2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第46期

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1、2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题A.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.Recently bad air pollution in Beijing has led to a flood of strong criticism from the countrys state-run media.Government officials were ordered to reduce vehicle use over the weekend, according to the state-r

2、un Xinhua news agency, which also covered the pollution story extensively.Environmental protection authorities published daily air-quality measurements, but those didnt take into account the smaller pollution particles, known as PM2.5, that public health experts say are the most damaging to human he

3、alth.Peoples Daily, meanwhile, ran a front-page editorial under the headline A Beautiful China Starts with Healthy Breathing on Monday.The vast, unmoving haze has obscured our vision, but it has made the urgency of pollution control clearer to us, the editorial said, noting the challenges to Chinas

4、environment from rapid ongoing industrialization and urbanization.Post-crisis emergency measures, it continued, cannot replace systematic, scientific, efficient and powerful management of the problem at its source.B.Translate the following paragraphs into English.科学就是探求真理。在探求真理的过程中，人们对客观规律的认识要经过艰苦曲折

5、的过程。常常有这样的情形：由于研究的角度不同，掌握资料的差异，认识方法的不同，以至引起学术上的争论。因此，有作为的科学工作者都把反对的意见看作对自己的莫大帮助， 把对自己的批评当作最珍贵的友谊。这都是因为，赞同的意见未必正确，反对的意见未必错误。退一步说，即使错误的反对意见，对自己的科学研究也是很有好处的。【答案】Section A最近，北京严重的空气污染引发了中国官方媒体的强烈批评。据广泛报道污染事件的新华社报道，政府官员被要求在周末期间减少车辆使用。环境保护部门公布了每天的空气质量监测数据，但这些数据没有将PM 2.5等较小的污染颗粒计算在内。公共卫生专家说，PM 2.5对人体健康的危害最

6、大。与此同时，人民日报周一在头版发表了一篇题为美丽中国从健康呼吸开始的社论。注意到中国快速发展的工业化和城市化给中国环境带来的挑战，社论指出：巨大的、静止的雾霾遮蔽了我们的视野，但它让我们更加清楚地认识到控制污染的紧迫性。它还指出，危机后的紧急措施“不能从根本上取代对问题进行系统、科学、有效和强有力的管理”。Section BScience means the exploration of truth. In the process of exploring truth, peoples understanding of objective law has to go through a ar

7、duous and tortuous process. It is often the case that academic disputes arise because of different research perspectives, different mastery of materials and different methods of cognition. Therefore, accomplished scientists regard opposing opinions as a great help to themselves, and their criticism

8、as the most valuable friendship. This is because, the opinion that agrees may not be right, the opinion that disagrees may not be wrong. To say the least, even a false objection is good for ones own scientific research.2. 单选题The reception was attended by（ ）members of the local community.问题1选项A.notic

9、eableB.prominentC.conspicuousD.excellent【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项noticeable表示“显而易见的，显著的”；B选项prominent表示“突出的，显著的，杰出的”；C选项conspicuous表示“显著的，显而易见的”；D选项excellent表示“卓越的，杰出的”。根据句意“来参加这场邀请会的都是当地的杰出人物”，可排除A、C选项，prominent是指名誉和地位很突出，相比excellent语义更重，故本题正确答案为B选项。3. 单选题Whether you live to eat or eat to live, food i

10、s a major（ ）in every familys budget.问题1选项A.nutritionB.expenditureC.routineD.provision【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项nutrition表示“营养；营养学；营养品”；B选项expenditure表示“支出，花费；经费，消费额”；C选项routine表示“程序；日常工作；例行公事”；D选项provision表示“规定；条款；准备；供应品”。根据句意可知，食物在每个家庭的预算中都是主要的支出，因此B选项最符合句意。故本题正确答案为B。4. 单选题The famous scientist was so ea

11、sy-going and（ ） that college students liked to talk with him.问题1选项A.gracefulB.graciousC.grimD.glorious【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项graceful表示“优雅的；优美的”；B选项gracious表示“亲切的；高尚的；雅致的”；C选项grim表示“冷酷的；糟糕的；残忍的”；D选项glorious表示“光荣的；辉煌的；极好的”。根据easy-going（平易近人的）可知空缺处部分应为其近义词，因此B项“和蔼的”符合语境，故正确答案为B项。句意：这位著名科学家是如此的平易近人又和蔼可亲

12、，大学生们都喜欢与他交谈。5. 单选题Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, wher

13、e sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture lias changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agri

14、culture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients（营养成分）captured in the product

15、 it was relatively inefficient.Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat（栖息地）Ios

16、s and to diminishing biodiversity.Whats more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050, yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many

17、regions.All this means that agriculture in the 21stcentury will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th. This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon

18、 the notion that agriculture can be zero impact”. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage.Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons(正反两方 而)of

19、 all the various way land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less t

20、han that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.1.How do people often measure

21、 progress in agriculture?2.Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in （ ）.3.What does the author think of traditional fanning practices?4.What will agriculture be like in the 21st century ?5.What is the authors purpose in writing this passage?问题1选项A.By its productivityB.By its

22、 sustainabilityC.By its impact on the environmentD.By its contribution to economic growth问题2选项A.Localized pollutionB.the shrinking of farmlandC.competition from overseasD.the decrease of biodiversity问题3选项A.They have remained the same over the centuries.B.They have not kept pace with population growt

23、h.C.They are not necessarily sustainable.D.They are environmentally friendly.问题4选项A.It will go through radical changesB.It will supply more animal productsC.It will abandon traditional fanning practicesD.It will cause zero damage to the environment问题5选项A.To remind people of the need of sustainable d

24、evelopment.B.To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food production.C.To advance new criteria for measuring farming progress.D.To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture is.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干关键词measure progress in agriculture定位至第一段: This is especially true in

25、agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives (这一点在农业领域表现得尤为突出，在该领域中，人们常常在未从历史、文化的角度予以适当考虑的情况下，认为可持续发展史衡量农业进步的唯一方法),因此B项 “可持续性”正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词Specialization和increase yields定位至第三段: Com

26、petition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields (来自海外的竞争压力使得农民们不得不进行专门的研究来增加作物的产量),该段还指出: However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity (但是，这些变化也导致栖息地的损失和生物多样性的不断减少),故选D“生物多样性的减少”。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词traditional fanning practices定位至第五段: For exam

27、ple, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones (比如，我们若要摒弃这样的想法:传统的做法必然会比新的做法更能够促进可持续发展)。因此C项 “这些做法不一定是可持续性的”正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干关键词in the 21st century 定位至第五段: All this means that agriculture in the 21stcentury will have to be very differen

28、t from how it was in the 20th (所有这一切意味着，21世纪的农业生产将会与20世纪的农业生产截然不同)。故选A “将会经历巨变”。5.主旨大意题。最后一段点明主题: What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production (关键是我们需要认识到，可持续性农业并不只是粮食生产的可持续性)。因此D项“催促人们重新思考什么是可持续性农业”正确。6. 单选题10. In 1914, an apparently insi

29、gnificant event in a remote part of Eastern Europe（ ）Europe into a great war.问题1选项A.insertedB.pitchedC.plungedD.imposed【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。insert “插入，嵌入”后接in/ into/ between；pitch “用力扔，投，抛”；plunge“使陷入（某种状态），把抛进”，常和介词into搭配使用; impose “迫使，把强加于”，常和介词on/upon搭配使用。句意：1914年，发生在东欧一个偏僻地区的一件微不足道的小事使欧洲陷入了一场大战。根据题干介

30、词into 可知只有C项符合。答案选C。7. 单选题The police were alerted that the escaped criminal might be in the（ ）.问题1选项A.vainB.vicinityC.courtD.jail【答案】B【解析】名词辨析题。A选项vain“徒劳的”，和介词in搭配意为“徒劳无功的”，中间不接定冠词the；B选项vicinity“邻近，附近”；C选项court “法院，球场”；D选项jail“监狱”。句意：警方被提醒逃犯可能就在附近。选项B符合句意。8. 单选题While being questioned on the court,

31、 the man denied （ ）the old ladys necklace.问题1选项A.having takenB.takingC.to have takenD.to take【答案】A【解析】句意:法庭传训他的吋候，他拒不承认拿了老太太的项链。考查固定搭配。deny doing sth. 否认做了某事。另外由于动作是发生在过去，因此需要用完成时态，故答案选A。9. 单选题In order to repair barns, build fences, grow crops, and care for animals, a farmer must indeed be （ ）.问题1选项

32、A.restlessB.skilledC.strongD.versatile【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。restless “坐立不安的，不耐烦的”；skilled “有技能的，熟练的”；strong “强壮的，强健的”；versatile “多才多艺的，多用途的” 。句意：为了修缮谷仓、建立栅栏、种植庄稼以及饲养牲畜，事实上，农民必须是多才多艺的。根据句意可知，农民应该是多才多艺的，故答案选D。10. 单选题Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and th

33、at the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind.In this way the North American Indians produce pemmican (dried meat ground into powder and made into cakes), the Scandinavians make stockfish and the Arabs dried dates and “apricot leather”.All foods including watercabbage and other

34、 leaf vegetables contains as much as 93% water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%, lean meat 75% and fish, anything from 80% to 60%, depending on how fatty it is.If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria which cause food to go bad is checked.Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor, Greece

35、, Spain and other Mediterranean countries, and also in California, South Africa and Australia.The methods used vary, but in general, the fruit is spread out on trays in drying yards in the hot sun.In order to prevent darkening, pears, peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes of burning sulfur b

36、efore drying.Plums, for making prunes and certain varieties of grapes for making raisins and currants, are dipped in an alkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightly and remove their wax coating, so as to Increase the rate of drying.Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically.Th

37、e conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110C at entry to about 43 C at exit.This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish.Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, soups and eggs may

38、be dried by pouring them over a heated steel cylinder or by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes.In the first case, the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though still relatively coarse flakes.In the second pr

39、ocess it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder.Where recognizable places of meat and vegetables are required, as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed.Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need t

40、o be stored in special conditions.For these reasons they are invaluable to the climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space.They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them.Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried-out moisture wi

41、th boiling water.1.The open-air method of drying food（ ）.2.Bacteria which cause food to go bad（ ）.3.Nowadays vegetables are most commonly dried（ ）.4.Dried foods（ ）.5.Housewives like dried foods because they（ ）.问题1选项A.is the one most commonly used todayB.was invented by the American IndiansC.has been

42、 known for hundreds of yearsD.tends to be unhygienic问题2选项A.cannot live in sunlightB.are killed by dryingC.are in no way dependent on the water contentD.have their activity greatly reduced by drying问题3选项A.on horizontal cylindersB.in hot-air chambersC.in the sun and windD.using the open tray method问题4

43、选项A.are often packed in cans or frozenB.are used by soldiers and climbersC.need more storage space than soldiers usually have availableD.are much cheaper than canned or frozen products问题5选项A.are quick to prepareB.taste betterC.can be preserved by boiling in waterD.look fresh and appetizing when cook

44、ed【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一句话 Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind. “几个世纪以前，人类发现去除食物中的水分有助于保存食物，最简单的方法就是将食物暴露在阳光和风下。由此可知将食物放在室外环境中风干的方法在几百年前就为人所知了。故C项符合题意。2

45、.细节事实題。根据文章第二段中的 If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria which cause food to go bad is checked. “如果这些水分被除去，导致食物变坏的细菌的活动就会被抑制。 故D项 “通过风干，细菌的活动被大大减少。”正确。3.细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第四段 Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically. The conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers

46、 through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110C at entry to about 43 C at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish. “现在大多数食品是用机械干燥的。这种脱水的传统方法是把食物放在室内，热空气在大约110C入口被吹到大约43C出口。这是干燥蔬菜、肉末和鱼等食物的常用方法。”故可以推断出常用室内热空气来烘干蔬菜室，故B项 “热空气室”符合题意。4.细节事实题

47、。由最后一段中的 For these reasons they are invaluable to the climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space. “由于这些原因，它们对攀登者、探险者和战场上的士兵来说是无价的，因为他们没有多少储存空间。”可知与B项相符，故答案为B。5.细节事实题。由最后一段中的 They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them. “它们也很受家庭主妇的

48、欢迎，因为烹饪时间很短”可知选项A “很快就准备好”符合题意。答案A。11. 单选题Small as it is, the ant is as much a creature as （ ）all other animals on earth.问题1选项A.areB.doC.isD.have【答案】A【解析】考查语法中的主谓一致。Small as it is是一个倒装句，是由as引导的让步状语从句，正常语序应为as it is small，而the ant is as.as .第二个as后是一个倒装句，主语为all other animals，因此谓语动词应为are。故本题正确答案为A。句意：蚂

49、蚁虽小，但它是和地球上其它动物一样的生物。12. 单选题For years she was dependent on drugs and drink and it was only in her fifties that she finally managed to overcome these（ ）.问题1选项A.accessoriesB.addictionsC.attachmentsD.admission【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项accessory表示“配件；附件；从犯”；B选项addiction表示“上瘾；沉溺；嗜好”；C选项attachment表示“附件；依恋；连接物”

50、；D选项admission表示“承认；录用；进入许可；坦白”。根据dependent on drugs and drink可知，她多年来都依赖毒品和酒精，在五十多岁时才最终设法克服毒瘾和酒瘾。因此，本题正确答案为B项。13. 单选题Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, b

51、lack-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets. Of all the birds on these cliffs, the black-legged kittiwake gull is the best suited for nesting on narrow ledges. Although its nesting habits are similar to those of gulls that nest on flat ground, there are a number of important differences related to

52、the cliff-nesting habit,The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs. This immunity has been followed by a relaxation of the defe

53、nses, and kittiwakes do not react to predators nearly as fiercely as do ground-nesting gulls. A colony of Bonapartes gulls responds to the appearance of a predatory herring gull by flying up as a group with a clamor of alarm calls, followed by concerted mobbing, but kittiwakes simply ignore herring

54、gulfs, since they pose little threat to nests on cliffs. Neither do kittiwakes attempt to conceal their nest. Most gulls keep the nest area clear of droppings, and remove empty eggshells after the chicks have hatched, so that the location of the nest is not given away. Kittiwakes defecate over the e

55、dge of the nest, which keeps it clean, but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells, makes its location very conspicuous.On the other hand, nesting on a narrow ledge has its own peculiar problems, and kittiwake behavior has become adapted to overcome them. T

56、he female kittiwake sits when mating, whereas other gulls stand, so the pair will not overbalance and fall off the ledge. The nest is a deep cup, made of mud or seaweed, to hold the eggs safely, compared with the shallow scrape of other gulls, and the chicks are remarkably immobile until fully grown

57、. They do not run from their nests when approached, and if they should come near to the cliff edge, they instinctively turn back.1. What aspect of the kittiwake gull does the passage mainly discuss?2. The word “immunity” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to（ ）.3. Why is it difficult for ravens to

58、 steal the kittiwakes eggs?4. The author mentions that eggshells litter the nests of kittiwakes in order to（ ）.5. According to the passage, it can be inferred that which of the following birds conceal their nest?问题1选项A.Its defensive behaviorB.It interactions with other gull speciesC.Its nesting habi

59、tsD.Its physical difference from other gull species问题2选项A.distanceB.transitionC.protectionD.reminder问题3选项A.The kittiwakes can see the ravens approaching the nest.B.The ravens cannot land on the narrow ledges where kittiwakes nest.C.The kittiwakes eggs are too big for the ravens to carry.D.The female

60、 kittiwakes rarely leave the nest.问题4选项A.demonstrate that kittiwakes are not concerned about predatorsB.prove how busy kittiwakes are in caring for their offspringC.show a similarity to other types of gullsD.illustrate kittiwakes lack of concern for their chick问题5选项A.Bonapartes gullsB.Atlantic puffi

61、nsC.Kittiwake gullsD.Northern gannets【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。分析文章内容可知，第一段主要讲不同于其它海鸥，三趾鸥习惯在峭壁上筑巢；第二段讲三趾鸥在峭壁上筑巢的优势；最后一段讲了三趾鸥如何适应在峭壁上筑巢。由此可知，本文叙述的主要内容是三趾鸥的筑巢习惯。因此，本题正确答案为C项。词汇题。2.由原文第二段The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes,which cannot scale the sheer r

62、ocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal egg可知，三趾鸥在在悬崖上筑巢的一大好处就是更安全，可以躲避无法攀登峭壁的狐狸和那些难以在陡峭岩石上立足的乌鸦和其他鸥类，防止鸟卵被偷走。因此，本题的正确答案为C项。3.细节事实题。由原文第二段The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale th

63、e sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.可知，乌鸦无法偷走三趾鸥鸟卵的原因是它们难以在三趾鸥的巢边落脚。因此，本题正确答案为B选项。4.推理判断题。根据原文第二段Kittiwakes defecate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean,but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells, makes its location very conspicuous可知，三趾鸥会在巢边排便，以保持巢内干净，但这种做法以