2019高考英语 语法突破四大篇 第一部分 专题2 非谓语动词讲义.doc
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专题2非谓语动词非谓语动词的形式及句法功能种类时态主动被动主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done动名词一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done分词现在一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done过去一般式done(vi.)表完成done(vt.)表被动与完成非谓语动词的核心考点1.非谓语动词作状语(1)不定式作状语表示目的I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果,动词不定式前常加only。George returned after the war,only to be told that his wife had left him.(2)现在分词作状语一般式doing表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生,与句子的主语是主动关系。The sun began to rise in the sky,bathing the mountain in golden light.(主动关系)完成式having done表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。I got to the office earlier that day,having caught the 7:30 train from Paddington.被动式having been done表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,与句子的主语是被动关系。Having been asked to work overtime that evening,I missed a wonderful film.(被动意义,非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前)(3)过去分词作状语过去分词作状语时,与句子主语之间是被动关系。Seen from the top of the mountain,the city is very beautiful.(被动关系)2.非谓语动词作定语(1)现在分词作定语现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,表示该动作的主动和进行。Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home,there was a pile of mails waiting for her.(2)不定式作定语不定式作定语表示未做的事情。His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.不定式作定语的特殊用法:下列词语后常接不定式作定语:chance,right,courage,promise,time,opportunity,way,the first,the second,the last,the only等。不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。There is no one to look after her.不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。She is now looking for a room to live in.(3)过去分词作定语过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系,表示该动作的被动或完成。You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts.His first book published last month is based on a true story.注意:表示心理状态的动词-ing形式,意为“令人的”;动词-ed形式,意为“(人)感到的”,也可修饰体现内心感受的look,expression,tears,smile,voice等名词。3.非谓语动词作宾语(1)动词afford,promise,refuse,expect,hope,learn,offer,wish,want,fail,plan,agree,forget,like,prefer,decide,manage,try,arrange,determine,desire等后面接不定式作宾语;动词e,get,grow后接不定式作宾语时,意为“逐渐地”。David refused to accept my invitation.She has a hot temper,but you will grow to like her.注意:下列单词或短语后可接“疑问词不定式”作宾语:teach,decide,wonder,show,learn,forget,ask,find out,advise,discuss等。I dont know how to deal with this kind of matter.(2)动词admit,appreciate,avoid,consider(考虑),delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest等后要接动名词作宾语。Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the Expo during the vacation.动词短语cant stand,give up,feel like,keep on,insist on,look forward to,put off,devote.to,object to,be busy (in),get down to,have difficulty/trouble (in),have a good/wonderful/hard time (in),have fun等后要接动名词作宾语。I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.介词后要接动名词作宾语,如what about,how about,be fond of,be good at等的介词后接动名词。注意on/upon doing sth.as soon as 引导的从句,作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名词。On his arrival/On arriving at the station,he found the train had just started.注意:表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语;表示某一特定的或具体的行动,多接不定式作宾语。I like listening to music,but today I dont like to.want,require,need表“需要”讲,后用不定式时,要用其被动形式;用动名词时,用其主动形式(表被动意义)。The patient required to be examined.The patient required examining.4.非谓语动词作主语(1)动名词作主语Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语,it作形式主语)(2)不定式作主语To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语,it作形式主语)5.非谓语动词作宾补(1)分词作补语的区别现在分词作宾补的两大特征:一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系;二是现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。可接现在分词作宾补的动词(短语)常见的有:have,see,hear,find,get,leave,notice,watch,keep,start,set,catch,smell,feel,send,listen to,look at等。I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.I wont have you speaking to your dad like that.I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(被动,正在进行)过去分词作宾补的两大特征:一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系;二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系,多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有:have,see,hear,find,leave,want,make等。Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.(2)不定式作补语接带to的不定式作宾补,此类动词(短语)有:advise,allow,ask,cause,mand,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,invite,leave,like,mean,order,permit,persuade,prefer,request,tell,want,warn,wish,call on,depend on/upon,long for,wait for等。I didnt mean you to hear it.Were all longing for the new term to begin.接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)有:make,have,let等使役动词以及see,watch,notice,observe,look at,feel,hear,listen to等感官动词。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态,则to不可省略。动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略,也可以保留。Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.She was seen to enter the managers office ten minutes ago.(3)with宾语宾补The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work finished,he gladly accepted it.With a lot of difficult problems to settle,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.6.非谓语动词作表语(1)动名词作表语时,说明主语的内容。The queens work is laying eggs.(2)不定式作表语时,说明主语尚未发生的动作,或表示将来的动作。His ambition is to go to Harvard University.注意:现在分词或过去分词作表语时,通常为分词化的形容词。1.缺少非谓语动词的主动与被动意识2.缺少搭配意识3.缺少前后主语一致意识(误)Beforehanding in your test paper,it is necessary to go over the whole paper.(正)Beforehanding in your test paper,you should go over the whole paper.(正)Beforeyouhand in your test paper,you should go over the whole paper.4.缺少结构意识考向1作宾语或补足语.单句语法填空1.I quickly lower myself,ducking my head to avoid looking(look) directly into his eyes.(2018全国)解析动词avoid后要接动名词作宾语。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛,故用looking。2.Once his message was delivered,he allowed me tostay (stay) and watch.(2018全国)解析固定短语allow sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事,应该用to stay作宾补。3.I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken(take).(2018天津)解析句意为:我需要一个新护照,所以我得去让人给我拍照片。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语,宾语my photograph与take之间为被动关系,故用过去分词作宾语补足语。4.Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required toprocess(process) the food that we eat,to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. (2017全国)解析require sth./sb.to do sth.需要某物/某人做某事,此处用其被动语态结构,所以填动词不定式to process作主语补足语。5.Fast food is full of fat and salt;by eating(eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.(2017全国)解析表示方式的介词by之后接动名词作宾语。6.This included digging up the road,laying(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.(2017全国)解析included后的dig,lay,build是三个并列的动作,根据digging及building可知,lay也应用动名词形式作included的宾语。7.But Sarah,who has taken part in shows along with top models,wants toprove(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全国)解析want to do sth.想要做某事,动词不定式作want的宾语。8.In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without using(use) electric equipment.(2015全国)解析介词without之后的动词要用动名词形式。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by the fish.(2018全国)解析此处用动名词作介词by的宾语。2.As a kid,I loved to watch cartoons,but no matter how many times I asked to them,my parents would not let me.(2018全国)解析ask to do sth.要求做某事。3.When summer es,they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!(2017全国)解析invite sb.to do sth.邀请某人做某事。4.We can choose between staying at home and a trip.(2016全国)解析此处为between.and.结构,连接动名词短语作宾语,故此处也要用动名词形式,与前面保持一致。5.The position of the classroom with its view made me like I was dreaming.(2015浙江)解析make后跟复合宾语,当宾补为动词且与宾语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系时,用动词原形。考向2作主语或表语.单句语法填空1.It took him a long time toacquire(acquire) the skills he needed to bee a good dancer.(2018天津)解析句意为:他花了很长时间才获得成为一名好舞者所需要的各项技能。考查动词不定式作主语。在It takes/took sb.some time to do sth.句型中,it作形式主语,不定式短语作真正的主语。2.Traveling(travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.(2018北京)解析句意为:沿着古丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有意义的经历。“ along the old Silk Road”作主语,要用动名词。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.In their spare time,they are in planting vegetables in their garden,which is on the rooftop of their house. (2017全国)解析interesting意为“有趣的”,多指事物;interested意为“感兴趣的”,多指人。该句的主语是they,故用interested作表语。be interested in意为“对感兴趣”。2. tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner,which might not be served until 8 oclock at night.(2013新课标全国)解析分析句式结构可知句子的主语应为Have tea in the late afternoon这部分,动词原形不能作句子的主语,所以应该用动名词形式作主语。考向3作定语单句语法填空1.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全国)解析因为句中已有谓语动词was,故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因permit与reporter之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词形式作后置定语。2.For 25 days,she never left her baby,not even to find something toeat(eat)!(2016四川)解析不定式to eat作定语,修饰前面的不定代词something。句意为:25天中,她寸步不离她的孩子,甚至不去找东西吃!3.Abercrombie&Kent,a travel pany in Hong Kong,says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people living(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2015全国)解析句中已有谓语动词arranges,故应考虑此处填非谓语动词。由于live与其所修饰的名词people之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,故用表示主动意义的现在分词形式作定语。4.A study of travelers conducted(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.(2015全国)解析句意为:TripAdvisor网站进行的一项对于旅行者的调查把阳朔列为世界十佳旅游目的地之一。根据句意和句子结构可知,study与conduct构成逻辑上的被动关系,故此处应该使用过去分词作定语,修饰名词study。考向4作状语.单句语法填空1.The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice toimprove(improve) water quality.(2018全国)解析句意为:为了改善水质,政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词而且谓语动词是encourages,故improve应该用非谓语动词。此处用不定式作目的状语。故填to improve。2.Ordinary soap,used(use) correctly,can deal with bacteria effectively.(2018北京)解析因为句子中已有谓语动词,故此处要用非谓语动词形式。句子的主语与use之间是被动关系,因此应该用过去分词作状语,used correctly相当于if it is used correctly这个条件状语从句的省略形式。句意为:普通的肥皂,如果使用得当,可以有效地清除细菌。3.Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period,exceeding(exceed) the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.(2018江苏)解析句意为:在这段时期创造了大约13 500个新工作,超过了市场分析家认为的12 000的预期数字。were created是谓语,因此exceed只能用非谓语动词形式,句子的主语与exceed之间为主动关系,因此用现在分词形式作伴随状语。4.Sixteen years earlier,Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring tocook(cook) a meal.(2017浙江)解析Pahlsson当时摘掉钻戒的目的是为了做饭,故用动词不定式作目的状语。5.Skilled workers also bine various hardwoods and metal tocreate(create) special designs.(2016全国)解析句中已有谓语bine,故此处应考虑填非谓语动词,bine various hardwoods and metal的目的是to create special designs,故填动词不定式作目的状语。6.The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years.People probably cooked their food in large pots,using(use) twigs(树枝) to remove it.(2016全国)解析第二句中已有谓语cooked,且无其他连词,use与主句主语存在主动关系,故填现在分词形式作方式状语。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Everyone was silent, to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.(2018全国)解析分析句子结构可知,was为谓语动词,主语everyone与wait之间为主谓关系,故用现在分词作状语。2.I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.(2015陕西)解析句意为:我也许明年得再退休一次,只是为了能得到更多的饼干。故此处用动词不定式表示目的。考向5固定搭配.单句语法填空1.But unlike her school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting(rest).(2017全国)解析spend time (in) doing sth.为固定搭配。2.If you find something you love doing outside of the office,youll be less likely tobring(bring) your work home.(2016全国)解析固定表达be likely to do.很可能做某事。3.When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough tocool(cool) the house during the hot day;at the same time,they warm up again for the night.(2015全国)解析“形容词enough动词不定式”为常用句式。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.The instructor kept repeating the words,“Speed up!” “Slow down!” “ left!”(2017全国)解析根据前面教练发出的两个指令可知,这三个属于并列结构,都是祈使句,都以动词原形开头。2.Weve been spending a lot of time in karaoke bars.(2015四川)解析spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事,为固定搭配。.单句语法填空1.He suddenly appeared in class one day,wearing(wear) sunglasses.2.She wished that he was as easy toplease(please) as her mother,who was always delighted with perfume.3.Built(build) in 1192,the bridge is over 800 years old.4.Collecting(collect) stamps seems to be his main hobby.5.I didnt talk much to the man sitting(sit) next to me.6.Weather permitting(permit),well have an outing tomorrow.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.I also shared with my friends many photos in Beijing.2.Well,I had better to stop now.3.I look forward to her again in the near future.4. hungry,we built a fire by the lake and barbecued a fish.5.We should find ways to reuse the water in washing.语法填空(非谓语动词专练)There is a wonderful story about a young girl who had no family and no one 1.tolove(love) her.One day,2.feeling(feel) very sad and lonely,she was walking through a grassland when she noticed a small butterfly 3.caught(catch) in a thorny bush.The young girl carefully released the butterfly.Instead of 4.flying(fly) away,the little butterfly changed into a beautiful fairy.“In return for your wonderful kindness,”the good fairy said to the girl,“I will give you any wish that you would like 5.toget(get).”The little girl thought for a moment and then replied,“I want to be happy.”6.Leaning(lean) toward her,the fairy whispered in her ear and then disappeared.With the little girl 7.growing(grow) up,there was no one in the land happier than she was.Everyone wanted to make themselves 8.told(tell) the secret of happiness by her.She would only smile and answer,“The secret of my happiness is that I listened to a good fairy when I was a little girl.”When she was dying,the neighbors all gathered around her,9.fearing(fear) that her unbelievable secret of happiness would die with her.So they begged her 10.totell(tell) them what the good fairy said.The lovely old woman simply smiled and said,“She told me that everyone,no matter how old or young,how rich or poor,had need of me.”- 配套讲稿:
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