2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷10

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1、2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 不定项选择题Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American Spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to h

2、and in the great game of espionage spying as a “profession”. These days the Net, which has already remade such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind

3、 of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open-source intelligence”, and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a

4、 contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a pri

5、vate intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.S.Straiford president George

6、Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, w

7、ell suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And well hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep

8、.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations

9、on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.1. The emergence of the Net has（ ）.2. Donovans story is mentioned in the text to（ ）.3. The phrase “making the biggest splash”（line 1, paragraph 3）most probably means（ ）.4. It can be learned from paragr

10、aph 4 that （ ）.5. Straitford is most proud of its （ ）.问题1选项A.received support from fans like DonovanB.remolded the intelligence servicesC.restored many common pastimesD.revived spying as a profession问题2选项A.introduce the topic of online spyingB.show how he fought for the USC.give an episode of the in

11、formation warD.honor his unique services to the CIA问题3选项A.causing the biggest troubleB.exerting the greatest effortC.achieving the greatest successD.enjoying the widest popularity问题4选项A.Straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved trueB.Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationC.S

12、traitfords business is characterized by unpredictabilityD.Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information问题5选项A.official statusB.nonconformist imageC.efficient staffD.military background【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】第1题:该题考查了考生对一段的文意的总体把握。解题的关键在于第一段的最后一句话：“These days the Net, which has

13、already remade such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.”其中考生要把握好“Donovans vocation”这个短语的含义，它指的就是“intelligence services”，也就是情报行业，而“reshape”意为改造，那么结合这两点就可以发现B选项就是这两点的转述说法，意为“改造了情报工作”。A选项错误在于Donovan并不是互联网的粉丝，因为从第一句虚拟语气可以看出在他的年代并没有互联网，因此A错误；C选项也不对，

14、第一段写的是“remade”和restored还是有区别的；选D选项的是考生没有区分“reshape”和“revive”的含义，revive意为使复活，从原文中我们并不能得到互联网什么时候消失过，所以也不存在复活，因此答案为B。第2题:该题需要考生有全局观念，它和文章大意相关，需要结合全文进行作答。作者举一个例子一定是为了体现他的主旨观点，因此，Donovan的故事也是一个引子，目的是引出作者真实想要表达的观点，这就是全文的重点和主旨，本文的主旨是在第一段的最后一句有体现，并且之后的几段也都是围绕着互联网影响了情报工作这一点来展开的，因此和这个主旨最匹配的是A选项。C选项并不对，因为全文的重点

15、并不是信息战争，只是提及了它而已。第3题:本题考查了考生对文中词组词义的猜测能力及对全文的掌握程度。这个词组的直译含义是“做出了最引人注目的效果”，如果不知道这个词组的含义也没有关系，我们可以从后文得知：Straitford是这个领域的新兴佼佼者，因此它肯定是在这个行业获得了成功的，而其他选项在全文中均无明显体现，找不到相关依据。第4题:本题考查了学生的推理及引申能力，考生需要对第四段有一个总体的把握和细节的追究。第四段主要讲了Friedman对于互联网的态度如何，以及他们公司是如何利用互联网来进行盈利的，文中举出了乌克兰（Ukraine）为例说明了他们公司利用网络对于形势的预测水平。A选项的

16、说法是主观推断，因为文中并没有提及关于乌克兰的预测是否正确，属于过度推断；B选项说法太过绝对，根据常识我们也知道互联网的信息不能保证百分百正确，并且在文中第四段的最后一句说了“这些开放资源的利用也是有风险的”，这一句也提示了我们信息并不一定是百分百正确的；C选项说他们公司的特点是不可预测性，这一点在全文中均未体现，并且该公司就是做风险预测的，更不存在公司的特点是不可预测性这一说；D选项的话，根据第四段的最后一句，“互联网收集情报有风险，而该公司会帮助客户辨别信息真伪”可以推断出，该公司的信息还是有一定的可靠性的，虽然不能保证百分百真实，但是还是经过筛选的信息，较为可靠。第5题:本题考查了考生对

17、最后一段的理解程度，解题的关键是本段的最后一句话：“Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.”这句话告诉了我们Straitford公司引以为傲的是它有着独立的立场，这就是它不同于其他公司的独特之处，而B选项“nonconformist image”的意思就是有自己独特的形象，不默守陈规，因此B选项是正确答案的转述，答案为B。2. 不定项选择题To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “All that is needed for the trium

18、ph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and

19、 thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are p

20、erplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if sh

21、e opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people

22、just dont understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a fathers bypass operation, a

23、 babys vaccinations, and even a pets shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and pre

24、sent their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the

25、ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing the

26、re is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.1. The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to （ ）.2. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is （ ）.3. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to s

27、how the publics （ ）.4. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should （ ）.5. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is（ ）.问题1选项A.call on scientists to take some actionsB.criticize the misguided cause of animal rightsC.warn of the doom of biomed

28、ical researchD.show the triumph of the animal rights movement问题2选项A.cruel but naturalB.inhuman and unacceptableC.inevitable but viciousD.pointless and wasteful问题3选项A.discontent with animal researchB.ignorance about medical scienceC.indifference to epidemicsD.anxiety about animal rights问题4选项A.communi

29、cate more with the publicB.employ hi-tech means in researchC.feel no shame for their causeD.strive to develop new cures问题5选项A.a well-known humanistB.a medical practitionerC.an enthusiast in animal rightsD.a supporter of animal research【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:本题考查了考生对作者意图的把握。定位到第一段，Edmun

30、d Burke这句话的意思是“好人的不作为就是一个错误的观点想要盛行所需要的所有条件”，可以看出这是在讽刺好人不去做出应有的行为，再紧接着后文也提到“现在有一个组织他们呼吁不要用动物来做实验，动物也有自己的权利，而科学家必须采取行动来回复这些人”，可以得出，作者的目的是呼吁科学家们行动起来，因此答案为A。第2题:本题是细节推断题。题干中说“tend to think”提示我们答案可能在文中没有直接体现，需要我们结合原文进行推理，推理出这些被误导的人们对于动物实验是何种态度，题干关键词就是“misled people”，可以帮我们定位到第一段，最后一句说“当人们听到医学实验残忍对待动物的指控时，

31、许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物”。第二段是一个具体的被误导的祖母般的女士的例子，但是文中只是说她反对用动物来做研究。第三段最后一句非常关键：“对于他们来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好是残忍”。从以上的分析可以看出，受到误导的人们认为用动物做研究是残酷的、不可思议的。四个选项中，B最符合原文。 A中虽然提到了“cruel”，但是“natural”不对，因为被误导的人们不可能认为那是普通的事情。C说的是“不可避免的，但是邪恶的”，也不正确，因为文章中没有提到不可避免这个说法。D项说的是“毫无意义，浪费的”，文中没有提到毫无意义这个意思。第3题:这也是一道作者意图题，例子说的是一位老太太

32、向大家发传单，呼吁大家不要用任何来自于动物或在动物身上试验过的东西。当她被问及是否反对使用疫苗时，老太太说，若疫苗也来源于动物，那么就不应使用疫苗，流行病自有科学家们用计算机来解决。可见老太太对科学的无知。而她的这种无知是很普遍的。作者在第二段最后一句话感叹“这些好心人压根儿就不明白”，所以答案为B。A说的是公众对动物试验的不满。但是，老太太的例子不仅是为了说明这一点，这个例子反映的不仅是他们的不满，更多的要透过现象看本质，全文来看，作者的目的是为了指出公众不满的根源对医学研究不了解，然后号召科学家们针对这个根源采取行动。因此老太太的例子是为了反映公众的无知。第4题:这里考查的是作者的态度题，

33、解答这类问题时，考生需要代入作者的思维，从全文把握作者的感情色彩，作者对这个事件的看法，然后根据题干关键词去定位具体细节处。本题关键词“challenge from animal rights advocates”以及“sientits should”，解题线索可在最后两段中找出。作者向科学家们提出的建议都是有助于他们与公众更好的交流。答案很明显是A。选项B、 C以及D貌似合理，其实文中都没有提到。第5题:这是一道细节推断题。题干问我们Stephen Cooper是一个什么身份的人，我们根据人名定位到最后一段，我们可以找到线索“Finally, because the ultimate sta

34、keholders are patients, courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.”，这句话告诉我们Cooper是个名人，同时也曾经生病过，他是高度赞扬过动物研究的，因此，我们可以得出他是动物研究的支持者。答案为D。3. 单选题Questions 14-16 are based on the following interview with Sherman Alexie, an American Indian poet. You now

35、have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.14. Why did Sherman Alexie only take day jobs?15. What was his original goal at collage?16. Why did he take the poetry writing class?问题1选项A.He could bring unfinishied work home.B.He might have time to persue his interests.C.He might do some evening teaching.D.

36、He could invest more emotion in his family.问题2选项A.To teach in high school.B.To write his own books.C.To be a medical doctor.D.To be a mathematician.问题3选项A.To follow his father.B.For an easy grade.C.To change his specialty.D.For knowledge of poetry.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B【解析】第1题:第2题:第3题:4. 不定项选择题“War is

37、hell,” said General Sherman, a commander in the American Civil War. This statement accurately describes the bloody campaign that he waged. Yet it was this war which marked the beginning of the modern laws of warfare. At the end of the Civil War in 1865 Henry Wirz, a former confederate officer, was t

38、ried and convicted for ill-treating and murdering prisoners.There had been rules before, but this war saw the introduction of a formal and comprehensive code to guide troops in the field. These ideas have been progressively refined, first in The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, and then in the Ge

39、neva Conventions of 1949 and 1977.Armies have often adopted procedures for the punishment of war criminals. Initially, they were designed to discipline soldiers and were mostly conducted by the authorities of the state to which the offenders belonged. However, towards the end of the Second World War

40、, it became clear that the outrages committed by the Nazi regime in Germany such as the Holocaust, in which an estimated six million Jews were killed and by the Japanese were so great that those responsible should, in a sense, be tried by all mankind. Thus, in October 1943, two years before the end

41、of the Second World War, representatives of the Allied nations, led by Britain and the United States, met in London and established a commission to investigate such outrages.Three categories of offence were established, which loosely, came to be defined as “war crimes”. They were: crimes against pea

42、ce, such as the plotting of war against non-aggressive countries; violations of the customs and laws of war, such as the murder of prisoners, hostages and civilians; and crimes against humanity, which include extermination, enslavement and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian populatio

43、n. With the Germans defeated, the Allied leaders decided to try Nazi leaders for a series of war crimes. The first session of the hearing took place in Berlin in October 1945. Charges were lodged against 24 former Nazi leaders. They were charged with crimes against peace, war crimes, genocide, and t

44、he wanton destruction of towns and cities.In November 1945 the hearings were moved to the German town of Nuremberg. Three of the defendants were acquitted; twelve were sentenced to death; three were sentenced to life imprisonment; and four were sentenced to imprisonment for between ten and twenty ye

45、ars. The decision of the tribunal was unanimous. A similar trial was also held of Japanese war leaders and 25 of them were convicted for crimes committed in Asia.1. General Sherman（ ）.2. In 1943, （ ）.3. War crimes doesnt include （ ）.4. Which of the following statement is true according to the passag

46、e?5. The best title for this passage is（ ）.问题1选项A.established the modern laws of warfareB.started the American Civil WarC.was sentenced for ill-treating prisonersD.became a war criminal问题2选项A.the Second World War endedB.the Nazi regime killed six million JewsC.the Allied nations decided to investiga

47、te the Nazi crimesD.formal laws were introduced to discipline the soldiers问题3选项A.neglecting cultural customs of the peopleB.destroying peace in a countryC.killing hostagesD.making the civilians slaves问题4选项A.Modern laws of warfare started with the American Civil War.B.Geneva Conventions were held to

48、punish the German war criminals.C.All Second World War criminals were punished by the mankind.D.The laws of warfare were to protect civilians.问题5选项A.The Punishment of War CriminalsB.War Crimes TrialsC.War is BloodyD.The Power of Justice【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A第5题:A【解析】第1题:细节推断题。谢尔曼将军并没有建立起法律，而是美国内战，

49、A错误；B项并未有提及；C项错误，这说的是另一个战犯Henry Wirz，而不是谢尔曼；而D选项可以通过全文推理得出，因此选D。第2题:细节题。根据题干定位到第三段，“representatives of the Allied nations, led by Britain and the United States, met in London and established a commission to investigate such outrages.（以英国和美国为首的同盟国代表在伦敦开会，成立了一个委员会来调查这些暴行。）”可以得到答案为C，他们决定来调查纳粹的暴行。第3题:根据

50、题干定位到第四段，第四段一共介绍了三种“战争犯”：1.危害和平罪行；2.违反战争习惯和法律；3.危害人类的罪行，其中只有A项没有对应的解释，因此A错误。第4题:细节题。A项在第一段中就有提及，“this war which marked the beginning of the modern laws of warfare”，有论据支持，A保留；B项错误，是无关项，全文未提及；C项错误，根据倒数第一段“Three of the defendants were acquitted”有三位是被判无罪的；D项文中并未给出明确的解释。答案为A。第5题:文章标题题。本文的主旨是在围绕战争的种种进行阐述，

51、之后讲到了处理战争犯，以及战争相关的法例的制定，因此惩罚战犯也是本文的主题，答案为A。5. 不定项选择题Many of us are fearful of making changes in our work livesfear is a natural human condition. We feel less threatened when we stick with the familiar. As long as we are receiving a paycheck, we tolerate the dissatisfaction. Better to just play it sa

52、fe.But the safety net we preserve requires a big trade-off. It often denies us the opportunity to experience work that makes us happy, that is consistent with our desires while still meeting our monetary needs. Yet many of us strap ourselves into jobs in which the only reward is money.We breed cynic

53、ism when we treat our work as nothing more than a financial equation, a necessity we tolerate in order to acquire funds to live, with the hope of somehow achieving success and happiness along the way. Thats really most of us want to be happy. We spend 80,000 hours of our lives at work. Yet, we view

54、happiness as something to be achieved “outside” of work. We hire ourselves out on Monday through Friday and “live” for the weekends.Most of us didnt choose our careers to fulfill a purpose or mission. On the contrary, we just looked for “a good job with a good company,” reflecting such criteria as p

55、ay, title and security. We reasoned that if we could “get a foot in the door” and work hard, our careers would grow over time, actually, that our careers and work lives would just happen “by accident.” Because of this, many of us have careers today that are just “accidents waiting to happen.” Everyd

56、ay business decisions, a reorganization plan, an acquisition by another comply, a relocation out of the country of the company, can throw our work lives into danger. But despite this uncertainty, some of us still cling to our jobs, dissatisfying as they may be. Cant take that risk!“Hanging on” invol

57、ves risk too. For when we sacrifice pleasure for pay, our work lacks dignity, uses our energy and, ultimately, breaks our spirit. An unhappy, unfulfilled work life contributes to an unhappy, unfulfilled personal life. Happiness in work, as happiness in love, demands a measure of risk.Author Marsha S

58、imetar suggests that if you “do what you love, the money will follow.” Certainly this may seem a bit risky, perhaps idealistic, but it is undoubtedly true that people who love what they do find ways to make the most money.1. From the first paragraph we learn that （ ）2. By saying that “the safety net

59、 we preserve requires a big trade-off” (paragraph 2, line 1) the（ ）3. We learn from the text that（ ）4. According to the text, when the changes throw our work lives into danger, we will usually（ ）5. The purpose of the author in writing the text is to （ ）问题1选项A.fear is one of the fundamental defects i

60、n human character.B.people tend to keep stable work to avoid the fear of changes.C.the paycheck makes people feel safe about their work.D.people feel less fearful under a natural human condition.问题2选项A.people need to do business when managing work and life.B.men can feel safe when receiving money, t

61、he major reward of job.C.safety means sacrificing the balance between monetary needs and happiness of work.D.safety can be achieved by meeting both our desire and monetary needs.问题3选项A.people struggle between the ideal of work and monetary needs.B.people do not have a sense of mission nowadays but f

62、ancy about money.C.happiness and money can be both achieved during work in most cases.D.the development of our career is doomed to happen.问题4选项A.express great dissatisfaction at the job.B.take another work opportunity.C.feel uncertain about the risk.D.remain at the previous work position.问题5选项A.pers

63、uade people to choose careers to fulfill a purpose.B.criticize the phenomenon of working for money.C.elaborate peoples attitudes towards work.D.illustrate how to achieve safety of work life.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】第1题:段落大意题。“Many of us are fearful of making changes in our work livesfear is a natural human condition. We feel less threatened when we stick with the familiar.”从这句话我们可以得出正确答案为B，说的是人们为了逃避那些改变，会倾向于坚持与我们熟悉的事物相处，因此B正确当选。第2题:句意理解题。我们可以定位到原文的第二段第二句，“It often denie