2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷34

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1、2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Man, said Aristotle, is a social animal. This sociability requires peaceful congregation, and the history of mankind is mainly a movement through time of human collectivities that range from migrant tribal bands to large and complex civilizations. Survival h

2、as been due to the ability to create the means by which men in groups retain their unity and allegiance to one another.Order was caused by the need and desire to survive the challenge of the environment. This orderly condition called the “state”, and the rules that maintained it, the “law”. With tim

3、e the partner to this tranquility, man marched across the centuries of his evolution to the brink of exploring the boundaries of his own galaxy. Of all living organisms, only man has the capacity to interpret his own evolution as progress. As social life changed, the worth and rights of each member

4、in the larger group, of which he was a part, increased. As the groups grew from clans to civilizations, the value of the individual did not diminish, but became instead a guide to the rules that govern all men.【答案】亚里士多德说过，人是一种社会性动物。这种社会性要求人类和平的聚集，而人类历史主要是人类集体跨越时间的运动，从迁徙的部落到大而复杂的文明。人类能够生存下来是因为有创造各种手段

5、的能力，通过这些手段，群体中的人们能够保持团结以及对彼此的忠诚。在环境的挑战中生存下来的需要和渴望带来了秩序。这种有序的状态叫作“国家”，而维持这种状态的规则叫作“法律”。随着时间平静地流逝，人类走过了几个世纪的进化历程，即将探索自身群体的边界。在所有的生物中，只有人类有能力把自身的演变解释为进步。随着社会生活的变化，大群体中每个成员的价值和权力都在增加。随着群体从氏族发展到文明，个人的价值并没有减少，而是变成了统治所有人的规则指南。2. 单选题To _ for his unpleasant experiences he drank a little more than was good fo

6、r him.问题1选项A.commenceB.compromiseC.compensateD.compliment【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配与上下文语义。A选项commence“开始，着手”；B选项compromise“妥协，和解”；C选项compensate“补偿，弥补”；D选项compliment“恭维，称赞”。句意：为了_他不愉快的经历，他喝多了一点。根据句意，C选项compensate较符合，空格后的介词for提示我们，空格处应填compensate，构成短语compensate for，其他选项均不跟介词for搭配。因此，本题最佳选项为C。3. 单选题It is a curiou

7、s paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”, the social sciences as “soft”, and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more cert

8、ain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earths social systems w

9、ith some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems o

10、n which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples

11、 of personal experience.In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, or even if earths geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data comes in and new theories are worked out. If we define the “security” our image of various parts of the total system as the pr

12、obability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secu

13、re of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things

14、as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme.Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly

15、insecure.16. The word “paradox” (Para. 1) means “_”.A. implicationB. contradictionC. interpretationD. confusion17. According to the author, we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences as “hard” and the social sciences as “soft” because _.A. a reverse ordering will help promote the

16、development of the physical sciencesB. our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systemsC. our understanding of the social systems is approximately correctD. we are better able to investigate social phenomena than physical phenomena18. The author believes that our knowle

17、dge of social systems is more secure than that of physical systems because _.A. it is not based on personal experienceB. new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciencesC. it is based on a fairly representative quantity of dataD. the records of social systems are more reliable19. The chan

18、ces of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are the biggest because _.A. contradictory theories keep emerging all the timeB. new information is constantly coming inC. the direction of their development is difficult to predictD. our knowledge of the physical world is inaccurate20. We

19、know less about the astronomical universe than we do about any social system because _.A. theories of its origin and history are variedB. our knowledge of it is highly insecureC. only a very small sample of it has been observedD. few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy问题1选项A.implicatio

20、nB.contradictionC.interpretationD.confusion问题2选项A.a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciencesB.our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systemsC.our understanding of the social systems is approximately correctD.we are better able to inv

21、estigate social phenomena than physical phenomena问题3选项A.it is not based on personal experienceB.new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciencesC.it is based on a fairly representative quantity of dataD.the records of social systems are more reliable问题4选项A.contradictory theories keep emer

22、ging all the timeB.new information is constantly coming inC.the direction of their development is difficult to predictD.our knowledge of the physical world is inaccurate问题5选项A.theories of its origin and history are variedB.our knowledge of it is highly insecureC.only a very small sample of it has be

23、en observedD.few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】16. 词义推断题。根据题干定位到第1段第1句It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”, the social sciences as “soft”, and the biological sciences as somewhere in between.（我们认为物理科学是“硬科学”，社会科学是

24、“软科学”，而生物科学则介于两者之间，这是一个奇怪的_。）；第2句This is interpreted to mean that（这意味着我们对物理系统的认识比我们对生物系统的认识更确定，而生物系统又比我们对社会系统的认识更确定。）；第3句In terms of one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable.（然而，就我们对相关宇宙进行采样的能力而言，以及我们对这些宇宙的想象至少大致正确的可能性而言，有人怀疑颠倒顺序更合理。）根据第2、3句判断，第1句对三种的科学的排序有两种完全相反的观点，B选项“矛盾”最相符，原文paradox意

25、为“悖论”；A选项“暗示”、C选项“解释”、D选项“困惑，不确定”不符合语境。因此，本题最佳选项为B。17. 事实细节题。题干“根据作者的观点，我们应该扭转我们对物理科学的硬分类和对社会科学的软分类，因为_”，可定位到原文第1段第3句In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reve

26、rse order is more reasonable.（然而，就我们对相关宇宙进行采样的能力而言，以及我们对这些宇宙的想象至少大致正确的可能性而言，有人怀疑颠倒顺序更合理。）由此可知，颠倒顺序与“采样的能力”以及“现有观点的正确性”有关。根据颠倒后的顺序判断，社会科学比物理科学的采样能力很强，正确性更大，D选项“与对物理现象的调查能力相比，我们对社会现象的调查能力更强”符合原文。A选项“逆向排序有助于促进物理科学的发展”，原文并未提及，排除；B选项“我们对物理系统的认识比社会系统的认识更可靠”，与原文意思相反，社会系统的认识更可靠，排除；C选项“我们对社会制度的理解大致正确”，可定位到第1

27、段第5句Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.（因此，尽管我们对社会制度的认识在许多方面极其不准确，但它不太可能被新的发现严重地推翻。）由此可知，我们对社会制度的认识在许多方面极其不准确，选项表述与原文不符，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为D。18. 事实细节题。题干“作者认为，我们对社会系统的知识比物理系统的知识更可靠，因为_”，可定位到

28、第1段第5句Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.（因此，虽然我们对社会制度的认识在许多方面极其不准确，但是它不太可能被新的发现完全推翻。）我们对社会系统的知识不容易被新的发现推翻即更可靠，B选项“新发现不太可能出现在社会科学领域”，表述与原文不符，不是没有新发现，而是新发现不会完全推翻现有理论，排除。根据原文therefore提示，

29、原因可以定位到前一句话We are able to sample earths social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated.（我们有能力对地球的社会系统进行抽样，并有一定的信心对整个系统中合理的样本进行调查。）由此可知，因为有合理的样本数据，我们对社会系统的认识更可靠，C选项“它依据的数据量是非常有代表性的”，表述符合原文；A选项“它不是基于个人经验”，可定位到第1段最后一句even though i

30、t is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.（即使它是建立在非常不完善的个人经验上），由此可知，它是基于个人经验的，只不过这对正确性的影响不大，选项表述不正确；D选项“关于社会系统的记录更可靠”，可定位到第2段倒数第2句pared with the rich records of the social systems.（和丰富的关于社会系统的记录相比），文中指提到了关于社会系统的记录丰富，并没有就可靠程度进行比较，选项表述与原文不符，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为C。19. 事实细节题。题干“物理科学最有可能发

31、生巨大变化的原因是_”，可定位到原文第3段第1句In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of even of earths geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data comes in and new theories are worked out.（相比之下，我们对宇宙的认识，甚至对地球的地质历史的认识，都很容易随着新数据的加入和新理论的提出而发生革命性的变化。）由此可知，原因有两个，“新数据的加入”和“新理论的出

32、现”，B选项“新信息不断地加入”符合原文；原文并没有说新出现的理论是与现有理论是矛盾的，A选项“矛盾的理论层出不穷”不符合原文；C选项“发展的方向很难预测”，原文并未提及，排除；D选项“我们对物质世界的认识是不准确的”，可定位到原文第2段第2句If we define the “security” our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then.the physical sciences as the least secu

33、re.（如果我们将“可靠性”定义为整个系统的各个部分遭受重大变化的可能性的话，那么物理科学是最不可靠的）由此可知，物理科学最不可靠即我们对物质世界的认识不准确，是因为关于物理世界的理论很容易发生重大变化，而题干问的是很容易发生重大变化的原因是什么，选项表述答非所问。因此，本题最佳选项为B。20. 判断推理题。题干“我们对宇宙的了解比我们对任何社会系统的了解都要少，是因为_”可定位到原文第3段倒数第2句Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a

34、 fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems.（我们对宇宙的认识是最可靠的，是因为我们观察到的是如此小的一个样本，并且关于它的记录，与社会系统丰富的记录甚至生物系统有限的记录相比，是微不足道的。）由此可知，我们对宇宙的了解很少是因为样本和记录很少。根据原文第1段第4句We are able to

35、 sample earths social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated.（我们有能力对地球的社会系统进行抽样，并有一定的信心对整个系统中合理的样本进行调查）。可知，我们对社会系统的认识可靠是因为有合理的样本数据，综合这两点来看，我们对宇宙的了解很少是因为样本的缘故，C选项“只有非常小的一部分样本已经被观察到”，符合原文；A选项“关于它的起源和历史有各种各样的理论”，可定位到原文最后一段Even in

36、 regard to . the moon, . theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among.（即使是对于月球，关于它的起源和历史的理论也是截然不同，相互矛盾，难以选择。）由此可知，A选项表述的是对月球的认识，只是文章举的一个例子，与题干无关，排除；B选项“我们对它的认识是非常不可靠的”，因为对宇宙了解比较少，所以形成的认识也不可靠，B选项因果倒置，排除；D选项“很少的科学家参与天文学的研究”，原文并未提及“参与天文学研究的科学家”少

37、，虽然提到了关于宇宙的记录很少，但是并未提到记录少的原因，D选项属于主观臆测，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为C。4. 单选题Bruce Stephen gripped the _ wheel hard as the car bounced up and down.问题1选项A.stirringB.drivingC.steeringD.revolving【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析与上下文语义。A选项stirring“激动人心的，活跃的；搅动（stir的ing形式）”；B选项driving“起推动作用的；有巨大影响力”；开车（drive的ing形式）；C选项steering“驾驶，掌舵（stir

38、的ing形式）”；D选项revolving“旋转的；旋转（revolve的ing形式）”。句意：在汽车上下颠簸的时候，Bruce Stephen紧紧地抓住方向盘。steering wheel表示方向盘，C选项最符合句意。5. 单选题At some deeper level, we may still instinctively _ the kind of heroic behavior we claim is foreign to us.问题1选项A.exaggerateB.idealizeC.idolizeD.ignore【答案】D【解析】考查上下文语义。A选项exaggerate“夸张”；

39、B选项idealize“理想化”；C选项idolize“极端崇拜”；D选项ignore“忽视”。句意：在更深层次上，我们可能仍然本能地_某种英雄行为，我们声称这种行为对我们来说是陌生的。根据“我们声称这种行为对我们来说是陌生的”推断，我们应该是熟悉这种行为，但却说陌生，D选项ignore“忽视”最符合句意。因此，本题最佳选项为D。6. 单选题A degree of _ between nurses and patients and their relatives can be considered an advantage in convincing people to volunteer a

40、s donors.问题1选项A.estrangementB.adversaryC.hostilityD.intimacy【答案】D【解析】考查上下文语义。A选项estrangement“疏远；失和”；B选项adversary“对手；敌手”；C选项hostility“敌意”；D选项intimacy“亲密”。句意：护士和患者及其亲属之间的_程度有利于说服人们成为志愿捐赠者。根据后文be considered an advantage “被认为是一种优势”，可推断护士和患者及其亲属之间的关系应该是好的，D选项intimacy“亲密”最符合句意。因此，本题最佳选项为D。7. 单选题That was r

41、eally a despicable act of terrorism and cowardly attacks on innocent civilians by holding children hostage.问题1选项A.honorableB.contemptibleC.notableD.recommendable【答案】B【解析】考查上下文语义。A选项honorable“可敬的；高贵的”；B选项contemptible“可鄙的；卑劣的”；C选项notable“值得注意的，显著的；著名的；重要的”；D选项recommendable“可推荐的；值得推荐的”。句意：这是一种_恐怖主义行为，是

42、将儿童作为人质对无辜平民进行懦弱的袭击。根据句意，该形容词修饰的是恐怖主义的行为，其情感基调应该是贬义的，只有B选项符合语境，原文despicable“卑劣的；可鄙的”。因此，本题最佳选项为B。8. 单选题There is compelling evidence that pollution is responsible for many deadly diseases, such as cancer.问题1选项A.convincingB.controversialC.consistentD.contradictory【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. convincing 有说服力的 B.

43、controversial 有争议的C. consistent 始终如一的，一致的 D. contradictory 矛盾的，对立的【考查点】形容词辨析【解题思路】原词compelling修饰证据，意为“令人信服的，有说服力的”，A选项convincing“有说服力的”与该词意义最接近。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合题意。【句意】有令人信服的证据表明，污染是许多致命疾病的罪魁祸首，如癌症。9. 单选题Fresh water is finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the en

44、vironment.问题1选项A.likely to failB.likely to accumulateC.likely to improveD.likely to enhance【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. likely to fail 可能会缺乏 B. likely to accumulate 可能会积累C. likely to improve 可能会改善 D. likely to enhance 可能会提高【考查点】词义推测【解题思路】该词形容的是“淡水资源”，说明淡水的特性，与其并列的形容词是finite“有限的”，A选项likely to fail“可能会缺乏”（fail有“

45、不足，缺乏”的意思）最符合语境，原词vulnerable“易受伤害的；脆弱的”。【干扰项排除】B选项likely to accumulate“可能会积累”与“有限的”矛盾；C选项likely to improve“可能会改善”，与原文不符；D选项likely to enhance“可能会提高”，与原文不符。【句意】淡水是有限和脆弱的资源，对维持生命、发展和环境至关重要。10. 单选题His argument does not suggest that mankind can _ to be wasteful in the utilization of these resources.问题1选项

46、A.resortB.grantC.affordD.entitle【答案】C【解析】上下文语义。A选项resort“（ to诉诸；求助于）”；B选项grant“（指正式地或法律上）同意，准许；（勉强）同意”；C选项afford“负担得起；承担得起（后果）”；D选项entitle“使享有权利，使符合资格，常用被动”。句意：他的论点并不是说人类可以_浪费在利用这些自然资源时。原文从句不是被动语态，可排除D选项；且原文从句主语是人类，B选项grant在使用时也应使用被动语态，排除；A选项后面通常是某种方式后手段，而本句空格后是“浪费”，不符合，排除；C选项代入，“他的论点并不是说人类承担得起在利用这些

47、自然资源时浪费的后果”，符合语境。因此，本题最佳选项为C。11. 单选题As he was a thoroughly professional journalist, he already knew the media _.问题1选项A.to and fromB.upside and downC.inside and outD.now and then【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. to and from 去和回 B. upside and down上和下C. inside and out 从里到外；彻底地 D. now and then 有时【考查点】语义衔接和固定搭配【解题思路】空格的

48、内容在主句中做状语，主句的句意为“他对媒体_熟悉”，根据从句的句意“因为他是一位非常专业的（thoroughly professional）记者”可知，“他”应该对媒体非常熟悉，C选项inside and out为固定搭配，意为“从里到外；彻底地”符合原句语义逻辑。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合原文语义逻辑。【句意】因为他是一位非常专业的记者，所以他对媒体相当熟悉。12. 单选题According to the new report, 13% of Americans are over 65; this number is projected to reach 22% by the yea

49、r 2030.问题1选项A.devisedB.thrustC.estimatedD.encountered【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. devised 设计 B. thrust 用力推C. estimated 估计 D. encountered 遇到【考查点】动词辨析【解题思路】原文指到2030年美国超过65岁的人的比例会达到22%，2030年是一个未来的年份，这个数据应该是预估的，C选项“估计”符合原文。原文be projected to“被预测”。【干扰项排除】A选项devised“设计”，美国的人口构成数据应该是自然发生的，不存在说被设计成多少；B选项thrust“用力推”，不符合

50、原句逻辑；D选项encountered“遇到”，不符合原句逻辑。【句意】根据这份新报告，13%的美国人超过65岁；预计到2030年，这一数字将达到22%。13. 翻译题Desertification, brought about by human-induced factors and climate change, is a land degradation process. Human activities such as over-cultivation and poor irrigation methods are turning quickly into barren patches

51、 of land fertile soils that take centuries to form. Without access to sustainable land use practices, poor farmers are reduced to cultivating degraded land, only to initiate a vicious cycle, which is why tacking rural poverty is critical to combating desertification. No long-term strategy of poverty

52、 elimination can succeed in the face of the environmental forces that promote persistent erosion of soil. Under current projections of climate change, the hardship and human loss caused by draughts could increase if its contributing factors are left un-addressed.【答案】由人为因素和气候变化造成的荒漠化，是一个土地退化的过程。诸如过度耕

53、种和不良的灌溉方式之类的人类活动，正将肥沃土壤迅速变成贫瘠的土地，而这些肥沃的土壤需要数百年才能形成。由于没有可持续的土地使用方法，贫困的农民只能退而求其次去耕种退化了的土地，由此引发恶性循环，这就是为什么消除农村贫困对防治荒漠化至关重要。面对促进土壤持续侵蚀的环境力量，任何消除贫困的长期战略都不可能取得成功。根据目前对气候变化的预测，如果导致干旱的因素得不到解决，干旱造成的苦难和人类损失可能会增加。14. 单选题The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery.问题1选项A.ari

54、sen fromB.contributed toC.patched upD.participated in【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. arisen from 由引起，起因于 B. contributed to 导致C. patched up 平息（争吵）；修补（关系） D. participated in 参与【考查点】词组辨析【解题思路】划线词前文是“美国内战（The American Civil War）”，后文是“关于奴隶制的分歧（differences over slavery）”。根据历史常识可知，美国内战是由南北政府关于奴隶制的分歧造成的，原文使用的是主动语态，因此，A选项

55、“由引起，起因于”符合前后逻辑。原文stemmed from“起源于”。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合原文逻辑。【句意】美国内战被认为源于对奴隶制的分歧。15. 单选题Poets die youngyounger than novelist, playwrights and other writers, a U.S. researcher says. It could be because poets are tortured and _21_ to self-destruction, or it could be that poets become famous young, so th

56、eir early deaths are _22_, said James Kaufman of the Learning Research Institute at California State University. For the report, _23_ in the Journal of Death Studies, Kaufman studies 1987 dead writers from _24_ centuries from the United States, China, Turkey and Eastern Europe. He _25_ the writers a

57、s fiction writers, poets, playwrights, and non-fiction writers. He did not study the causes of death. “Among American, Chinese and Turkish writers, poets died _26_ younger than nonfiction writers,” Kaufman wrote in the report. “Among the _27_ sample, poets die younger than both fiction writers and n

58、on-fiction writers.” Because Kaufman studied some writers who lived hundreds of years ago, it is _28_ to compare their average age of death _29_ that of the general population. “_30_, poets lived 62 years, playwrights 63 years, novelists 66 years and non-fiction writers lived 68 years,” Kaufman said

59、.Kaufman has also studied poets and mental illness. “What I found was pretty _31_ with the actual death findings. Female poets were much more _32_ to suffer from mental illness (e.g. _33_ suicide) than any other kind of writers and other _34_ women,” he said. “Ive dubbed this the Sylvia Plath Effect

60、.”There could also be a more benign _35_ for poets early death, Poets produce twice as much of their lifetime _36_ in their twenties as novelists do,” he said. So when a _37_ novelist dies young, few people may notice. “A great novelist or non-fiction writer who dies at 28 may not have yet produced

61、her of his masterpiece.” Kaufman said poets should not worry, but should perhaps _38_ health. “The fact that a Sylvia Plath may die young does not _39_ mean an Introduction to Poetry class should carry a warning that poems may be _40_ to ones health,” he said.问题1选项A.favorableB.likelyC.preferableD.pr

62、one问题2选项A.ignoredB.admittedC.noticedD.denied问题3选项A.dischargedB.publishedC.releasedD.delivered问题4选项A.subsequentB.variousC.latestD.previous问题5选项A.simplifyB.identifyC.classifyD.verify问题6选项A.significantlyB.similarlyC.slightlyD.simply问题7选项A.completeB.intactC.totalD.entire问题8选项A.impossibleB.likelyC.possibleD.unlikely问题9选项A.toB.onC.inD.by问题10选项A.With averageB.In averageC.On averageD.By average问题11选项A.consistentB.associatedC.constantD.related