2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷54

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1、2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The manager needs an assistant that he can （ ）to take care of problems in his absence.问题1选项A.count onB.count inC.count upD.count out【答案】A【解析】句意: 经理需要一个靠得住的助手，以便当他不在吋，可以帮助处理问题。短语辨析。count on依靠,依赖; count in把.算在内; count up加起来; count out 点数。故选A。2. 单选题When we worr

2、y about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. Its Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Marylands laws against secret telephone taping. Its our banks, not the Internal Revenue Ser

3、vice (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.As an example of whats going on, consi

4、der U.S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, accoun

5、t balances and credit limits.With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had, 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged

6、automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. U.S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues.Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They didnt know that the bank was giving account numbers to Member Works. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.The

7、state sued Member Works separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, U.S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to no financial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the s

8、ame. Many other banks will still do business with Member Works and similar firms.And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plants.You have almost no protection f

9、rom businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transaction and experience” information-mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. Theyve generally agreed not to sell to the public.

10、But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesnt work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?Take U.S. Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that “all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.” Then it sold

11、 your data to Member Works. The bank even claims that it doesnt “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know.1.Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on peoples privacy（ ）.2.We know from the passage that（ ）.3.When the “free trial” deadline is over

12、, youll be charged without notice for a product orservice if（ ）.4.Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts as private because（ ）.5.We can infer from the passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.is practiced exclusively by the FBIB.is more prevalent in business circlesC.has been intensifi

13、ed with the help of the IRSD.is mainly carried out by means of secret taping问题2选项A.the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protect private informationB.most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices of private businessesC.legislators are acting to pass a law to provi

14、de better privacy protectionD.lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquire into customers buying habits问题3选项A.you happen to reveal your credit card numberB.you fail to cancel it within the specified periodC.you fail to apply for extension of the deadlineD.you find the product

15、or service unsatisfactory问题4选项A.it is considered “transaction and experience” information unprotected by lawB.it has always been considered an open secret by the general publicC.its sale can be brought under control through self-regulationD.its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the curre

16、nt protection policy问题5选项A.banks will have to change their ways of doing businessB.“free trial” practice will eventually be bannedC.privacy protection laws will soon be enforcedD.consumers privacy will continue to be invaded【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。第一段指出:当我们担心谁可能在监视我们的私生活时，我们通常会想到联邦特

17、工。但私营部门每次都比政府过分。琳达特里普(而不是联邦调查局)正被马里兰州法律指控窥探私人电话录音。是银行(而不是国税局（IRS）)，把我们的私人财务数据传递给电话营销公司。由此推断,窥探私人隐私的往往不是我们以为的政府,而主要是商业领域。故选B“在商界更盛行”。2.判断推理题。各选项为:A：明尼苏达州正在考虑制定有关私人信息的法律。文章并未提及。B: 大多数州都对私营企业的欺骗行为视而不见。此说法过于绝对。C:立法者正采取行动通过一项法律以提供更好的隐私保护。第二段指出: 消费者维权组正在向国会施压，要求制定更好的隐私法，但迄今为止还没有取得任何成果。因此C错误。故选D项“立法者倾向于放手让

18、企业调查顾客的购买习惯”。3.细节事实题。第四段指出: Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had, 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts(接受“免费试用”的客户有30天的时间可以取消。如果截止日期过了，他们会通过银行或信用卡账户自动收取费用)。因此选B“未在指定期限内取消服务”。4.细节事实题。倒数第二段指出：no federal law shi

19、eld transaction and experience information, mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts (没有一部联邦法律保护“交易往来”信息，即银行和信用卡帐户的信息),故选A项“它被认为是不受法律保护的“交易和历史”信息。5.判断推理题。四个选项为:A:银行将不得不改变经营方式。文章指出交易信息并不受法律保护,因此银行未必会改变。B:“免费试用”终将会被禁止。文章并未提及。C:隐私保护法很快会执行。第二段说: 消费者维权组正在向国会施压，要求制定更好的隐私法，但迄今为止还没有取得任何成果。C项

20、错误。故选D“消费者隐私将继续受到侵犯”。3. 单选题At some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you dont act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your b

21、ehavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for exam

22、ple were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, a

23、re more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is topic that Americans talk about constantly. Its not taboo to talk about fat; its taboo to be fat. The “in” look is thin, not fat. In the work world most

24、 companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-

25、conscious society like the U.S., thin is in, fat is out.Its not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and in shape. The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for Americas fascination with diet and exercise. Recent res

26、earch has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal-health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modem machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to d

27、o by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, peoples bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising.1.From the passage we can inf

28、er taboo is （ ）.2.Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude “being fat” in American society（ ）.3.The topic of fat is many other taboo subjects（ ）.4.In the U.S., thin is “in” fat is “out”，this means（ ）.5.Apart from this new understanding of the correlation between health and exercis

29、e, the main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is （ ）.问题1选项A.a strong desire to do something strange or terribleB.a crime committed on impulseC.behavior considered unacceptable in societys eyesD.an unfavorable impression left on other people问题2选项A.will always

30、 remain a tabooB.is not considered a taboo by most peopleC.has long been a tabooD.may no longer be a taboo someday问题3选项A.the same asB.different fromC.more popular thanD.less often talked about than问题4选项A.this is “inside”，fat is “outside”B.thin is “diligent”，fat is “lazy”C.thin is “youthfill”，fat is

31、“spiritless”D.thin is “fashionable”，fat is “unfashionable”问题5选项A.their changed life-styleB.their eagerness to stay thin and youthfulC.their appreciation of the importance of exerciseD.the encouragement they have received from their companies【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。关于taboo的解释在第一段: Yo

32、u know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior (你知道，这样的行为从某种意义上说是不对的，并且其他人不会接受)。故选C (社会认为不可接受的行为)。2.判断推理题。第二段指出: Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same so

33、ciety, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time。因此文章认为一些过去不被人们认同的现象以及一些禁忌，通常在经过一段时间后会慢慢地被 人们接受。故选D。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词many other taboo subjects定位至第三段: Unlike many other taboos, fat is topic that Americans talk about con

34、stantly (和其他的禁忌不同，肥胖的话题是美国人一直在讨论着的)。故选B。4.判断推理题。根据题干关键词thin is “in” fat is “out”定位至第三段最后一句, 这段表明了美国社会对瘦的追求,对肥胖的贬斥。由此推测答案选D。5.细节事实题。由文章最后一段可知, 美国人锻炼身体一方面是为了保持苗条的身材和年轻的外形，另一方面还在于锻炼身体和保持身体健康之间的关系。故选B.4. 单选题Hardly a day goes by （ ）I write to my family.问题1选项A.whenB.sinceC.butD.before【答案】C【解析】句意: 我几乎每天都跟家

35、人写信。语法题。But在这里为关系词, 相当于that+not。5. 单选题Reporters and photographers alike took great （ ）at the rude way the actor behaved during the interview.问题1选项A.annoyanceB.offenceC.resentmentD.irritation【答案】B【解析】句意: 记者和摄像师们都因为这个演员在采访中的无礼行为而感到被冒犯。名词辨析。恼怒, 生气; offence冒犯; 常用于短语take offence at sth.表示“因为某事而感到被伤害、被冒犯”

36、； resentment怨恨; irritation愤怒。因此根据句意及搭配推断B项正确。6. 翻译题Please translate the following ten English sentences into Chinese.With a history of more than 5,000 years, China is one of the oldest ancient civilizations of the world.China was divided for short periods of its history, with different regions being

37、 ruled by different groups.From Xia Dynasty in the 21st century BC to Qing Dynasty, China experienced dozens of dynasties in history.Each dynasty achieved unique accomplishments in the fields of polities, economy, culture, science and technology, etc.Han Dynasty was the most advanced empire at that

38、time, which contributes to the formation of the name “the Han Nationality”.Tang Dynasty impressed Chinese for its long time unification and powerful national strength, because of which overseas Chinese call themselves “Tang people” abroad.Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty were periods when economy, cult

39、ure, education and science were highly prosperous.But the change from one dynasty to another usually led to long-lasting wars, which brought unspeakable suffering for the masses.On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the Peoples Republic of China.Maoist thought was widely applied as the guiding po

40、litical and military ideology of the Communist Party of China.【答案】中国有5000多年的历史，是世界最古老的文明之一。历史上，中国在短期内被划分为多个部分，并且不同的区域由不同的群体管辖。从公元前21世纪的夏朝开始至清朝结束，中国历史上经历过几十个朝代的变更。每个朝代在政治、经济、文化和科学技术等领域都有独特的成就。汉朝是当时世界上最先进的帝国,“汉族”这一名称就得名于汉朝。唐朝因统一时间长、国力强盛而被国人铭记，因此在海外的中国人自称为“唐人”。宋朝和明朝是经济、文化、教育与科学高度繁荣的时代。但朝代的更替一般会导致连年战争，给

41、人民大众带来了难以言表的痛苦。1949年10月1曰，毛泽东宣布中华人民共和国 的成立。毛泽东思想作为中国共产党的政治和军事指导思想被广泛应用。7. 单选题He stood there, （ ）a pen.问题1选项A.asking forB.ask forC.asked forD.to ask for【答案】A【解析】句意:他站在那, 想要一只笔。语法题。考查动词的-ing形式作状语。此处已有谓语动词stood，所以后面是ask的Ing 形式作伴随状语。故选A。8. 单选题The advertisement says this material doesnt （ ）in the wash, b

42、ut it has.问题1选项A.contractB.shrinkC.slimD.dissolve【答案】B【解析】句意: 广告说这种材料不会缩水，但实际上不然。动词辨析。Contract指（金属等）收缩，缩小; shrink指（布料等浸湿后）起皱，（个头、尺寸等）收缩; slim变苗条，减轻体重; dissolve溶解，融化。故B符合句意。9. 单选题The research requires more money than （ ）.问题1选项A.have been put inB.has been put inC.being put inD.to be put in【答案】B【解析】句意:

43、该研究需要的经费比己经投入的经费要多。语法题。考查现在完成时态。由句中关键词“requires”为一般现在时态知“钱的被投入属于己经发生的动作”，再由“money钱”表示单数知B项“has been put in（这里has前面省略了关系代词that）”正确。10. 单选题Blood vessels running all through the lungs carry blood to each air sac, or alveolus, and then back again to the heart. Only the thin wall of the air sac and the t

44、hin wall of a capillary are between the air and the blood. So oxygen easily diffuses from the air sacs through the walls into the blood, while carbon dioxide easily diffuses from the blood through the walls into the air sacs.When blood is sent to the lungs by the heart, it has come back from the cel

45、ls in the rest of the body. So the blood that goes into the wall of an air sac contains much dissolved carbon dioxide but very little oxygen. At the same time, the air that goes into the air sac contains much oxygen but very little carbon dioxide. You have learned that dissolved materials always dif

46、fuse from where there is more of them to where there is less. Oxygen from the air dissolves in the moisture on the lining of the air sac and diffuses through the lining into the blood. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air sac. The blood then flows from the lungs back to the

47、 heart, which sends it out to all other parts of the body.Soon after air goes into an air sac, it gives up some of its oxygen and takes in some carbon dioxide from the blood. To keep diffusion going as it should, this carbon dioxide must be gotten rid of. Breathing, which is caused by movements of t

48、he chest, forces the used air out of the air sacs in your lungs and brings in fresh air. The breathing muscles are controlled automatically so that you breathe at the proper rate to keep your air sacs supplied with fresh air. Ordinarily, you breathe about twenty-two times a minute. Of course, you br

49、eathe faster when you are exercising and slower when you are resting. Fresh air is brought into your lungs when you breathe in, or inhale, while used air is forced out of your lungs when you breathe out, or exhale.Some people think that all the oxygen is taken out of the air in the lungs and that wh

50、at we breathe out is pure carbon dioxide. But these ideas are not correct. Air is a mixture of gases that is mostly nitrogen. This gas is not used in the body. So the amount of nitrogen does not change as air is breathed in and out. But while air is in the lungs, it is changed in three ways: (1) abo

51、ut one-fifth of the oxygen in the air goes into the blood; (2) an almost equal amount of carbon dioxide comes out of the blood into the air and (3) moisture from the linings of the air passages and air sacs evaporates until the air is almost saturated.1.It can be inferred from the passage that oxyge

52、n and carbon dioxide（ ）.2.When blood travels back to the lungs by the heart,（ ）.3.The movement of breathing can effectively（ ）.4.When we breathe out, the amount of nitrogen（ ）.5.The air in the lungs changes through（ ）.问题1选项A.produce energy for breathingB.diffuse immediately in the bloodC.penetrate s

53、lowly into the air sacsD.travel in opposite ways in the lungs问题2选项A.more oxygen was contained in bloodB.more carbon dioxide was contained in the bloodC.less carbon dioxide was contained in an air sacD.less oxygen was contained in an air sac问题3选项A.help the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the

54、 lungsB.prevent the inhaling of excessive carbon dioxideC.keep the regular circulation of bloodD.strengthen the function of breathing muscles问题4选项A.increases a bit because of the exchange of airB.reduces a bit because of the exchange of airC.remains the same as we breathe it inD.keeps the same as th

55、at needed in lungs问题5选项A.inhaling some amount of oxygenB.the evaporation of moistureC.exhaling some amount of carbon dioxideD.generating a passage for evaporation【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。第一段指出: So oxygen easily diffuses from the air sacs through the walls into the blood, while carbon

56、 dioxide easily diffuses from the blood through the walls into the air sacs (所以氧气很容易穿过薄壁，从肺泡扩散到血液，而二氧化碳则很容易穿过薄壁，从血液扩散到肺泡), 故选D。2.细节事实题。题干为: 当血液由心脏返回到肺部时。第二段指出: So the blood that goes into the wall of an air sac contains much dissolved carbon dioxide but very little oxygen(所以进入肺泡的血液含有很多溶解的二氧化碳和很少的氧气)

57、, 故选B(血液里含有更多二氧化碳)。3.判断推理题。第三段指出: Breathing, which is caused by movements of the chest, forces the used air out of the air sacs in your lungs and brings in fresh air(由胸腔运动导致的呼吸将使用过的空气排出肺泡，然后吸入新鲜空气)。故选A(帮助氧气和二氧化碳在肺部交换)。4.判断推理题。第四段指出: So the amount of nitrogen does not change as air is breathed in and

58、 out(当呼气和吸气时，氮气保持不变)。故选C(吸气时保持不变)。5.判断推理题。文章最后一句指出: moisture from the linings of the air passages and air sacs evaporates until the air is almost saturated(气道和气泡内壁水分会蒸发，直到空气饱和状态)。故选B(水分蒸发)。11. 单选题Most charismatic （有魅力的）leaders make extensive use of anecdotes （趣闻轶事）. Message-sending anecdotes relate

59、to such subjects as a company president going out of his way to help an individual customer, or a lower-ranking employee who defied higher authority in order to meet her job responsibilities. In the latter instance, a receptionist at IBM denied admission to the company chairman, Tom Watson, because

60、he was not wearing a security badge. Instead of firing the young woman, Watson praised her devotion to duty.Several years ago, the Ford Motor Company announced far-reaching changes that would affect how cars were manufactured and how employees would work together. A senior Ford executive was chosen

61、to deliver the closing remarks to a group of 300 Ford managers gathered to learn about the changes.Toward the close of the speech, the executive told a story about Willie B., a gorilla who lived for twenty-seven years in isolation in a dreary Atlanta zoo. He said that he had raised money for a state

62、-of-the-art gorilla habitat. Willie B., for the first time in his life, would now live in a gorilla-friendly, close-to-nature environment. Yet somehow, Willie B. was slow to adapt to his new environment.It took the gorilla several days to fully explore his new habitat. A photographer caught the mome

63、nt when Willie B. tested the grass with a toe. The Ford executive hangs a framed photograph of this incident in his office. “Its there,” he said, “to remind me that no matter how attractive the new surroundings might appear, it takes time and courage to leave the comfortable security of a placeeven an ugly cramped （狭窄的）space-that you know well.”At the moment the meeting ended, meeting participants came over to the speak