2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第88期

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1、2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 案例题Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasnt surprised

2、when this didnt make the news here in the United Stateswere now the only wealthy country without such a policy.The United States does have one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much as 12 weeks unpaid leave for care of a newborn or de

3、aling with a family medical problem. Despite the modesty of the benefit, the Chamber of Commerce and other business groups fought it bitterly, describing it as government-run personnel management and a dangerous precedent. In fact, every step of the way, as (usually) Democratic leaders have tried to

4、 introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed.As Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues, justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that, in some sense, society must pay for. In her book No Exit: What Parents Owe The

5、ir Children and What Society Owes Parents, she argues that parents are burdened in many ways in their lives: there is no exit when it comes to children. Society expectsand needsparents to provide their children with continuity of care, meaning the intensive, intimate care that human beings need to d

6、evelop their intellectual, emotional and moral capabilities. And society expectsand needsparents to persist in their roles for 18 years, or longer if needed.While most parents do this out of love, there are public penalties for not providing care. What parents do, in other words, is of deep concern

7、to the state, for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society. The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children welfare, yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society

8、imposes. To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting; really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue （不断积累） to the whole of society as todays children become tomorrows productive c

9、itizenry （公民）. In fact, by some estimates, the value of parental investments in children, investments of time and money (including lost wages), is equal to 20-30% of gross domestic product. If these investments generate huge social benefitsas they clearly dothe benefits of providing more social supp

10、ort for the family should be that much clearer.1. What do we learn about paid family leave from the first paragraph?A. America is now the only developed country without the policy.B. It has now become a hot topic in the United States.C. It came as a surprise when Australia adopted the policy.D. Its

11、meaning was clarified when it was established in Australia.2. What has prevented the passing of work-family balance laws in the United States?A. The incompetence of the Democrats.B. The existing Family and Medical Leave Act.C. The lack of a precedent in American history.D. The opposition from busine

12、ss circles.3. What is Professor Anne Alstotts argument for parental support?A. The cost of raising children in the U. S. has been growing.B. Good parenting benefits society.C. The U. S. should keep up with other developed countries.D. Children need continuous care.4. What does the author think of Am

13、ericas large body of family laws governing childrens welfare?A. They fail to ensure childrens healthy growth.B. The fail to provide enough support for parents.C. They emphasize parents legal responsibilities.D. They impose the care of children on parents.5. Why does the author object to classifying

14、parenting as a personal choice?A. It is regarded as a legal obligation.B. It relies largely on social support.C. It generates huge social benefits.D. It is basically a social undertaking.【答案】1.A2.D3.B4.B5.D【解析】1.根据第一段的内容可知，在发达国家中，只有两个国家不提供带薪照顾新生儿的假期保障。去年澳大利亚也建立了带薪探亲假，而在美国却还是没有这项政策。所以根据第一段的最后一句“I was

15、nt surprised.were now the only wealthy country without such a policy.”可知，选项A符合原文。2.根据关键词“work-family”定位到第二段的最后一句“In fact, every step.business groups have been strongly opposed.”选项D正确。3.根据第三段的第一句“justifying parental support.must pay for.”选项B与原文描述相符。4.根据第四段“The state recognizes.parents receive little

16、help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes.”选项B与原文描述相符，正确。5.根据第四段的内容“To classify parenting.productive citizenry.”将养育子女归为一种个人选择，没有集体责任，这不仅仅是忽视良好养育的社会效益，实际上是在窃取这些福利。选项D这实际上是一个社会事业符合原文。2. 翻译题Blacks have traditionally been poorly educated - look at the crisis in urban public schools -

17、 and deprived of the sorts of opportunities that create the vision necessary for technological ambition. Black folkways in America, those unspoken, largely unconscious patterns of thought and belief about what is possible that guide aspiration and behavior, thus do not encompass physics and calculus

18、. Becoming an engineer - unlike becoming a doctor or a lawyer or an insurance salesman - has not been seen as a way up in the segregated black community. These folkways developed in response to very real historical conditions, to the limited and at best ambivalent interactions between blacks and tec

19、hnology in this country. Folkways, the consciousness of the race, change at a slower pace than societal conditions do - and so a working strategy can turn into a crippling blindness and self-limitation.【答案】传统上，黑人受教育程度较低看看城市公立学校的危机就知道了他们被剥夺了创造技术抱负所必需的愿景的各种机会。在美国，黑人的风俗习惯，那些没有说出口的，在很大程度上是无意识的思维模式和信仰，引导

20、着人们的愿望和行为，因此不包括物理学和微积分学。与成为医生、律师或保险推销员不同，在种族隔离的黑人社区里，成为一名工程师并没有被视为上进之道。这些民俗是在真实的历史条件下发展起来的，是这个国家黑人和技术之间，有限的并且是矛盾的相互作用下发展起来的。民俗，也就是“种族意识”的变化比社会条件的变化要慢，所以一种有效的策略可能会变成过度的盲目和自我限制。3. 案例题Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will have conformed to the stand

21、ard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however, and youll get a completely different impression. For a start, you will now see plenty more women - the University of Pennsylvanias Wharton School, for example, boasts that 40% of its new enrolment is female. You

22、 will also see a wide range of ethnic groups and nationals of practically every country.It might be tempting, therefore, to think that the old barriers have been broken down and equal opportunity achieved. But, increasingly, this apparent diversity is becoming a mask for a new type of conformity. Be

23、hind the differences in sex, skin tones and mother tongues, there are common attitudes, expectations and ambitions which risk creating a set of clones among the business leaders of the future.Diversity, it seems, has not helped to address fundamental weaknesses in business leadership. So what can be

24、 done to create more effective managers of the commercial world? According to Valerie Gauthier, associate dean at HEC Paris, the key lies in the process by which MBA programmes recruit their students. At the moment candidates are selected on a fairly narrow set of criteria such as prior academic and

25、 career performance, and analytical and problem solving abilities. This is then coupled to a schools picture of what a diverse class should look like, with the result that passport, ethnic origin and sex can all become influencing factors. But schools rarely dig down to find out what really makes an

26、 applicant succeed, to create a class which also contains diversity of attitude and approach - arguably the only diversity that, in a business context, really matters.Professor Gauthier believes schools should not just be selecting candidates from traditional sectors such as banking, consultancy and

27、 industry. They should also be seeking individuals who have backgrounds in areas such as political science, the creative arts, history or philosophy, which will allow them to put business decisions into a wider context.Indeed, there does seem to be a demand for the more rounded leaders such diversit

28、y might create. A study by Mannaz, a leadership development company, suggests that, while the bully-boy chief executive of old may not have been eradicated completely, there is a definite shift in emphasis towards less tough styles of management - at least in America and Europe. Perhaps most signifi

29、cant, according to Mannaz, is the increasing interest large companies have in more collaborative management models, such as those prevalent in Scandinavia, which seek to integrate the hard and soft aspects of leadership and encourage delegated responsibility and accountability.1. What characterises

30、the business school student population of today?A. Greater diversity.B. Intellectual maturity.C. Exceptional diligence.D. Higher ambition.2. What is the authors concern about current business school education?A. It will arouse students unrealistic expectations.B. It will produce business leaders of

31、a uniform style.C. It focuses on theory rather than on practical skills.D. It stresses competition rather than cooperation.3. What aspect of diversity does Valerie Gauthier think is most important?A. Age and educational background.B. Social and professional experience.C. Attitude and approach to bus

32、iness.D. Ethnic origin and gender.4. What applicants does the author think MBA programmes should consider recruiting?A. Applicants with prior experience in business companies.B. Applicants with sound knowledge in math and statistics.C. Applicants from outside the traditional sectors.D. Applicants fr

33、om less developed regions and areas.5. What does Mannaz say about the current management style?A. It is eradicating the tough aspects of management.B. It encourages male and female executives to work side by side.C. It adopts the bully-boy chief executive model.D. It is shifting towards more collabo

34、rative models.【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.C5.D【解析】1.根据第一段的内容可知，以前的NBA讲堂是典型的男性，中产阶级和西方人为主，而现在也能看到很多女性，还有来自不同国家和不同种族的人。这说明现在商学院学生人口的特点是多样性，选项A正确。2.根据第二段的最后一句“Behind the differences in sex, skin tones and mother tongues, there are common attitudes, expectations and ambitions which risk creating a set of clones amon

35、g the business leaders of the future.”选项B符合原文。3.根据第三段“According to Valerie Gauthier.problem solving abilities. ”目前，候选人的选拔标准相当狭窄，比如先前的学业和职业表现，以及分析和解决问题的能力。说明Valerie Gauthier最看重的是社会经历和工作经验。4.根据第四段的内容可知，商学院不应仅仅从银行、咨询和工业等传统行业中挑选候选人。他们还应该寻找具有政治科学、创意艺术、历史或哲学等领域背景的个人，这些领域将使他们能够将商业决策置于更广泛的背景中。选项C符合原文。5.根据最后

36、一段“Perhaps most significant, according to Mannaz, is the increasing interest large companies have in more collaborative management models.”大公司对更多的合作管理模式越来越感兴趣，选项D正确。4. 翻译题Industrial engineering involves the application of engineering principles and techniques of scientific management to the maintena

37、nce of a high level of productivity at optimum cost in industrial enterprises, In the 1880s F. W. Taylor considered the father of modern industrial engineering, pioneered in the scientific measurement of work. After numerous work studies he presented his company with a formula for obtaining maximum

38、production, which was later applied to many manufacturing concerns, The industrial or management, engineer draws upon the fields of systems engineering and management science. Among his responsibilities are the selection of tools and materials for production that are most efficient and least costly

39、to the company. The industrial engineer may also determine the sequence of production and the design of facilities or factories.【答案】工业工程学既涉及工程原则的使用，也涉及将科学管理知识以合理成本，运用于工业企业维持高水平的劳动生产率。19世纪80年代F. W. Taylor被视为现代工业工程之父，开创了科学生产管理的先河。经过大量的工作研究，他向他的公司提出了一个获得最大产量的公式，该公式后来被应用于许多制造企业，工业或管理，工程师借鉴了系统工程和管理科学领域。他

40、的职责之一是选择对公司最有效、成本最低的生产工具和材料。工业工程师也可以决定生产顺序和设施或工厂的设计。5. 单选题Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to ones

41、 side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that Gift means poison in

42、 German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arms length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we

43、 take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are making us lose friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our pu

44、blic buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations,and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go a

45、broad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those nativesusually the richerwho speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nations diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, Amer

46、ica and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all America is the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor needing funds and goods.But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things,and we are slowly beginning to realize that

47、our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.1.It can be in

48、ferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably （）.2.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their（）.3.In countries other than their own most Americans（）.4.According to the author, Americans,cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance wil

49、l （）.5.The authors intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that （）.问题1选项A.stand stillB.jump asideC.step forwardD.draw back问题2选项A.cultural self-centerednessB.casual mannersC.indifference towards foreign visitorsD.arrogance towards other countries问题3选项A.are isolated by the local

50、 peopleB.are not well informed due to the language barrierC.tend to get along well with the nativesD.need interpreters in hotels and restaurants问题4选项A.affect their image in the new eraB.cut themselves off from the outside worldC.limit their role in world affairsD.weaken the position of the US dollar

51、问题5选项A.it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB.it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC.it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD.it is time to get acquainted with other cultures【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】第1题:事实细节题。根据第二段的最后一句“Latinos and Middle

52、 Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.”拉丁美洲人和中东人喜欢亲近和接触，这让美国人感到不舒服。由此推断，如果中东人和美国人靠太近的话，美国人可能会选择和他们保持距离。选项D符合原文。第2题:主旨思想题。根据第三段的内容可推断，作者举了很多例子是为了批判美国人太以自我文化为中心，选项A符合原文，选项B，C，和D都只是片面，选项A是对其他三个选项内容的概括。第3题:信息推断题。根据第五段的内容“When we go abroad,.Then attitudes and info

53、rmation we pick up are conditioned by those nativesusually the richerwho speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nations diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.”在国外的时候，美国人常常会受到那些母语是英语的富人的制约，商务往来和国家外交都是通过口译人员进行的。说明由于语言不通导致信息传递不明确。选项B符合原文。选项D太片面，需要口译员的主要原因也是因为语言不通。第4题:信息推断题。根据第六段的内

54、容，多年来，美国人可以在文化盲目性和语言无知的情况下生存。毕竟美国是自由世界中最强大的国家，分销商需要资金和商品。但是第七段的首句说道，所有的这些都已经是过去。说明现在的美国在世界中所扮演的角色已经发生了变化。并提及55%的美国人希望他们的国家能在国际事务中发挥更大的作用。由此推断无视和漠视他国的语言和文化会限制美国在国际事务中所起到的作用，所以选项C符合原文。第5题:信息推断题。本文作者主要是批判美国人在语言和文化上的盲目，太以自我文化为中心，所以作者希望通过这篇文章呼吁美国人多了解其他国家的文化，选项D正确。6. 单选题Why do some new products succeed, b

55、ringing millions of dollars to innovating companies, while others fail, often with great losses? The answer is not simple, and certainly we cannot say that good products succeed while bad products fail. Many products that function well and seen to meet consumer needs have fallen by the wayside.Somet

56、imes, virtually identical products exist in the market at the same time with one emerging as profitable while the other fails. Mc Neal Laboratories Tylenol has become successful as an aspirin substitute, yet Bristol-Meyers entered the lest market at about the same time with Neotrend, also a substitu

57、te for aspirin, which quickly failed.The nature of the product is a factor in its success of failure, but the important point is the consumers perception of the products need-satisfying capability. Any new product conception should be aimed at meeting a customer need, and the introductory promotion

58、should seek to communicate that need-satisfying quality and motivate the customer to try the product. Often, attitude change is involved, and, in the extreme, changes in life-style may be sought.Here the company walks a tightrope, a new product is more likely to be successful if it represents a trul

59、y novel way of solving a customer problem but this very newness, if carried too far, may ask the customer to team new behavior patterns. The customer will make the change if the perceived benefit is sufficient but inertia is strong and customers will often not go to the effort that is required. Duri

60、ng the late sixties and early seventies Bristol-Meyers met with new product failures that exemplify both of these problems. In 1967 and 1968 the company entered the market with a $5 million advertising campaign for Fact toothpaste, and an $11 million campaign to prorate Resolve, Both products failed

61、 quickly, not because they didnt work or because there was no consumer need but apparently because consumers just could see no reason to shift from an already satisfactory product to a different one that promised no new benefit.1.The first sentence of the first paragraph is a question to which the a

62、nswer is（） .2.What are Tylenol and Neotrend?3.The success or failure of a product seems to be determined by a number of factors, one of which the author emphasizes is the customers perception of the products （）.4.What does the author mean when he says the company walks a tightrope (Sentence 1, parag

63、raph 3)?5.Bristol-Meyers failed in promoting Fact toothpaste and Resolve because（） .问题1选项A.that the good products succeed while the bad failB.that the “good” are not really good but the “bad” are actually badC.that new products will succeed if they function well and fail if they dontD.not given in t

64、he paragraph问题2选项A.They are names of two drug manufacturers.B.They are probably two new brands of medicine which serve as a substitute for aspirin.C.Tylenol is a drug manufacturer whereas Neotrend is a new substitute medicine for aspirin.D.They are probably the names of chemists who invented the new medicine.问题3选项A.quality and priceB.usefulness and durabilityC.need-satisfying capabilityD.ap