2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷4

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 填空题When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Men are very clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of clothes reflect basic qualities of A B C Dstability and relia

2、bility?【答案】C very clever改为too clever【解析】【考查点】固定句型。【解题思路】too.to是固定句型，意思为“太而不能”，指的是男性非常聪明，不会让自己被服装设计师欺骗，因此C部分应为too clever。【句意】如果对比男性和女性对于时尚的看法，得出的结论显而易见。男性很聪明，不会让自己被时装设计师欺骗。他们不变的服装款式是否反映了稳定可靠的基本品质呢？2. 单选题The period of adolescence, i.e. the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short,

3、depending on social expectations and on societys definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the

4、 period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of ones life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disapp

5、earance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreemen

6、t as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies cert

7、ain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during

8、the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane,

9、theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obta

10、in a drivers license. He can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twen

11、ty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonge

12、d period of adolescence.1. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because _.2. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to _.3. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is _.4. According to the passage, it is true tha

13、t _.问题1选项A.the definition of maturity has changedB.the industrialized society is more developedC.more education is provided and laws against child labor are madeD.ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance问题2选项A.social recognitionB.graduations from school

14、s and collegesC.socio-economic statusD.certain behavioral changes问题3选项A.eleven years oldB.sixteen years oldC.twenty-one years oldD.between twelve and twenty-one years old问题4选项A.one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armyB.no one can marry without the permissi

15、on of his parents until the age of twenty-oneC.one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a drivers licenseD.in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The period of adolescence

16、 is much longer in industrial societies because _. 在工业社会，青春期要长得多，因为_。A. the definition of maturity has changed A. 对成熟的定义已经改变B. the industrialized society is more developed B. 工业化社会更加发达C. more education is provided and laws against child labor are made C. 加强了教育，制定了禁止童工的法律D. ceremonies for adolescence

17、 have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance D. 关于青春期的仪式已经失去了正式的认可和象征意义【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词longer in industrial societies定位到第一段第二句，该处讲到“在工业社会，教育时间延长（prolonged education），加上禁止童工的法律（laws against child labor），青春期要长得多。”，可知在工业社会，青春期时间变长的原因是受到教育和法律的影响，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“对成熟的定义已经

18、改变”：对应第一段第一句“青春期可长可短，这取决于社会的期望和社会对成熟和成年的定义（societys definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood）。”，这不是在解释工业社会中青春期变长的原因，只是在讲普遍情况下影响青春期长短的因素，属于偷换概念；B选项“工业化社会更加发达”：对应第一段第三句“在特定的社会中（in a given society），随着社会和经济条件的变化（social and economic conditions change），青春期的长度和成年的定义可能会发生变化。”，这里没有点出工业化社会和青春期

19、长度的具体因果关系，只是在泛泛而谈，属于曲解原文；D选项“青春期的仪式已经失去了正式的认可和象征意义”：对应第二段第一句“在现代社会，青少年的仪式已经失去了正式的认可和象征意义。”，这里讲的是一个现象，不是原因，属于偷换概念。第2题:【选项释义】Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to _. 过去用来纪念青春期的社交仪式已经被_所取代。A. social recognition A. 社会认可B. graduations from schools and colleges B. 中小学和

20、大学的毕业C. socio-economic status C. 社会经济地位D. certain behavioral changes D. 某些行为变化【答案】B【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词given place to定位到第二段第二、三句，该处讲到“社会行为（Social ones）已经被一系列的步骤（steps）所取代例如，小学、高中和大学毕业典礼（grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation）就构成了这样一个序列。”，可知之前关于青春期的仪式被中小学和大学的毕业所代替

21、，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“社会认可”和D选项“某些行为变化”：对应第二段第三句“小学毕业、高中毕业和大学毕业典礼就构成了这样一个序列，每个步骤都意味着一定的行为变化和社会认可（each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition）。”，这些行为变化和社会认可是毕业典礼所代表的意义，毕业典礼才是取代青春期仪式的对象，属于偷换概念；C选项“社会经济地位”：对应第二段第三句“小学毕业、高中毕业和大学毕业典礼就构成了这样一个序列，每个步骤的意义取决于个人的社会经济地位和教育抱负（the significan

22、ce of each depends on the socio-economic status）。”，是这些毕业典礼取代了青春期的仪式，而这些典礼的意义取决于个人的社会经济地位，而不是社会经济地位取代青春期的仪式，属于偷换概念。第3题:【选项释义】No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is _. 没有人能指望完全享受成年特权，直到他_。A. eleven years old A. 11岁B. sixteen years old B. 16岁C. twenty-one years old C. 21岁

23、D. between twelve and twenty-one years old D. 在12到21岁之间【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词adulthood privileges定位到文章倒数第三句，该处讲到“21岁成年了，就获得了作为成年人的全部法律权利（full legal rights as an adult）。”，可知规定的成年时间为21岁，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“11岁”：文中没有提到11岁时的情况，属于无中生有；B选项“16岁”：对应第二段第八句“在16岁的时候（At the age of sixteen），青少年被授予某些成年人的权利

24、（certain adult rights）。”，可知这时还不能享受全部成年人的特权，属于反向干扰；D选项“在12到21岁之间”：对应第二段第五句“正是在从12岁到21岁的9年时间里，儿童和未成年地位的保护和限制方面被取消，成人的特权和责任被给予（adult privileges and responsibilities are granted）。”，这时还只是得到部分成人的权利，不能全部享受成年人权利，属于反向干扰。第4题:【选项释义】According to the passage, it is true that _. 根据文章，_。A. one is not free from the

25、 restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army A. 在参军之前，依然受童工法的限制B. no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one B. 在21岁之前，没有父母的允许，任何人都不能结婚C. one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a drivers license C. 有了驾照，就被认为是成年了D. in the late 1

26、9th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed D. 在19世纪后期的美国，青春期和成年期之间的分界线不再存在【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第一段最后一句，该处讲到“这种变化的例子就是19世纪后半期美国（对于青春期和成年期之间的）边界的消失（disappearance of the frontier）”，这里的分界线指的是青春期和成年期的界限，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“在参军之前，依然受童工法的限制”：

27、对应第二段倒数第五、七句“在16岁的时候（age of sixteen）他可以不受童工法的限制（without the restrictions of child labor laws），可以工作。”，以及该段倒数第四句“在十八岁时（age of eighteen）可以当兵（can now be a soldier）。”，可知在参军之前，就已经不受童工法限制了，和文章内容不符，属于反向干扰；B选项“在21岁之前，没有父母的允许，任何人都不能结婚”：对应第二段倒数第四句“在十八岁时（age of eighteen）可以不经父母同意就结婚（can marry without parental pe

28、rmission）。”，可知在18岁之后，才可以不经父母同意而结婚，在此之前则不能，和文章内容不符，属于反向干扰；C选项“有了驾照，就被认为是成年了”：对应第二段倒数第六、七句“在16岁的时候（age of sixteen）他现在可以拿到驾驶执照了（can obtain a drivers license）。”，而16岁还没有成年，和文章内容不符，属于反向干扰。3. 单选题Green plants or other photosynthesizing organisms use light energy from the sun to manufacture carbohydrates for

29、 their own needs. Most of this chemical energy is processed in metabolism and dissipated as heat in respiration.问题1选项A.emergedB.convertedC.evolvedD.consumed【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. emerged （从隐蔽处或暗处）出现，浮现 B. converted （使）转变，转换C. evolved （使）逐渐形成，逐步发展 D. consumed 消耗，耗费（燃料、能量、时间等）【答案】D【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】dissipate

30、d的意思为“（使）消散，消失”，指的是大部分能量在呼吸过程中散失，结合语境，consumed与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】绿色植物或其他进行光合作用的生物利用来自太阳的光能制造碳水化合物来满足自己的需要。大部分化学能量在新陈代谢过程中被处理，在呼吸过程中以热的形式消散。4. 单选题It has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreove

31、r, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation, the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestri

32、al weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical s

33、ignificance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that t

34、ime (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established. However, especially since the records that Chinese naked-ey

35、e observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocall

36、y terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycles past existence.If consistent and reliable geological or archaeological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to mod

37、el solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Suns internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic

38、 field. In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanation supposes that the Suns large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of

39、 the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle could be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar o

40、bservations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.1. The author focuses primarily on _.2. Which of the following statements about the two models of solar activity, as they are described in Para. 3,

41、 is accurate?3. According to the passage, late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries Chinese records are important for which of the following reasons?4. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible links between solar periodicity and

42、terrestrial climate are based on which of the following assumptions?问题1选项A.presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support themB.giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and assess

43、ing their impact on future climatological researchC.discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physicsD.outlining the specific reasons why a problem in solar phys

44、ics has not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical approach of modern physics问题2选项A.In both models cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years.B.In both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as be

45、ing dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.C.In one model the Suns magnetic field is thought to play a role in causing solar activity, whereas in the other model it is not.D.In one model cycles of solar activity with periodicities longer than a few decades are considered to be impossible,

46、 whereas in the other model such cycles are predicted.问题3选项A.They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicted were incorrect.B.They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climate.C.They establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the t

47、ime of the Maunder minimum.D.They establish that solar activity at the time of the Maunder minimum did not significantly vary from its present pattern.问题4选项A.The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period in which the tree rings grew.B.The biological mechanisms causing t

48、ree growth are unaffected by short-term weather patterns.C.Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thickness.D.Tree-ring thickness reflect changes in terrestrial climate.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The author focuses primarily on _. 作者主要关注_。A. presen

49、ting two competing scientific theories concerning solar activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support them A. 提出两种相互矛盾的关于太阳活动的科学理论，并评价经常被引用来支持它们的地质证据B. giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and assessing their impact on future climatolog

50、ical research B. 简要概述太阳物理学的一些最近的科学发展，并评估它们对未来气候学研究的影响C. discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physics C. 讨论将地球现象与太阳活动联系起来所涉及的困难，并指出解决这个问题将如何影响我们对太阳物理学的理解D. o

51、utlining the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical approach of modern physics D. 概述了太阳物理学中一个问题尚未解决的具体原因，并对现代物理学过于理论化的方法提出了批评【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段提出“仍不清楚（remains unclear）太阳活动周期（solar-activity cycle）与地球天气和气候的关系（terrestrial weath

52、er and climate）”，第二段总结道“研究未能明确地证明陆地气候与太阳活动周期的关系（unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle）”，第三段提出“如果能找到一致可靠的地质或考古证据（geological or archaeological evidence），追溯远古时期的太阳活动周期（the solar-activity cycle），它也可能解决太阳物理学中的一个重要问题（issue in solar physics）。”综上所述，前两段在讲述找到地球现象与太阳活动的联系很困难，在最后一段点出解决这

53、个问题对太阳物理学非常重要，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“提出两种相互矛盾的关于太阳活动的科学理论，并评价被引用来支持它们的地质证据”：这两种矛盾的太阳活动模型只在第三段出现，并且没有提到分别支持这两种理论的地质证据，属于以偏概全和无中生有；B项“简要概述太阳物理学的一些最近的科学发展，并评估它们对未来气候学研究的影响”：文中没有提到这些研究对未来气候学研究的影响，属于无中生有；D项“概述了太阳物理学中某个尚未解决的问题的具体原因，并对现代物理学过于理论化的方法提出了批评”：没有讲到原因，也没有批判现代物理学，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】Which of the following

54、 statements about the two models of solar activity, as they are described in Para. 3, is accurate? 如第3段所述，下列关于太阳活动的两种模型的陈述，哪一种是准确的？A. In both models cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years. A. 在这两个模型中，周期性的太阳活动都被视为太阳

55、长期存在的特征，在数十亿年的时间里几乎没有变化。B. In both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field. B. 在两个模型中，假设太阳活动周期依赖于大规模的太阳磁场。C. In one model the Suns magnetic field is thought to play a role in causing solar activity, whereas in the other model it is n

56、ot. C. 在一个模型中，太阳的磁场被认为是引起太阳活动的因素，而在另一个模型中则不是。D. In one model cycles of solar activity with periodicities longer than a few decades are considered to be impossible, whereas in the other model such cycles are predicted. D. 一个模型中认为，太阳活动周期不可能超过几十年，然而另一个模型可以预测其周期。【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词Para. 3和信

57、息词two models of solar activity定位到第三段第二句，该处讲到“有两种太阳活动模型（two models of solar activity）”，结合该段第三句“第一种假说假设太阳的内部运动（internal motions）与它的大范围磁场相互作用（interact with its large-scale magnetic field）”以及该段第五、六句“另一种解释（alternative explanation）认为在这个模型中，依赖于太阳磁场的太阳机制（the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnetic fi

58、eld）运行得更快。”，可知两种模型都认为太阳活动依赖于太阳磁场，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“在这两个模型中，周期性的太阳活动都被视为太阳长期存在的特征，在数十亿年的时间里几乎没有变化”：对应文章最后一句“现代太阳观测的时间跨度太短，无法揭示（too short a time to reveal whether）目前的周期性太阳活动是太阳长期存在的特征（long-lived feature of the Sun），还是仅仅是一种短暂的现象（transient phenomenon）。”，在阐述两种模拟太阳活动的模型后，总结说因为观察太阳的时间短，无法确定哪种情况正确，第一种情况对应第

59、一个模型，第二种情况对应第二个模型；本选项也对应该段第四句“太阳的大规模磁场被看作是自我维持的，因此由它驱动的太阳活动周期可能在几十亿年的时间里整体变化不大（little overall change for perhaps billions of years）。”，可知本选项是对第一种模型的阐述，不包括第二种，属于以偏概全；C选项“在一个模型中，太阳的磁场被认为是引起太阳活动的因素，而在另一个模型中则不是”：两种模型都认为太阳活动由太阳磁场引起，属于反向干扰；D选项“一个模型中认为，太阳活动周期不可能超过几十年，然而另一个模型可以预测其周期”：第一种模型对应第三段第四句“太阳活动周期可能在几

60、十亿年的时间里（billions of years）整体变化不大（little overall change）”，第二种模型对应该段第七句“可以预测（be expected to change）太阳活动周期的特征会在很长一段时间内发生变化”，可知第一种模型说的是太阳活动周期在几十亿年不会有太大变化，而不是说周期不可能超过几十年，第二种模型说的是可以预测太阳活动周期会变化，而不是可以预测周期是多长，属于偷换概念。第3题:【选项释义】According to the passage, late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries Chinese r

61、ecords are important for which of the following reasons? 根据文章，在17世纪晚期和18世纪早期中国的记录非常重要，是因为以下哪个原因？A. They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicted were incorrect. A. 他们认为蒙德极小期预测的数据是错误的。B. They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climate. B. 他们认为蒙德极小期与气候不相关。C.

62、They establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum. C. 他们证实在蒙德极小期的时候，全世界有段时间天气异常寒冷。D. They establish that solar activity at the time of the Maunder minimum did not significantly vary from its present pattern. D. 他们证实蒙德极小期的太阳活动与目前的模式没有显著变化。【答

63、案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词Chinese records定位到第二段倒数第三句，该处讲到“尤其是因为（especially since）当时中国肉眼观测太阳活动的记录（Chinese naked-eye observers）似乎与此相矛盾（contradict it）”，结合该段倒数第四句“蒙德极小期的真实性（The reality of the Maunder minimum）还有待确定（yet to be established）”，倒数第三句的it指的是Maunder minimum，可知中国的记录和蒙德极小期的观点相悖，并且根据中国的记录，蒙德极小期可能是错误的，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们认为蒙德极小期与气候不相关”：文中没有提到他们质疑蒙德极小期与气候的相关性，而是质疑有段时间太阳黑子活动短暂停止这个假设的真实性，属于无中生有；C选项“他们证实在蒙德极小期的时候，全世界有段时间天气异常