2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第60期

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1、2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题How best to solve the pollution problems of a city sunk so deep within sulfurous clouds that it was described as hell on earth? Simply answered: Relocate all urban smoke-creating industry and encircle the metropolis of London with sweetly scented flowers and

2、elegant hedges.In fact, as Christine L. Corton, a Cambridge scholar, reveals in her new book, London Fog, this fragrant anti-smoke scheme was the brainchild of John Evelyn, the 17th-century diarist. King Charles II was said to be much pleased with Evelyns idea, and a bill against the smoky nuisance

3、was duly drafted. Then nothing was done. Nobody at the time, and nobody right up to the middle of the 20th-century, was willing to put public health above business interests.And yet its a surprise to discover how beloved a feature of London life these multicolored fogs became. A painter, Claude Mone

4、t, fleeing besieged Paris in 1870, fell in love with Londons vaporous, mutating clouds. He looked upon the familiar mist as his reliable collaborator. Visitors from abroad may have delighted in the fog, but homegrown artists lit candles and vainly scrubbed the grime from their gloom-filled studio wi

5、ndows. “Give us light!” Frederic Leighton pleaded to the guests at a Lord Mayors banquet in 1882, begging them to have pity on the poor painter.The more serious side of Cortons book documents how business has taken precedence over humanity where Londons history of pollution is concerned. A prevailin

6、g westerly wind meant that those dwelling to the east were always at most risk. Those who could afford it lived elsewhere. The east was abandoned to the underclass. Lord Palmerston spoke up for choking East Enders in the 1850s, pointing a finger at the interests of the furnace owners. A bill was pas

7、sed, but there was little change. Eventually, another connection was established: between Londons perpetual veil of smog and its citizens cozily smoldering grates. Sadly, popular World War I songs didnt do much to encourage the adoption of smokeless fuel.It wasnt until what came to be known as the “

8、Great Killer Fog” of 1952 that the casualty rate became impossible to ignore and the British press finally took up the cause. It was left to a Member of Parliament to steer the Clean Air Act into law in 1956. Within a few years, even as the war against pollution was still in its infancy, the dreaded

9、 fog began to fade.1. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 2?2. The word “grime” (Para. 3) is closest in meaning to（ ）.3. Which would be most heavily affected by Londons pollution according to Cartons book?4. The author mainly shows in the last paragraph that（ ）.问题1选项A.The fragrant

10、anti-smoke scheme was put forward by John Evelyns child.B.King Charles II was not so much contented with John Evelyns proposal at the very beginning.C.The process of drafting the bill against the smoky nuisance was relatively slow.D.It wasnt until 1950s that someone willingly put public health above

11、 commercial interests.问题2选项A.fogB.dirtC.frostD.paint问题3选项A.Rich dwellers in the east.B.The underclass in the west.C.East Londons slum dwellers.D.Servants of furnace owners.问题4选项A.“Great Killer Fog” resulted in huge mortality for BritainB.the British press was also playing a major role in the process

12、C.it was a long way for the Clean Air Act to be passedD.reducing the air pollution worked though in the primary stage【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Nobody at the time, and nobody right up to the middle of the 20th-century, was willing to put public health above bus

13、iness interests.（在那个时候，直到20世纪中叶，都没有人愿意把公共健康置于商业利益之上。），说明20世纪中叶之前没有人愿意把公共健康置于商业利益之上。因此D选项“直到20世纪50年代，才有人愿意将公众健康置于商业利益之上”正确。A选项“芬芳抗烟计划是由约翰伊夫林的孩子提出的”，原文只说芬芳抗烟计划是约翰伊夫林的想法，所以A错误。B选项“查理二世国王一开始就不满意约翰伊夫林的提议”，与原文的much pleased with（非常满意）相反，所以B错误。C选项“反烟害法案的起草过程比较缓慢”，与原文的duly（按时的）不符，所以C错误。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】词义推测题。由

14、题干可以定位到文章第三段第二句Londons vaporous, mutating clouds（伦敦蒸汽缭绕，如同变异的雾霭），再结合第一段的sulfurous clouds（硫磺雾霾）和urban smoke-creating industry（城市里所有制造浓烟的工业），说明在画室窗上的“grime”是煤尘污垢。因此B选项“污垢、灰尘”正确。A选项“雾”，C选项“霜”，D选项“颜料”均不符合题意，所以A，C，D错误。3.【试题答案】C【试题解析】客观细节题。根据题干关键词可以定位到文章第四段第二句A prevailing westerly wind meant that those dw

15、elling to the east were always at most risk.（盛行的西风意味着居住在东边的人总是处于最大的危险之中。），说明住在东边的人受到污染的影响更大。因此C选项“伦敦东部的贫民窟居民”正确。A选项“东部的富人居民”，由原文可知有钱人会搬家，所以A错误。B选项“西部的底层居民”，由原文可知西部居民受到的污染影响较小，所以B错误。D选项“大熔炉主人们的佣人”在文中没有提及，所以D错误。4.【试题答案】D【试题解析】观点态度题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段，最后一段前两句指出为治理雾霾而努力的具体事件，第三句总结Within a few years, even as

16、 the war against pollution was still in its infancy, the dreaded fog began to fade.（短短几年后，即使与污染的斗争仍处于起步阶段，可怕的雾霾开始消退。），说明虽然刚刚开始，但治理雾霾的措施起作用了。因此D选项“尽管处于初期，但减少空气污染奏效了”正确。A选项“杀人大雾”给英国造成巨大的死亡，C选项“空气清洁法案的通过是一个漫长的过程”只是表层示例，所以A，C错误。B选项“英国媒体在这一过程中也发挥了重要作用”不是作者主要想表达的内容，所以B错误。2. 不定项选择题The weight of plastic was

17、te clogging the worlds oceans threatens to exceed all fish by 2050 if the worlds seemingly insatiable appetite for the material continues at the current explosive rate, warned a new report presented on Tuesday.In fact, according to the study by the Ellen MeaArthur Foundation along with the World Eco

18、nomic Forum, “plastics production has surged over the past 50 years, from 15 million tonnes in 1964 to 311 million tonnes in 2014, and is expected to double again over the next 20 years.”The studyThe New Plastics Economy: Rethinking The Future of Plasticsintroduced at the opening day of the WEFs ann

19、ual summit in Davos, Switzerland is the first of its kind to comprehensively assess global plastic packaging flows. The report makes an economic case for what it calls the “New Plastics Economy”, described as “a new approach based on creating effective after-use pathways for plastics; drastically re

20、ducing leakage of plastics into natural systems, in particular oceans; and decoupling plastics from fossil feedstocks”.Among the findings, which are based on interviews with over 180 experts and on analysis of over 200 reports, the study estimates that roughly 8 million tonnes of plastics leak into

21、the ocean each year“which is equivalent to dumping the contents of one garbage truck into ocean every minute”, This amount is expected to double by 2030.“In a business-as-usual scenario, the ocean is expected to contain/tonne of plastic for every 3 tonnes of fish by 2025, and by 2050, more plastics

22、than fish (by weight)” the report continues.Whats more, the report estimates that only 14 percent of plastic packaging is collected for recycling and even less for plastics in general. After sorting, only 5 percent is ultimately retained for subsequent use, which is far below global recycling rates

23、for paper (58 per cent) and iron and steel (70-90 percent).Further, the report examines the carbon impact of plastics production, given that over 90 percent are derived from “virgin fossil feedstocks”. Plastics production represents roughly 6 percent of global oil consumption and “If the current str

24、ong growth of plastics usage continues as expected, the plastics sector will account for 20% of total oil consumption and 15% of the global annual carbon budget by 2050.”The report argues that single-use plastics, and plastic packaging specifically, represents a net loss for the economy, as its limi

25、ted value is outweighed by these negative impacts. It states:After a short first-use cycle, 95% of plastic packaging material value, or USD 80-120 billion annually, is lost to the economy. A staggering 32% of plastic packaging escapes collection systems, generating significant economic costs by redu

26、cing urban infrastructure. The cost of such after-use externalities for plastic packaging, plus the cost associated with greenhouse gas emissions from its production, is exceeding the plastic packaging industrys profit pool.“Linear models of production and consumption are increasingly challenged by

27、the context within which they operate, and this is particularly true for high-volume, low-value materials such as plastic packaging,” said Ellen MacArthur, an accomplished British yachtswoman turned foundation chair.The researchers conclude that in order to get closer to the goal of a “circular econ

28、omy” where “consumption happens only in effective bio-cycles; elsewhere use replaces consumption” both the public and private sector must work towards the goal of creating plastics that can be both recycled and composted.1.Which of the following is CORRECT about New Plastics Economy according to the

29、 passage?2.All EXCEPT （ ） can be found from the findings of The New Plastics Economy.3.Which of the following is INCORRECT according to the passage?4.How to get closer to the goal of circular economy according to the researchers?问题1选项A.It is an approach based on creating evasive after-use pathways f

30、or plastics.B.It is an approach reducing leakage of plastics into natural systems, in particular lands.C.It is an approach decoupling plastics from iron feedstocks.D.It comes from a study introduced at the opening day of the WEFs annual summit in Davos, Switzerland.问题2选项A.It is estimated that about

31、8 million tonnes of plastics leak into the ocean each year.B.Plastics production represents roughly 6 percent of global oil consumption.C.Plastics production will be 311 million tonnes and account for 20% of total oil consumption by 2050.D.The ocean is expected to contain/tonne of plastic for every

32、3 tonnes of fish by 2025 in a business-as-usual scenario.问题3选项A.Only 14 percent of the plastic packaging is ultimately retained for subsequent use after sorting.B.The global recycling rates for paper are 58% .C.32% of plastic packaging gets away from collection systems, generating significant econom

33、ic costs.D.95% of plastic packaging material value is lost to the economy after a short first-use cycle.问题4选项A.To make a linear model of production and consumption of high-volume, low-value plastic packaging.B.To make the public and private sector work together to create plastics that can be both re

34、cycled and composted.C.To make use replace consumption when required.D.To make consumption happen in sustainable bio-cycles.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. Which of the following is CORRECT about New Plastics Economy according to the passage? 1. 根据文章，关于新塑料经济，下列哪个选项是正确的？A. It is an approac

35、h based on creating evasive after-use pathways for plastics. A. 这是一种基于为塑料创造回避使用后路径的方法。B. It is an approach reducing leakage of plastics into natural systems, in particular lands. B. 这是一种减少塑料泄漏到自然系统，特别是土地的方法。C. It is an approach decoupling plastics from iron feedstocks. C. 这是一种从铁原料中分离塑料的方法。D. It come

36、s from a study introduced at the opening day of the WEFs annual summit in Davos, Switzerland. D. 它来自于在瑞士达沃斯举行的世界经济论坛年度峰会开幕日推出的一项研究。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第三段第一句“这项名为新塑料经济：重新思考塑料的未来的研究报告是在瑞士达沃斯世界经济论坛年度峰会开幕日推出的，这是首个全面评估全球塑料包装流动的此类研究”，理解可知，新塑料经济来自于在瑞士达沃斯举行的世界经济论坛年度峰会开幕日推出的一项研究，D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“这是一种基于为塑料创造回避

37、使用后路径的方法”、B选项“这是一种减少塑料泄漏到自然系统，特别是土地的方法”和C选项“这是一种从铁原料中分离塑料的方法”定位至第三段第二句“该报告为其所谓的新塑料经济提出了经济理由，称其为一种基于为塑料创造有效的使用后路径的新方法；大幅减少塑料泄漏到自然系统，特别是海洋；以及将塑料与化石原料分离。”可知，都与原文不符，曲解原文。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. All EXCEPT _ can be found from the findings of The New Plastics Economy. 2. 除了_，其他都可以在新塑料经济的调查结果中找到。A. It is estimated

38、that about 8 million tonnes of plastics leak into the ocean each year. A. 据估计，每年约有800万吨塑料泄漏到海洋中。B. Plastics production represents roughly 6 percent of global oil consumption. B. 塑料生产约占全球石油消耗的6%。C. Plastics production will be 311 million tonnes and account for 20% of total oil consumption by 2050. C.

39、 到2050年，塑料产量将达到3.11亿吨，占石油总消费量的20%。D. The ocean is expected to contain/tonne of plastic for every 3 tonnes of fish by 2025 in a business-as-usual scenario. D. 在一切照旧的情况下，到2025年，海洋中每3吨鱼将含有1吨塑料。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第七段最后一句“到2050年，塑料行业将占石油消费总量的20%，占全球年度碳预算的15%”可知，C选项“到2050年，塑料产量将达到3.11亿吨，占石油总消费量的20%”中的“3.1

40、1亿吨”并没有提到；而在第二段最后一句有提到“塑料产量在过去50年里激增，从1964年的1500万吨增至2014年的3.11亿吨，预计未来20年还将翻番”，可知，3.11亿吨是2014年的塑料产量，C项属于张冠李戴，不符合原文但符合题意。该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“据估计，每年约有800万吨塑料泄漏到海洋中”定位至第四段第一句“大约每年800万吨塑料泄漏到海洋中”，可知A项正确，属于反向干扰；B选项“塑料生产约占全球石油消耗的6%”定位至第六段第二句“塑料生产约占全球石油消费的6%”，可知B项正确，属于反向干扰；D选项“在一切照旧的情况下，到2025年，海洋中每3吨鱼将含有1吨塑料

41、”定位至第五段第一句“在一切照旧的情况下，到2025年，海洋中每3吨鱼将含有1吨塑料”，可知D项正确，属于反向干扰。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. Which of the following is INCORRECT according to the passage? 3. 根据文章，下列哪个选项是错误的？A. Only 14 percent of the plastic packaging is ultimately retained for subsequent use after sorting. A. 经过分类后，只有14%的塑料包装最终保留下来供后续使用。B. The global

42、recycling rates for paper are 58%. B. 全球纸张回收率为58%。C. 32% of plastic packaging gets away from collection systems, generating significant economic costs. C. 32%的塑料包装从回收系统中流失，产生了巨大的经济成本。D. 95% of plastic packaging material value is lost to the economy after a short first-use cycle. D. 在短暂的首次使用周期后，塑料包装材

43、料的价值在经济上损失了95%。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第六段第二句“在分类后，只有5%最终被保留用于后续使用，这远远低于纸张（58%）和钢铁（70%- 90%）的全球回收率”，可知，经过分类后，只有5%的塑料包装最终保留下来供后续使用，而A项“经过分类后，只有14%的塑料包装最终保留下来供后续使用”与原文不符。故该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“全球纸张回收率为58%”根据解题思路可知，该项正确，属于反向干扰；C选项“32%的塑料包装从回收系统中流失，产生了巨大的经济成本”定位倒数第三段第二句“令人震惊的是，32%的塑料包装逃过了回收系统，减少了城市基础设施，产生了巨大的经

44、济成本”可知，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；D选项“在短暂的首次使用周期后，塑料包装材料的价值在经济上损失了95%”定位倒数第三段第一句“在短暂的首次使用周期后，95%的塑料包装材料价值，即每年800亿-1200亿美元，被浪费在经济上”可知，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. How to get closer to the goal of circular economy according to the researchers? 4. 如何更接近循环经济的目标？A. To make a linear model of production and consumption

45、 of high-volume, low-value plastic packaging. A. 建立一个大容量、低价值的塑料包装的生产和消费的线性模型。B. To make the public and private sector work together to create plastics that can be both recycled and composted. B. 让公共和私营部门共同努力，生产既可回收又可堆肥的塑料。C. To make use replace consumption when required. C. 在需要时以使用代替消耗。D. To make co

46、nsumption happen in sustainable bio-cycles. D. 使消费在可持续的生物循环中发生。【答案】B【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词circular economy定位至最后一段“为了更接近循环经济的目标，即消费只发生在有效的生物循环中（consumption happens only in effective bio-cycles），或其他使用代替消费的地方（elsewhere use replaces consumption）；公共和私营部门都必须努力实现制造既可回收又可堆肥的塑料的目标”，可知，要更接近循环经济的目标，就要要求公众和个人要齐

47、心协力共同生产出既能循环利用又能降解的塑料制品，B项“让公共和私营部门共同努力，生产既可回收又可堆肥的塑料”符合原文。该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“建立一个大容量、低价值的塑料包装的生产和消费的线性模型”定位倒数第二段“线性生产和消费模式正日益受到它们所处环境的挑战，对于塑料包装等大批量、低价值材料来说尤其如此”，从中可知，建立一个大容量、低价值的塑料包装的生产和消费的线性模型日益受到挑战，所以不是一个更接近循环经济的目标的好办法，该项属于反向干扰；C选项“在需要时以使用代替消耗”根据解题思路可知，C选项中的“when required”并不符合原文的elsewhere，属于曲解原文

48、；D选项“使消费在可持续的生物循环中发生”根据解题思路可知，D选项中的“sustainable”并不符合原文的effective，属于曲解原文。3. 翻译题1.The man whose life is centered around producing, selling and consuming commodities transforms himself into a commodity. He becomes increasingly attracted to that which is man-made and mechanical,rather than to that which

49、 is natural and organic. Many men today are more interested in sports cars than in women; or they experience women as a car which one can cause to race by pushing the right button. 2. Altogether they expect happiness is a matter of finding the right button,not the result of a productive,rich life,a

50、life which requires making an effort and taking risks. In their search for the button,some go to the psychoanalyst,some go to church and some read “self-help” books. But while it is impossible to find the button for happiness, the majority are satisfied with pushing the buttons of cameras, radios,te

51、levision sets,and watching science fiction becoming reality.One of the strangest aspects of their approach to life is the widespread lack of concern about the danger of total destruction by nuclear weapons? A possibility people are consciously aware of. 3. The explanation, I believe, is that they ar

52、e so frightened of the possibility of their personal failure and humiliation that their anxiety about personal matters prevent them from feeling anxiety about the possibility that everybody and everything may be destroyed. Perhaps total destruction is even more attractive than total insecurity and n

53、ever-ending personal anxiety.Am I suggesting that modern man is doomed and that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. 4. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I sugge

54、st transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and the full development of his potentialitiesthose of love and of reasonare the aims of all social arrangemen

55、ts. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end,and should be prevented from ruling man.Directions:Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to(4) , from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】1.以生产、销售、

56、消费商品为中心的男人把自己也转化为一种商品了。他对人造的、机械的东西越来越感兴趣，对天然的、有机的东西却无动于衷。如今，许多男人对跑车的痴迷超过了对女人的痴迷，或者把女人当作只要按对按钮就会奔驰的汽车。2.总而言之，他们认为幸福是个找对按钮的问题，而不是源自硕果累累、丰富多彩、需要付出努力和承担风险的生活。在寻找按钮的过程中，有些人去找心理分析学家；有些人去做礼拜；还有一些人去读“自助”书籍。不过他们虽然找不到赐予幸福的按钮，但大多数人满足于按收音机、电视机和照相机的按钮，满足于看着科幻小说变成现实。3.我认为，可以这样解释：他们非常担心会遭遇个人的失败并蒙受羞辱。由于他们对个人问题感到忧虑，

57、这就妨碍他们对所有的人和所有的东西可能会遭到毁灭感到忧虑。也许彻底的毁灭比十分的不安和个人永无休止的忧虑更有吸引力。4.想通过倒退到人们已经走过的阶段来解决问题是永远行不通的。我建议改造我们的社会制度，将其从一个官僚机构管理下的工业化社会体制转化为一个人本主义的工业化社会体制。在前一种体制中，最高产量和最高消费为主要目的；在后一种体制中，一切社会活动的目的都是为了人，为了使人的各种潜力爱的潜力和运用理性的潜力获得充分的发展。4. 不定项选择题Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the sele

58、ction of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expression the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression: “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the

59、individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. I

60、t is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own ac

61、tions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not d

62、eny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to rea

63、lize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the causes of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must b

64、e made to have this done.Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of t