2022年考博英语-中南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第192期

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1、2022年考博英语-中南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Despite a tendency to be overtly （ ）, the poetry of the Middle Ages often sparks the imagination and provides lively entertainment, as well as pious sentiments.问题1选项A.divertingB.whimsicalC.didacticD.deceitful【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。diverting有趣的，令人快乐的；whimsical古怪的，异想天开的；

2、didactic 说教的，教诲的；deceitful欺诈的。 句意：尽管趋势是明显的说教，但是中世纪的诗歌经常激发人们想象力，提供生动的乐趣以及虔诚的感情。由despite及下文可知空格处所填的单词与后文意思相反。2. 单选题The origin of the theory that major geologic events may occur at regular intervals can be traced back not to a study of volcanism or plate tectonics but to an investigation of marine exti

3、nctions. In the early 1980s,scientists began to look closely at the question of how these extinctions occur. Two paleontologists, Raup and Sepkoski, compiled a master list of marine species that died out during the past 268 million years and noted that there were brief periods during which many spec

4、ies disappeared at once. There mass extinctions occurred at surprisingly regular intervals.Later studies revealed that extinctions of terrestrial reptiles and mammals also occurred periodically. These findings, combined with the research of Raup and Sepkoski, led scientists to hypothesize the existe

5、nce of some kind of cyclically recurring force powerful enough to affect living things profoundly. Speculation that so powerful a force might affect geologic events as well led geologists to search for evidence of periodicity in episodes of volcanism,seafloor spreading, and plate movement.1.The auth

6、or of the passage would most likely describe the findings of Raup and Sepkoski as （ ）.2.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.3.According to the passage, Raup and Sepkoskis research was concerned with（ ）.问题1选项A.Plausible, because the findings supported the theories of previous res

7、earchers.B.Significant, because the findings were an impetus for subsequent research.C.Controversial, because the findings contradicted the theories of previous researchers.D.Questionable, because the authors were not working in their field of expertise问题2选项A.Determining the dates of various geologi

8、c eventsB.Defending the conclusions reached by Raup and SepkoskiC.Establishing a link between the disciplines of paleontology and geologyD.Explaining how a theory concerning geologic events was formulated.问题3选项A.Learning more about the habitats of marine species.B.Studying plate tectonics and the oc

9、currence of volcanism over the past 268 million yearsC.Examining extinctions of marine species over the past 268 million yearsD.Confirming previous evidence suggesting that extinction of terrestrial species occurred regularly【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由“Two paleontologists, Raup and Sepkoski, co

10、mpiled a master list of marine species that died out during the past 268 million years and noted that there were brief periods during which many species disappeared at once.两位古生物学家，Raup和Sepkoski，编制了一份在过去2.68亿年间灭绝的海洋物种的总清单，并指出，有一段短暂的时期，许多物种同时消失。”这种发现为后面研究带来了巨大的影响。B项“意义重大，因为这些发现是后续研究的推动力。”相符。2.推理判断题。由

11、第一段第一句话“The origin of the theory that major geologic events may occur at regular intervals can be traced back not to a study of volcanism or plate tectonics. 认为重大地质事件可能定期发生这一理论的起源可以追溯到火山活动或板块构造研究。” 可以看出全文主要是讲述板块理论如何形成的。3.细节事实题。第一段“Raup and Sepkoski, compiled a master list of marine species that died

12、 out during the past 268 million years and noted that there were brief periods during which many species disappeared at once. 普和塞普科斯基编撰了一份过去2.68亿年间灭绝的海洋物种的总名单，并指出，有一段短暂的时期，许多物种同时消失。”可知他们主要是证明之前的生物灭绝是突然发生的还是具有周期性的结果。C项符合题意。3. 单选题Soil naturally contains harmless amounts of lead, along with other metal

13、s. Because of pollution, however, the amounts are higher the closer you get to cities and towns. But experts say this should not stop gardeners from growing food if they take safety measures.David Johnson is a chemistry professor in the State University of New Yorks College of Environmental Science

14、and Forestry. He explains that lead can enter the ground from leaded paint and leaded fuel and from industry.And once lead gets into the soil, it stays a long time. It remains an environmental threat especially to children. Lead can harm mental and physical development even in babies before they are

15、 born.If a test finds that soil has too much lead, you might be advised to remove the soil or cover it with sod grass. Different countries have different levels that they consider acceptable.Carl Rosen of the University of Minnesota Extension notes that concerns about lead have increased now that mo

16、re people are planting gardens. But Professor Rosen says plants generally do not absorb much lead. He says there is likely more risk from lead dust on plants or from playing in the soil than from the plant itself.Still, some plants do absorb more than others. Experts say good choices for the garden

17、include tomatoes, peppers, beans and okra. Among the plants that can absorb more contaminants, they say, are root crops, leafy vegetables and herbs. If you grow carrots, for example, you might want to peel them. Dirt may be harder to remove from some crops than from others. But all produce should be

18、 washed.Gardens should be planted away from roads and structures, especially old building. Home gardeners should plant away from the foundation of their house. And lead amounts can be especially high near industrial areas and waste dumps.Soil should also be tested for its PH level, a measure of the

19、acid and alkaline balance. Experts say the ability to take up lead is reduced when the PH level is above six and a half. Adding organic material such as compost to soil can also make lead less available to plants.Some people attempt a process called phytoremediation. They try to remove lead from soi

20、l by growing certain plants that collect it. But Professor Rosen says the process is complex and may not work.1.All of the following is true about lead in soil EXCEPT （ ）.2.According to the passage, there is an increased concern about the lead because（ ）.3.Which of the following plants may contain t

21、he lowest amount of lead?4.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is to inform on （ ）.问题1选项A.the amount of lead in soil is higher in cities than in the countryB.soil naturally contains leadC.food should not be planted in soil which contains a high amount of leadD.the process of phytoremed

22、iation may not be able to remove lead from soil问题2选项A.the number of people who plant gardens is increasingB.knowledge about the harm of lead is increasingC.the amount of lead in soil is increasingD.the amount of lead absorbed by plants is increasing before问题3选项A.EggplantsB.CabbageC.PotatoesD.Carrot问

23、题4选项A.how lead gets into soilB.how to deal with too much lead in soil in the gardenC.how to make your garden free of leadD.how to test the amount of lead in the garden【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。关于lead铅的描述在文章出现多次。A选项“城市土壤中的铅含量比农村高”对应文章第一段第二句“Because of pollution, however, the amounts are hig

24、her the closer you get to cities and towns. 然而，由于污染，你离城镇越近，污染的数量就越高”；B选项“土壤天然含铅”对应第一段第一句“Soil naturally contains harmless amounts of lead土壤中天然含有无害量的铅”；D选项“植物修复的过程可能无法从土壤中去除铅”对应文章最后一段最后一句“But Professor Rosen says the process is complex and may not work但罗森教授表示，这个过程（植物修复）很复杂，可能行不通”。C选项“不应在含铅量高的土壤中种植食物”

25、与原文不符合，第一段最后说到“But experts say this should not stop gardeners from growing food if they take safety measures但专家表示，如果采取安全措施，这（土壤中含有金属）并不会妨碍园丁种植食物” 。2.事实细节题。题干关键在于“an increased concern about lead对铅的担忧日益增加”，原因在第五段中“concerns about lead have increased now that more people are planting gardens随着越来越多的人开始种植

26、花园，人们对铅的担忧也与日俱增”。A选项“种植花园的人数在增加”符合题意。3.判断推理题。铅含量最低的植物就是文中说到的最不吸收铅的植物，第六段说到“good choices for the garden include tomatoes, peppers, beans and okra. Among the plants that can absorb more contaminants, they say, are root crops, leafy vegetables and herbs菜园里的好选择包括西红柿、辣椒、豆子和秋葵。他们说，能吸收更多污染物的植物包括块根类作物、多叶蔬菜和

27、草本植物”，对比选项可知A选项“茄子”不属于块根类作物，也不是蔬菜和草本植物，因此A选项正确。4.主旨大意题。文章第一段最后一句说到“this should not stop gardeners from growing food if they take safety measures如果采取一些安全措施，这种情况（土壤含金属）不应该阻止种植者去种食物”，下面几段都在重点讲应对土壤中出现更高含量有害金属的方法，因此本文主旨与B选项“如何应对菜园土壤中铅含量过高的问题”相关。4. 单选题The First World War began in a context of jargon and v

28、erbal delicacy and continued in a cloud of euphemism as （ ）as language and literature, skillfully used, could make it.问题1选项A.enthrallingB.impenetrableC.lucidD.deliberate【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。 enthralling 迷人的；impenetrable 不能通过的；费解的；lucid 明晰的；透明的；易懂的； deliberate 故意的；深思熟虑的；从容的。句意：第一次世界大战开始于行话和精致言语的环境中，然后像

29、语言和文学在巧妙地使用的情况下可以做到的那样继续于费解的委婉语的阴云中。从continued in a cloud of euphemism（委婉语的阴云中）可知B项“费解的”符合题意。5. 单选题The human intelligence that created industrial civilization now has the assignment of making that civilization （ ）mans basic prerequisites.问题1选项A.compatible withB.warrantable forC.assignable toD.reduci

30、ble to【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。compatible with “与 兼容的；与 和谐相处的”；warrantable for “对 是可担保的”；assignable to “分配到”；reducible to “简化为；归于” 。句意：如今，创造工业文明的人类智慧的任务是让文明与人类的基本先决条件和谐相处。由“industrial civilization” 与“mans basic prerequisites”可知A项符合语境，故A项正确。6. 单选题Our biological uniqueness requires that the effects of a substa

31、nce must be verified by （ ）experiments, even after thousands of tests of the effects of that substance on animals.问题1选项A.evolutionaryB.humanC.randomD.replicated【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。evolutionary进化的，发展的；human人类的；random任意的，胡乱的；replicated重复的。句意：我们生物的唯一性要求一种物质的效用必须被人类实验所证明，甚至是在经过对该物质在动物身上千万次的试验以后。根据句意可知B项符合题

32、意。7. 单选题It eliminates the complicated （ ）,do not have to spend time around friends, you just need to sit at home and can easily be completed.问题1选项A.engagementB.dateC.itineraryD.appointment【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。engagement约会； date日期itinerary路线， 旅程；appointment任命。 句意：它除去了繁琐的行程安排，不必花时间和朋友在一起，你只需要坐在家里就可以轻松完成。根据

33、空格后的内容可知，空格处应填C。8. 翻译题Read the following short paragraph carefully and then translate it into English .感激是对于每一件善举，无论其大小，表示优雅地接受并欣赏的艺术。我们中的大多数人受到款待，接收礼物和获得明显的好处的时候都不会忘记表达自己的愉悦之 情。但即使在此情景下我们都需注意并能够以完善的方式表达之，使其尽可能地显得个性化和体现自己的诚意。感激的艺术首先应该体现在对待小事情上充分体现出来：公共 汽车售票员、医院的护士、饭店的女招待还有校园的保洁员所有这些人都在以不同的方式为我们服务。通过

34、表示感谢我们可以使日常平淡的关系显得更有人情味，让一些单调的任务变得令人愉快。我们所给予的感激永远不会过多，因为我们身边的人都会以 我们的微笑构成他们的人生追求和工作的动力。【答案】Gratitude is the art of graciously accepting and appreciating every act of kindness, no matter how small. Most of us do not fail to show our pleasure when we receive hospitality, gifts and obvious benefits, bu

35、t even in this case, we have to mind and be competent to perfect our manner of showing gratitude by making it as personal and sincere as possible. It is, above all, in the little things that the grace of gratitude should be most employed. The bus conductor, the nurse in the hospital, the waitress at

36、 a restaurant, the cleaner in the campusall oblige us in one way or another. By showing our gratitude we make routine relationships human and render monotonous tasks more agreeable. Gratitude is something of which none of us can give too much. For people around us build up their pursuit of life and

37、motivation of work on the smiles we give.9. 单选题A man who cannot win honor in his own age will have a very small chance of winning it from（ ）.问题1选项A.posterityB.immigrantsC.criticsD.improvisation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项posterity“子孙；后裔”；B选项immigrant“移民”；C选项critics“评论家；批评者”；D选项improvisation“即兴创作；即席演奏”。句意：一个在

38、他这个年龄不能赢得荣誉的人，从 获得荣誉的机会很小。前半句提到“他这个年龄”，因此空格处出词语应与“时间、年龄相关”。综合句意可知，A选项符合句意。10. 单选题Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaptation to be a product of selection at the level of populations; recent studies of evolution, however, have found no （ ）this pervasive view of sele

39、ction.问题1选项A.bias towardB.criticism ofC.basis forD.precursors of【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。bias toward “对 的偏见”；criticism of “对 的批评”；basis for “ 的基础”；precursors of “ 的先驱者”。句意：在大约1960年以前，几乎所有对进化的解释都假定大多数的适应是在群体数量水平基础上选择的产物，但是，近来对于进化的研究没发现这种普遍深入的选择观点的基础。由to be a product of selection at the level of populations; 及

40、however表转折关系可知空格处与前述内容意思相反。故C项符合题意。11. 单选题The maglev will actually race along a guideway at almost 500 kilometers per hour, （ ）on the magnetic field.问题1选项A.acceleratingB.duplicatingC.floatingD.roaring【答案】C【解析】考查现在分词。accelerating 加速的，催化的；duplicating 复制，拷贝；floating 漂浮，浮动；roaring 吼，叫喊 。句意：磁悬浮列车将在磁场中以每小

41、时500公里的速度沿着导轨运行。由磁悬浮列车的特点可知“它是漂浮在磁场中”，故C项符合句意。12. 单选题A major goal of law, to deter potential criminals by punishing wrongdoers, is not served when the penalty is so seldom invoked that it ceases to be a （ ）threat.问题1选项A.seriousB.coerciveC.credibleD.deceptive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。serious “严肃的；认真的”；coerc

42、ive “强制的”；credible “可靠的；可信的”；deceptive “欺诈的；虚伪的”。句意：通过惩罚违法犯罪者来阻止潜在的罪犯是法律的一个主要目的，当法律惩罚很少被实行以至于它不再是一种可信的震慑时，该主要目的就没有达到。由“A major goal is not served目标没达到”可知C项符合语境。13. 写作题Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic “Learning and Studying as I See It” according to the idea given below and outlined in

43、Chinese.求知和探究被古人认为是人生中步履荆棘的历程。王国维先生就有着做学问的三大 境界，其一曰“昨夜西风凋碧树，独上高楼，望尽天涯路”；其二曰“衣带渐宽终不悔， 为伊消得人憔悴”；最后才会“众里寻他千百度，蓦然回首，那人却在灯火阑珊处”。请 结合自己求学的经历或体会，分析你对这个命题的理解和看法。【答案】略14. 单选题Whenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it is tempting to look for more than a coincidental rela

44、tionship between them. The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics, and the cultures which are found there are also unusual, though not unique. However, there is no intention of adopting Montesquieus view of climate and soil as cultural determinan

45、ts. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture are important to its development they do not determine it.The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accompanying further raising

46、 of the previously established ranges had a marked effect on the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon from reaching Central Asia at all. Secondarily, air and moisture from other directions were also reduced.Prior to the raising of the Himalayas, the land now for

47、ming the Tibetan uplands had a dry continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel, but somewhat different than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier. With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively su

48、dden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant populations. The ensuing incomplete Pleistocene glaciation had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus, after the end of the glaciation there were only a few varieties

49、of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from the Tarimbasin and Turfan depression, species which had already adapted to the dry steppe climate, and would otherwise have been expected to flourish in Tibet, the remaining native fauna and flora multiplied. Arm

50、and describes the Tibetan fauna as not having great variety, but being “striking” in the abundance of the particular species that are present. The plant life is similarly limited in variety, with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plants in even the relatively fertile Eastern T

51、ibetan valleys, with fewer than ten food crops. Tibetan “tea” is a major staple, perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.The difficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold, and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable climes, are great. These difficulties may

52、well have influenced the unusual polyandrous societies typical of the region. Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-husband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands, which permitted no experimentation and“froze”the cultures which came there

53、. Kawakita, on the other hand, sees the polyandry as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head husband regardless of age. His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of talent mobility in a situation where even t

54、he best talent is barely enough for survival.1.What was the significance of the fact that the Pleistocene glaciation did not wipe out life entirely in the area?2.Which of the following most likely best describes Tibetan “tea”？3.The authors knowledge of Tibet is probably （ ）.4.According to the passag

55、e: which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?5.The species of fauna and flora remaining in Tibet after the Pleistocene glaciation can properly be called continental because they（ ）.问题1选项A.Without life, man could not flourish either.B.The drying out was too sudden for

56、 most plants to adapt to the climate.C.If the region had been devoid of life, some of the other species from nearby, arid areas might possibly have taken over the area.D.The variety of Tibetan life was decreased.问题2选项A.a green tinted drink similar to Chinese basket-fried green teaB.a nutritious mixt

57、ure of tea leaves and rancid yak butterC.a dark brown tea drink, carefully strainedD.a high caffeine drink问题3选项A.based on firsthand experienceB.the result of Lifelong studyC.limited to geological historyD.derived only from books问题4选项A.The plants of a country, by being the food of its people, cause t

58、he people to have similar views to one another.B.Some regions with similar climates will have similar cultures.C.Cultures in the same area, sharing soil and climate, will be essentially identical.D.European cultures are liberated to some degree from determinism.问题5选项A.are originally found in contine

59、ntal climatesB.are the only life forms in Tibet, which is as big as a continentC.have been found in other parts of the Asian continentD.are found in a land mass that used to be a separate continent【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。定位到第三段：“With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively su

60、dden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant populations. The ensuing incomplete Pleistocene glaciation had a further thinning effect. 随着喜马拉雅山脉的形成和该地区相对突然的干旱，动物和植物的数量急剧减少。随后发生的不完全更新世冰川作用使冰川进一步变薄。”可知D项“藏族生活的多样性减少”正确。2.判断推理题。由第三段：Tibetan “tea” is a major stapl

61、e, perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.藏茶是主要的食品，可以替代难以吃到的蔬菜。由此可以推知：藏茶是主食之一，由于蔬菜品种很少，所以用藏茶来补充因蔬菜摄入不足所缺乏的营养。B项“茶叶与发酵牦牛酥的营养混合物”；A项“种绿茶，类似于汉族的篮 炒绿茶”。C项“经过细致过滤的深棕色茶品”。D项含高咖啡因的饮品。既然是要补充蔬菜摄入不足导致的营养缺乏，自然要用有营养的物质来替代。故B项正确。3.判断推理题。本文中没有涉及作者的研究和经历，第三段引用了 Armand的描述，第四段中讲到了 Lattimore和Kawakita的看法。A项“基于第一

62、手经验”；B项“终身学习的结果”；C项“限于地质历史”；D项“仅从书本中获得”故D项正确。4.细节事实题。由“However, there is no intention of adopting Montesquieus view of climate and soil as cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture

63、are important to its development they do not determine it. 但是，并没有打算采用孟德斯鸠关于气候和土壤是文化决定因素的观点。一个区域的生态只造成该区域居民所面临的一些问题，虽然一种文化所面临的问题对其发展很重要，但这些问题并没有决定它的发展。”可知C项“Cultures in the same area, sharing soil and climate, will be essentially identical. 同一地区的文化，共享土壤和气候，本质上是相同的。”正好与孟德斯鸠的观点相符。5.细节事实题。由第三段中：“Thus,after the end of the glaciation there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. 因此，在冰期结束后，现存的来自原始大陆物种的