项“因为他们缴

35、纳了很多税收，现在可以要求更多的福利制度”：他们没有缴纳很多税款，属于反向干扰。C选项“因为他们贡献得少，但现在可以很容易地赚钱”和D选项“因为他们在数量上超过了年轻一代，在当今社会享有更多的特权”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第三段第一句The surging number of older people, many living alone, has also increased demand for property and pushed up house prices.（老年人数量的激增，其中许多人独自生活，也增加了对房产的

36、需求，推高了房价。），可知D选项“老年人的数量越来越多，其中许多人独自生活”正确。A选项“许多独自生活的年轻人对房子的需求增加了”和B选项“许多年轻人需要租更多的房子”：文中说的是老年人而非年轻人对房子的需求增加，属于曲解原文。C选项“年轻人很容易申请抵押贷款”：根据第三段第二句previous generations found it easy to raise a mortgage（前几代人很容易就能拿到抵押贷款），可知是前几代人而非现在的年轻人很容易申请抵押贷款，与题干中房价上涨的内容无关，属于曲解原文和出处错位。因此D选项正确。4.【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第三段第六句

37、She now earns about 20,000 a year, preparing food to be photographed for magazines.（她现在一年能挣2万英镑，以为杂志拍照为生。），可知A选项“通过为杂志拍照”正确，D选项“通过为一些杂志拍摄照片而准备食物”不符合原文意思，属于曲解原文。B选项“嫁给一个有钱人”：根据第三段倒数第二句My only hope is the traditional one of meeting a rich man.（按照传统，我唯一的希望就是遇到一个有钱人。），这里指的是她的想法而非谋生方式，属于出处错位。C选项“把沙发床转租给她

38、哥哥”：根据第三段第七句she sublets the lunge sofa-bed to her brother（她把沙发床转租给了她的弟弟），这是她做过的事情，但并不以此为生，属于出处错位。因此A选项正确。5.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。文章在第一段第二句提出Todays under-thirties are the first generation for a century who can expect a lower living standard than their parents.（如今30岁以下的人是一个世纪以来第一代生活水平低于他们父母的人。），随后通过研究和具体

39、的例子来证明这一点，C选项“在英国，30岁以下的人的生活可能会变得更加艰难”正确。A选项“在如今的英国，30岁以下的人过着悲惨的生活”：文中表示30岁以下的人处境更难，但没有到很悲惨的地步，属于曲解原文。B选项“Laura Lenox-Conyngham对工作和生活的态度代表了英国许多年轻专业人士的态度”：根据文章最后一句Tinkers research reveals Lenox-Conyngham is representative of many young professionals（Tinker的研究表明Lenox-Conyngham是许多年轻专业人士的代表），文中没有表明她对工作和

40、生活的态度如同其他年轻专业人士，属于曲解原文。D选项“在英国，老年人享有极高的生活水平”：文中提到老年人纳税较少，但享受的福利力度较大，但不等于生活水平极高，属于曲解原文。因此C选项正确。4. 翻译题My father was very keen that should go to Oxford or Cambridge. He himself had gone to University College. Oxford, so he thought I should apply there, because I would have a greater chance of getting i

41、n. At that time, University College had no fellow in mathematics, which was another reason he wanted me to do chemistry: (1) I could try for a scholarship in natural science rather than in mathematics.The rest of the family went to India for a year, but I had to stay behind to do A levels and univer

42、sity entrance. (2) My headmaster thought I was much too young to try for Oxford, but went up in March 1959 to do the scholarship exam with two boys from the year above me at school. I was convinced I had done badly and was very depressed when during the practical exam university lecturers carne arou

43、nd to talk to other people but not to me. Then a few days after I got hack from Oxford. I got a telegram to say I had a scholarship.I was seventeen, and most of me other students in my year had done military service and were a lot older. (3) I felt rather lonely during my first year and part of the

44、second. It was only in my third year that I really felt happy there. The prevailing attitude at Oxford at that time was very anti-work. You were supposed to be brilliant without effort, or to accept your limitations and get a fourth-class degree. (4) To work hard to get a better class of degree was

45、regarded as the mark of a gray manhe worst epithet in the Oxford vocabulary.At that time, the physics course at Oxford was arranged in a way that made it particularly easy to avoid work. I did one exam before I went up, and then had three years at Oxford with just the final exams at the end. I once

46、calculated that I did about a thousand hours work in the three years I was there, an average of an hour a day. (5) Im not proud of his lack of work. Im just describing my attitude at the time, which I shared with most of my fellow students: an attitude of complete boredom and feeling that nothing wa

47、s worth making an effort for. One result of my illness has been to change all that: When you are faced with the possibility of an early death itm8kes you realize that life is worth living and that there are lots of things you want to do.【答案】1. 我可以申请自然科学类而非数学类的奖学金。2. 我的中学校长觉得我报考牛津大学年龄太小，可是，1959年3月，我还

48、是与同校高我一级的两个男生一起参加了奖学金资格考试。3. 在第一年以及第二年的一段时间里，我觉得很孤独，直到第三年我才真正感到愉快。4. 用功苦读以求成绩提高被看作是灰人的标记那是牛津词汇中最难听的一个称号。5. 我并不以这种懈怠学业为荣。我只是在描述自己当时的态度。我和大多数同学都抱这种态度：百无聊赖，觉得没有任何事情值得为之努力。5. 单选题This is the Chinese _, translated from English.问题1选项A.publicationB.editorC.printingD.version【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项publicati

49、on“发行，出版物”；B选项editor“（报刊、杂志的）主编”；C选项printing“（书籍的）一次印刷”；D选项version“（电影、剧本、乐曲等的）版本”。句意：这是英文翻译过来的中文_。根据语境，这里指的是这原来是英文的，被翻译成了中文，D选项version“（电影、剧本、乐曲等的）版本”符合题意。因此D选项正确。6. 单选题His _ has changed but he has kept the fine qualities of a scientific researcher.问题1选项A.stateB.statusC.stationD.statue【答案】B【解析】【试题解

50、析】考查定语从句。A选项state“情形，状态”；B选项status“社会地位；（进展的）状况，情形”；C选项station“（旧时）（正式）社会地位；站，所”；D选项statue“雕像”。句意：他的_改变了，但仍保持着科研人员的优良品质。根据语境，这里指他的外在的社会地位变了，但内在品质没有改变，加上这是非常生活化的一句话，可知B选项status“社会地位”符合题意。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题When next years crop of high-school graduates arrive at Oxford University in the fall of 2009, theyl

51、l be joined by a new face: Andrew Hamilton, the 55-year-old provost (教务长) of Yale, wholl become Oxfords vice-chancellora position equal to university president in America.Hamilton isnt the only educator crossing the Atlantic. Schools in France, Egypt, Singapore, etc. have also recently made top-leve

52、l hires from abroad. Higher education has become a big and competitive business nowadays, and like so many businesses, its gone global. Yet the talent flow isnt universal. High-level personnel (人员) tend to head in only one direction: outward from America.The chief reason is that American schools don

53、t tend to seriously consider looking abroad. For example, when the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it wanted a leader familiar with the state government, a major source of the universitys budget. “We didnt do any global consideration,” says Patricia Hayes, the board

54、s chair. The board finally picked Bruce Benson, a 69-year-old Colorado businessman and political activist (活动家) who is likely to do well in the main task of modern university presidents: fund-raising. Fund-raising is a distinctively American thing, since U.S. schools rely heavily on donations. The f

55、und-raising ability is largely a product of experience and necessity.Many European universities, meanwhile, are still mostly dependent on government funding. But government support has failed to keep pace with rising student numbers. The decline in government support has made fund-raising an increas

56、ingly necessary ability among administrators (管理人员), and has hiring committees hungry for Americans.In the past few years, well-known schools around the world have joined the trend. In 2003, when Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard, another former Yale provost, as its vice-chancellor, the

57、university publicly stressed that in her previous job she had overseen “a major strengthening of Yales financial position”.Of course, fund-raising isnt the only skill outsiders offer. The globalization of education means more universities will be seeking heads with international experience of some k

58、ind to promote international programs and attract a global student body. Foreigners can offer a fresh perspective (视角) on established practices.1. What is the current trend in higher education discussed in the passage?2. What is the chief consideration of American universities when hiring top-level

59、administrators?3. What do we learn about European universities from the passage?4. Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard as its vice-chancellor chiefly because _.5. In what way do top-level administrators from abroad contribute to university development?问题1选项A.Institution worldwide are hirin

60、g administrators from the US.B.A lot of activists are being hired as administrators.C.American universities are enrolling more international students.D.University presidents are paying more attention to funding-raising.问题2选项A.The political correctness.B.Their ability to raise funds.C.Their fame in a

61、cademic circles.D.Their administrative experience.问题3选项A.The tuitions (学费) they charge have been rising considerably.B.Their operation is under strict government control.C.They are strengthening their position by globalization.D.Most of their money comes from the government.问题4选项A.she was known to b

62、e good at raising moneyB.she could help strengthen its ties with YaleC.she knew how to attract students overseasD.she had boosted Yales academic status问题5选项A.They can enhance the universitys image.B.They will bring with them more international faculty.C.They will view a lot of things from a new pers

63、pective.D.They can set up new academic disciplines.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第二段倒数一、二句Yet the talent flow isnt universal. High-level personnel tend to head in only one direction: outward from America.（然而，人才流动并非是世界性的。高层管理人员的流动只倾向于一个方向：从美国向外。），可知当前高等教育倾向于从美国招聘管理人员，A选项“世界各地的机构都在从美国招聘管理人员”正确。B选项“许多积极分子被聘为管理员”，C选项“美国大学正在扩招国际学生”和D选项“大学校长更加注重筹款”文中没有提到。因此A选项正确。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第四句The board finally picked Bruce Benson, a 69-year-old Colorado businessman and political activist who is likely to do well in the main task of modern university