ZG型振动给料机设计【含CAD图纸、说明书】
毕业设计(论文)任务书 机电工程 学院 机械设计制造及自动化 专业设计(论文)题目 ZG型振动给料机设计 学 生 姓 名 班 级 起 止 日 期 指 导 教 师 教研室主任 发任务书日期 1.毕业设计的背景: 目前,振动机械的利用已经成为机械行业的一个有广泛发展前途的、并与生产有着密切关系的重要分支。据统计,现用于工业中的振动机械有上百之多,其中有振动给料机、振动输送机、振动筛和共振筛,作为通用机械,已被广泛用于采矿、冶金、化工、轻工、机械、电力、建筑、建材、交通、水利、铁道和国防等工业部门。因此,我们需要不断的推陈出新,让现代化的生活更加便捷。2.毕业设计(论文)的内容和要求: 内容:1给料机的振动给料的基本原理 2系统的运动过程 3总体结构及重要零部件的设计要求:结构简单、紧凑坚固,操作方便,外型美观。3.主要参考文献: 1振动筛 振动给料机 振动输送机的设计与调试2机械设计手册3惯性振动给料机的研究与优化设计4ZG型惯性振动给料机的动力学研究5机械设计工程学4.毕业设计(论文)进度计划(以周为单位):起 止 日 期工 作 内 容备 注第1、 2周第3、4周第5、6周第7、8周第9、10周第11、12周第13、14周第15、16周确定选题,查阅相关资料,对设计的题目给料机有了一个初步的认识。根据手册等一系列参考文献,来确定给料机需要设计部分的参数,并进行相关计算。继续前两周未完成的工作,对计算部分校验。根据计算数据和一些资料,开始进行绘总装图的草图。在导师的指导改正下,修正图,并用CAD绘制。绘制各部分零件图,并编写说明书。对整个设计进行修正。准备答辩。教研室审查意见: 室主任 年 月 日学院审查意见: 教学院长 年 月 日 毕业设计(论文)开题报告课 题 名 称: ZG型振动给料机设计 学 生 姓 名:指 导 教 师:所 在 学 院:专 业 名 称: 说 明1根据徐州工程学院毕业设计(论文)管理规定,学生必须撰写毕业设计(论文)开题报告,由指导教师签署意见、教研室审查,学院教学院长批准后实施。2开题报告是毕业设计(论文)答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。学生应当在毕业设计(论文)工作前期内完成,开题报告不合格者不得参加答辩。3毕业设计开题报告各项内容要实事求是,逐条认真填写。其中的文字表达要明确、严谨,语言通顺,外来语要同时用原文和中文表达。第一次出现缩写词,须注出全称。4本报告中,由学生本人撰写的对课题和研究工作的分析及描述,没有经过整理归纳,缺乏个人见解仅仅从网上下载材料拼凑而成的开题报告按不合格论。5. 课题类型填:工程设计类;理论研究类;应用(实验)研究类;软件设计类;其它。6、课题来源填:教师科研;社会生产实践;教学;其它课题名称ZG型振动给料机课题来源生产实践课题课题类型工程设计类选题的背景及意义目前,振动机械的利用已经成为机械行业的一个有广泛发展前途的、并与生产有着密切联系的重要分支。据统计,现用于工业中的振动机器有上百种之多,其中振动给料机、振动输送机、振动筛和共振筛,作为通用机械,已被广泛用于采矿、冶金、煤炭、化工、轻工、机械、电力、建筑、建材、交通、水利、铁道和国防等工业部门。因此,我们需要不断的推陈出新,让现代化的生活更加方便,简捷。研究内容拟解决的主要问题1 给料机振动给料的基本工作原理2 给料机系统的运动分析3 设备总体设计和关键零部件的结构设计研究方法技术路线 首先查阅资料,了解了振动给料机的工作原理,它的作用是抛起槽体中的物料,并按抛物线轨迹向前跳跃,以达到给料的目的。用于矿山冶金、机械等行业对物料的中间转载式匀速给料领域。弄清楚它的作业流程之后,再计算研究所需的参数,决定各装配部分。研究的总体安排和进度计划第1、2周 毕业实习第3、4周 查阅资料,详细了解振动给料机第5、6周 进行参数计算第7、8周 绘制总装图的草图第9、10周 绘制总装图的CAD图第11、12周 绘制各部件图和零件图第13、14周 检查所有图纸的错误,并编写说明书第15、16周 准备答辩主要参考文献1 振动筛 振动给料机 振动输送机的设计与调试2 ZG惯性振动给料机的动力学研究3 惯性振动给料机的研究与设计优化4 电磁振动给料机的力学模型5 机械设计手册6 机械工程学手册7 变频器的基础及应用指导教师意 见 指导教师签名: 年 月 日 教研室意见学院意见教研室主任签名:年 月 日 教学院长签名: 年 月 日压缩包内含有CAD图纸和说明书,咨询Q 197216396 或 11970985图书分类号:密 级:57摘要振动机械广泛应用于各类工业部门中,特别是矿山工业中,物料的给料、输送、筛分、脱水、脱介和破碎、磨碎等作业,都可使用振动机械。振动给料机在生产流程中,可把块状、颗粒状物料从贮料仓中均匀、连续地给到受料设备中去。适用于自动配料,定量包装和自动控制.它主要由两大部分组成:槽体和激振器.本设计中,激振器采用的是双电机式激振器,以电机作为激振源,提供振动所需的激振力. 这就保证了噪声低,耗电小,调节性能好,无冲料现象.为防止振动力过大,破坏地基,需要用橡胶弹簧作为减振系统.通过选择合适的变频器来使给料机的固有频率与激振频率靠近,以实现双质体共振.本设计整体实现了给料机的结构简单,运行可靠,调节安装方便,重量轻,体积小等特点. 振动给料机的发展和提高在矿山采掘和生产加工工业发展中占有很重要的地位,新技术新产品的开发和应用,是一项非常重要的任务.关键词 振动给料机; 设计 AbstractVibration machinery has been widely used in various industrial sectors, especially in the mining industry, materials feeding, transmission, screening, dehydration and broken, grinding and other operations, they all can use the vibration machine. Mechanical vibration feeder can give massive, granular material from the storage silos in uniform into the material equipment in the production process. It applies to the automatic ingredients, packaging and quantitative control. It is mainly composed of two major parts: Slot and Vibrator . The design of the exciter is a double-vibration motor and the electrical excitation as a source of vibration provides the necessary exciting force. This ensures low noise, small power consumption, perfect condition and no-expected phenomenon. In order to prevent excessive vibration from destructing the foundation, it needs using rubber as a spring damping system. By selecting the appropriate frequency converter to make the feeder similar to the natural frequency of vibration frequencies .It can achieves the quality of dual-resonance. The simple overall structure, reliable operation, regulation of easy installation, light weight, small size and other characteristics can achieve. The enhance and development in the mining and manufacturing industrial development play important roles ,the development and applications of new products and new technology are very important tasks.Key words Mechanical Vibration Feeder Design 目 录1 绪论11.1我国振动给料设备的发展沿革12 给料机的工作原理43 承载构件的结构设计63.1承载构件的型式63.2承载构件的刚度63.3槽体主要尺寸的确定73.4振动筛板的结构设计84 工艺参数的选择104.1 给料机的长度及宽度104.2 振幅和频率104.3 振动电机激振力计算114.4 物料的平均速度124.5 给料机生产能力124.6 应用及改进125 振动分析145.1 振动电机的振动给料机动力学分析145.2 力学模型分析155.3 考虑存在阻尼时的振动的分析175.4 固有频率与激振频率196 振动给料机电机功率的计算206.1振动给料机及振动筛启动过程分析206.2电机功率的计算227 强度校核237.1 焊接校核237.1.1 焊接介绍237.1.2 焊接的质量检查237.1.3 静载荷作用下焊接的计算237.1.4 交变载荷作用下的强度计算247.2 橡胶弹簧257.2.1 橡胶弹簧特性258 变频器的调速方式及合理选择268. 1 引言268.2 变频调速方式的确定268.3 控制方式的选择288.4 变频器的分类298.5 变频器的选择298.5.1选择变频器品牌型号298.5.2选择变频器规格298.5.3 选择的变频器应满足的条件308.6 变频调速原理308.6.1 变频器的基本结构308.6.2变频器的控制电路308.6.3 变频调速的基本原理318.6.4 变频调速的优点339 系统的设计实现349.1 可编程控制器概述349.1.1 PLC简介349.2 主要特点369.3 PLC系统结构379.4 系统硬件实现379.4.1 容量选择及定方法振幅379.4.2变频器控制电气原理38结论41致谢42参考文献43附录44 1 绪论1.1 我国振动给料设备的发展沿革20世纪50年代初,矿井用给料设备主要依赖机械式往复给料机。该机型结构简单,动力消耗较大,设备笨重。其原理是:由连杆及偏心轴传动,往复作业,处理量小,成间接堆式不均匀给料。但该机型维修量小、耐用,布置所需高度低,对物料的粒度组成、外在水分等物理性质要求不严。已广泛用在各类矿井生产中。特别是煤矿井下,直到目前,对其在恶劣条件下的适用性仍给予好评。随着矿井机械化程度的提高,对K型往复式给料机已作了大量改进,由单屈臂改为双屈臂,给料量已增加到1 000- 2 000 t / h 。60年代,随着生产技术的发展,相继出现了电磁振动给料机,并迅速得到广泛应用。原机械工业部相继在东北的辽阳、河南鹤壁和江苏海安设立3家定点生产厂。该机型属于双质体共振钢型弹力振动,相对于K型往复给料机,其适应性更加广泛。由于结构紧凑、质量轻、可无级调速以及适用220 - 380v不同等级电压与电耗少等特点,从而得到了推广。然而,由于该机型存在电磁铁振动时噪声大、振频高(3 000次/min)、振幅小( 1- 1.5mm)和调整运量的振幅大小取决于E型电磁铁静块与动块间隙、板弹簧片数以及联接杆螺母松紧程度等原因,如果调节不当,间隙太大则电流增大(长时间线圈铁芯会发热损坏),间隙过小造成振幅减少,致使用户深感生产管理不便。特别是在增加调速时,因噪声过大影响职工身心健康。为减少料仓直接作用在给料机上物料的垂直压力,配置料斗及导料仓时要有一定的角度和高度;对水分大、结湿滞性物料,因其频率高、振幅小出现板结和不下料现象,使其局限于非防爆场合使用;因电磁铁怕水、怕潮、振动时会产生火花而导致瓦斯爆炸,对密度较大矿石的给料也不太适合;因振幅小对物料抛浮力小,其给料量也受到限制。 到了70年代末至80年代初,一种单质体以振动电机加偏心块离心力为振源的给料设备应运而生。该机型简单明快,自动调节同步运动,选用4- 6极电机、转数为960-1 450转/min,振幅可达4 - 12 mm。但使用中发现,该机型有先天缺陷:振源为特殊电机。在偏心块作用下,对电机轴承的质量,密封程度要求过高,且成功保质功率为2. 2kW。如需防爆,不但造价高,对其性能,亦非一般生产厂家能保证,而且价格昂贵;参振电机在振动槽上采用直接连接方式安装,轴承除承受正常径向力外,尚有较大的轴向力,严重影响电机寿命。在使用率较高的地方,常因轴承游隙过大或缺油造成电机扫膛而烧坏,使生产无法正常进行,频繁更换会给用户带来经济损失;电机直接参振的槽体,其两台电机开机需强制同步,会因振动使槽体破裂。在槽体载料过重或出现卡死情况下,电机强行启动易造成过流烧坏,剪断固定电机螺栓,使电机掉下伤人。这些先天缺陷使强制同步型给料设备的应用受到很大限制。后来,虽然国内生产厂对电机质量不断改善,但无法改变该机型先天性的技术缺陷。 在80年代末90年代初,针对强制同步振动电机为振源的给料设备的使用状况,研制开发了一种电机不参振型新型给料设备。GZ型是参照波兰设备研制的单质体振动给料机。该机以普通电机为振源,绕性连接槽体下方的激振器。激振器内有两根可调偏心轴。通过电机绕性传动,一对齿轮转动产生激振力。它的出现是强制式电机振动给料设备的更新换代产品,给料均匀、运行可靠、对物料的水分及粒度适用性强。该机采用前吊后座配置,以不烧电机著称。该机存在的问题是:现场配置需固定电机底架,占用一定空间;绕形连接因槽体载重过量卡死后,强行启动会撕裂;动态与静态配连安装时要求上下左右留有一定的活动量,而且因无减振系统,激振力直接传递给机身的地基,其冲击力及噪声较大;激振器重力轴以及齿轮材质要求高;要求激振箱注油降温,密封不严会漏油,造成二次污染,缺油后齿轮发热起火,存在不安全隐患。目前,该机型已发展成系列产品-GZY,GZM,GZK,在国内许多大型矿井及煤炭转运生产线上广泛运用,获得了良好的社会、经济效益。 XZG型给料机是90年代具有先进水平的新型给料设备。由北京有色冶金研究总院、东北工学院等在吸收国内外先进技术基础上研发而成。92年,在世界第二、亚洲第一的大型铜业基地-德兴铜矿进行工业性调试,同年12月通过中国有色总公司的技术鉴定,94年获国家五部委颁发的国家级产品证,与国内原有设备相比,XZG型给料机有显著优点。采用了双质体近共振惯性振动原理。采用橡胶剪切给力,具有设计合理、结构紧凑、衡压平稳启动、不受槽体物料载重和卡死的影响,而且省力、无噪声、省电、给料量大,可以配置无级变频器,实现变频给料、配料,远距离微机操作控制,常年无需维修,主振剪切胶簧10年无需更换。目前,已在国内重大项目工程中广泛采用,江西德兴铜矿、安徽铜陵公司、安庆铜矿、招远金矿、上海宝钢、三峡工程、神华大柳塔洗煤厂、榆家梁、孙家沟、充州济宁二号井以及各大矿务局等。它采用悬挂、座式等配置,便于工艺布置及空间利用。该机型由槽体、激振部两大部分组成,主振部分是激振部。一台振动电机,水平装置在平衡体后立板上,剪切橡胶弹簧上下单排或双排布置。由下压板通过螺栓连接在平衡体上,再由左右侧板与槽体连接。原理是,振动电机偏心作用力通过上下固定在平衡体与压板上的剪切胶块把力剪切传递到槽体,实现均匀给料。振频960次/ min,振幅可达2- 12 mm。在十多年的推广应用中,得到广大用户的一致好评,正在日益发挥作用。被公认为是目前最先进的产品之一。但是,以双质体理论设计配置,整机质量较其它产品大,制造费用较贵。特别是防爆型给料机,因防爆振动电机价格较高,在推广中遇到了廉价给料机的挑战。但有远识的企业家、工程技术人员还是看重了其可靠性和先进性,正在不断占领各个行业的给料机市场。我们从以上各类给料机的发展历程可以看出,我国振动给料机顺应国外给料机发展模式:振动给料机可靠耐用,维护量少,生产效率高,便于自动化管理;大型化可提高处理能力,适应高产高效集约化生产需要,实现微机自动化控制、动态分析与监控技术相结合;拓展各机型的适用范围,以满足不同物料运输的需要,降低动力消耗和噪声,更加环保和人性化设计。但是,我们不难发现整个民族工业发展息息相关,我们要倍加呵护。由于我国各地经济发展不平衡,先进技术应用还要经过一个艰苦的认识过程,传统观念的封闭与经济欠发达地区的财力都会影响我国振动给料设备的发展。因此,要想使我国的给料设备赶超世界水平,还有待各方面的共同努力。直线振动筛与下面我所介绍的振动给料机的工作原理有异曲同工之妙,我们不妨先看看直线筛的工作原理图:ZXS系列直线振动筛利用振动电机激振作为振动源,使物料在筛网上被抛起,同时向前作直线运动,物料从给料机均匀地进入筛分机的进料口,通过多层筛网产生数种规格的筛上物、筛下物、分别从各自的出口排出。具有耗能低、产量高、结构简单、易维修、全封闭结构,无粉尘溢散,自动排料,更适合于流水线作业。 图1-1直线振动筛的工作动态效果图及其平面图 2 给料机的工作原理振动给料机又称为振动喂料机。振动给料机在生产流程中,可把块状、颗粒状物料从贮料仓中均匀、连续、定时地给到受料装置中去,在砂石生产线中可为破碎机械连续均匀地喂料,并对物料进行粗筛分,广泛用于冶金、煤矿、选矿、建材、化工、磨料等行业的破碎、筛分联合设备中。电机振动给料机是利用两台偏心振动电机的同步原理,产生合力,通过周期振动,从而推动给料槽内的物料做抛掷或滑行运动,用于把块状、颗粒状及粉状物料从贮料仓或其它贮料设备中均匀、连续或定量地给到受料设备中,适应于自动配料、定量包装和自动控制。它的性能特点是:振动平稳、工作可靠、寿命长;可能调节激振力,可以随时改变和控制流量,调节方便稳定;振动电机为激振源,噪声低,耗电小,调节性能好,无冲料现象。结构简单,运行可靠,调节安装方便,重量轻,体积小,维护保养方便,当采用封闭式结构机身时可防止粉尘污染。ZG型振动给料机采用的是座式安装,可直接安装在基础上,或钢结构的底架上。设备安装后比较平稳,但要求基础平整。 图2-1 自同步振动给料机结构与工作原理 1槽体 2激振电机 3减振器从图中可以看到,振动给料机的激振器是由一对参数接近相同的激振电机组成的,两台激振电机通常平行安装于槽体的后部两侧或槽体的下方,并对称于给料机的纵向对称平面。两台激振电机的轴线与槽底平面所夹的角度和所需的振动方向角互为余角。两台激振电机的轴线也可以与槽体的对称平面相垂直,安装在给料机槽体的后部。这时,不应破坏整机关于槽体纵向对称平面的对称性。在这种情况下电机底座与槽底平面所夹的角度也应和所需的振动方向角互为余角。根据自同步原理,两电机启动后,将很快就进入同步状态,即以同一转数运转,两电机的偏心块所产生的惯性力在两轴心连线上相互抵消,而在与两轴心连线相垂直的方向上叠加为激振力。这是按规律变化的,此激振力使振动给料机获得输送物料所必须的振动。 3 承载构件的结构设计承载构件系指振动给料机直接承载物料的部件,它是给料机的重要组成部分,根据承载构件尺寸的大小和被输送物料的性质,一般用210mm厚的炭钢、低合金结构钢或不锈钢焊成。本设计都采用Q235,它是很好的焊接材料。3.1 承载构件的型式振动给料机的承载构件,根据具体使用要求通常设计成槽式和管式。在这里,采用的是通用型式槽式。槽式多是敞开的,也可以做成密封的,以防止粉尘外溢或环境污染。槽体的截面分为矩形的、梯形的和三角形的,槽底有平底和弧形底两种。因为槽体直接参与振动,它的质量(或重量)大小直接影响到所需要的激振力和消耗功率的大小。承载构件愈重则功率消耗愈大,因此承载构件重量轻些才好。槽体始终处于较高频率的振动状态下,为了避免在共振时振幅增大而造成构件的疲劳断裂,要求槽体有较高的刚度。为了减小承载质量并增加它的刚度,通常在槽体外面焊接加强筋,以增加截面的惯性矩,本设计中,槽体的设定长度为1.5米。3.2 承载构件的刚度为了使承载构件在振动条件下经久耐用,在槽体设计时仅仅考虑强度是不够的,还应保证构件有足够的刚度。(1) 整体刚度在计算槽体的整体刚度时,可将槽体看成是支承于弹簧上的弹性支承梁。该梁的一阶弯曲固有频率可近似按照下式计算: 式 (3.1)式中 一阶弯曲固有频率,; 槽体单位长度质量,; 弹性模量,; 截面惯性矩,; 槽体的长度,。为了使槽体有尽可能高的一阶固有频率,可以采取以下措施。尽量减轻槽体重量,使槽体的截面惯性矩大而槽体长度短。(2) 局部刚度 因为槽体的某一局部刚度不足也会引起局部共振,因此除了上述整体刚度的要求之外,还要求槽体的各个局部也具有足够的刚度。 对于悬臂筋板的一阶弯曲固有频率可按下式近似计算: 式 (3.2)式中 一阶弯曲固有频率,; 筋板厚度,; 筋板高度,; 材料的弹性模量,; 筋板材料的密度, 。各阶固有频率之比为: 3.3 槽体主要尺寸的确定本设计中,槽体长度L设定为1500mm,宽度B为1100mm。振动给料机中用于配料定量时为保证给料均匀,防止物料自流应水平安装;如进行一般物料连续给料,可下倾10安装;对于粘性物料及含水量较大的物料可下倾15安装。推力板(传动板)是传递激振力的重要构件,应有足够的刚度。两推力板之间的距离 ,推力板在激振力作用下不应有弹性变形,以保证物料在整个槽宽上的输送速度一致。槽帮的高度(或深度)一般不宜太高或太低,推荐为450。为了使激振力能够准确地通过槽体质心,使力臂为0,以防止机体产生摇摆振动,这就牵涉到槽体质心的位置计算。应该指出,槽内带有物料时的机体质心,也就是指负载后的槽体质心与空载的槽体质心是不重合的。在设计时,激振力作用线必须通过负载时槽体的质心。槽体的质心坐标可由下式求出: 式 (3.3) 式中 槽体各零件距坐标原点O的距离; 槽体上各零件的重量; 槽体重心的坐标。 3.4 振动筛板的结构设计振动筛是利用振动的多孔工作面将颗粒大小不同的混合物料按粒度进行分级的机械,这种分级作业叫做筛分。筛分工作一般适用于尺寸为1300mm或更细物料(达0.05mm,甚至更小)的分级。当用于分级时,一层筛面可获得两种产品;用n层筛面分级可获得n+1种产品。根据筛分任务的不同,筛分作业可分为以下几种:(1)独立筛分。筛分后的产品成为成品的筛分称为独立筛分。(2)预备筛分。为下一步加工而进行的筛分称为预备筛分。在选矿厂中,如采用重力选、电磁选等选矿方法时,要求矿石有一定的粒度范围,因而,在选别之前,须将矿石分成若干等级,以利于选别作业有效地进行。(3)辅助筛分。这种筛分作业是和破碎作业联合在一起的。其目的是当矿石进入破碎机之前,将已符合要求的不需要破碎的合格产品筛出;或是对破碎机破碎后的产品进行检查,筛出过大的不合格产品送回破碎机中继续进行破碎。前者称为预先筛分,后者称为检查筛分,若同时执行预先筛分和检查筛分的任务,则称为预先检查筛分。本设计中,振动筛板实现的就是辅助筛分。 图3-1 三种筛分方式示意图 (a) 预先筛分 (b)检查筛分 (c)预先检查筛分 (4)其他筛分。如脱水、脱介、脱泥等。对中等料层厚度采用的是普通筛分法,对物料进行筛分。它的特点是:(1) 料层厚度一般为筛孔尺寸的36倍;(2) 筛面层数为12层;(3) 物料颗粒的透筛是在筛面连续振动的情况下按照筛孔的大小进行的。(4) 筛孔尺寸a与筛下物的最大颗粒尺寸d的关系:圆孔:a=1.31.4d,方孔:a=1.11.13d,长方形孔:a=0.70.8d 。此设计中采用的是方形孔,冲孔而成。筛面是筛机的主要工作部件。对筛面的基本要求是:有足够的强度,最大的有效面积,筛孔应不易堵塞,在物料运动时与筛孔相遇的机会较多。这是保证筛面有较好的工作可靠性、工作效果和使用寿命的条件。筛板是一种比较牢固的筛面,主要用于大中块物料的筛分作业中。筛孔在25mm以上的大块分级,应当采用筛板。这样筛面的寿命较长,对筛分效果影响不大。其开孔率可用下式计算: 式(3.4)式中 开孔率,%; 筛孔直径,mm; 筛孔间的最短距离,mm。按照经验, 的大小可用公式 确定。经计算,筛板的开孔率为50%。 4 工艺参数的选择4.1 给料机的长度及宽度 给料机的长度依照用户煤仓的尺寸、给料机的替代及物料的自锁条件等三方面来确定.本机长度定为1 500mm,宽度则确定为1 100mm。4.2 振幅和频率为了选择最佳下列参数.先进行物料运动分析筛面上有单颗物料W.在振动过程时作用在W上的力。如图4-1所示: 图4-1 物料机上物料受力分析图中 物料在X方向的惯性力,N;作用给物料W的抛射力,N;F磨檫力,N; N正压力,N;G物料重,N; G重力加速度,918cm/。按照达轮培尔原理,可建立以下微分方程式: 式 (4.1)式中 给料机安装倾角 ; 给料机抛射角 ; 振幅;振动电机角速度 。 物料W可能有3种运动状态前滑:它增加给料机地板摩擦,一般不用;后滑:无意义;跳起:给料机下作需要使物料抛起.其条件为: ,这时N=0,F=0,将(4-1)式除以得: 式 (4.2)即,当为时抛射力为最大,这时令,称为振动强度,一般KI时,料槽将在超共振区工作,增加输送物体后,m增加,将使阻尼值。增大令振幅下降,而P降低,则值增加,振幅更加大,影响振动系统的工作稳定性。 6 振动给料机电机功率的计算确定惯性振动给料机及振动筛电机功率参数过程中,传动率的合理选择和计算是一个十分重要的问题,它不仅是惯性振动给料机及振动筛正常运行的重要条件,而且也是合理电能消耗的重要条件。在传统的工程设计中,惯性振动给料机及振动筛电机功率参数的确定是由经验估算来确定的。例如:由矿院设计的某石灰石矿破碎筛分系统规模为年处理矿石4000kt/ a,其粒度要求见表1。破碎筛分系统工艺流程是,采矿选用电铲装车,运至破碎筛分系统的石灰石原矿粒度为1000-2000mm结合产品粒度要求,设计采用粗、中和细碎闭路二段破碎流程。其产品粒度界限图见表6-1:表6-1产品粒度界限表从表6-1中可以看出,振动给料机及振动筛在破碎系统中使用频率较高,对产品的质量起重要的作用。振动给料机及振动筛电机功率的计算方法有好几种,其中一部分计算方法属于经验公式,它们只能对这类设备的功率选择作初步的确定。一般误差较大,如果要合理计算其功率,必须分析这类机械的启动过程,才能得出较为合理的电机功率数据。而这种计算结果在该石灰石矿破碎系统的工艺流程的改造得到验证。在已完成的工程设计中,对振动给料机及振动筛的选用,其中电机功率的确定未进行过详细的计算,只是根据处理量凭经验公式来确定振动给料机及振动筛的电机功率参数,使得工程设计中确定电机功率的理论依据不是很充分。随着工艺水平的不断进步,振动给料机及振动筛的电机功率参数的计算方法也有了一定的改进。通过分析给料机及振动筛的启动过程,计算出合理的电机功率数据,是一种相对完善,也较容易实现的一种计算方法.下面对这种计算方法进行简单的介绍。6.1 振动给料机及振动筛启动过程分析 振动给料机及振动筛的正常工作是由带偏心质量的振动器驭动其机体产生连续的振动,使物料得到有效的输送或筛分。而振动器的核心部分是以一定的速度旋转的偏心块。当振动给料机及振动筛启动时,振动器的偏心质量在规定时间内,由静止达到工作转速,实现正常工作,完成全部启动过程。 要实现这个启动过程必须要在振动器的偏心质量上加一个最大的转矩,以克服振动器的阻力矩、静转矩和加速力矩,来实现振动给料机及振动筛的正常起动,稳定运转的工作状态。设最大转矩为 ,则 式(6.1)式中 使振动器的偏心质量m在规定时间达到工作转速的角加速度所需的力 矩,N .m; 克服振动器的阻力及参振质体mR质体的静转矩所需的力矩,N .m; 式(6.2)式中 振动器的偏心质量旋转角速度,r/ min; t 时间,s; 式(6.3)式中 n振动器的偏心质量旋转速,r/ min 。 = / dt 式(6.4)式中 振动器的转动惯量,; ; 式(6.5)式中 参振质体的质量,kg; D 推算的环动直径,m。起动过程的角加速度是变化的,但在规定的起动时间内,可取其平均值。 式(6.6)所以, 式(6.7)在(6.1)式中的是由振动器的阻力矩和静力矩组成。即 式(6.8)由于较小,可以忽略,计算时可以认为 式(6.9)由于振动筛式振动给料机的参振质体在振动过程中能量的输入和输出、电机功率实际上是不平衡的,所以要考虑一个不均衡系数K,所以 式(6.10)式中 K不均衡系数,K = 0. 4 0. 5; 振幅,m。 所以 式(6.11)6.2 电机功率的计算 电机功率一般以额定转矩,计算,即 式(6.12)式中 u额定电压,V; 电压降时的最大电压,V。则电动机功率P为:, 选取 kw。 7 强度校核7.1 焊接校核7.1.1 焊接介绍薄板结构的搭接焊接可以采用接触焊(点焊)和滚焊(缝焊),本设计所有焊接都采用缝焊。焊点的直径d 可根据被焊对象零件的厚度来确定;d=1.2S + 4mm, 而且此直径不应大于d=1.5S+5mm,式中S是被焊元件的最小厚度。 传动板 S= 12mm 所以 d=1.212mm +4mm=16.4mm d=1.512mm +5mm=23mm 那么 d=16.4-23mm 取d=18mm。 其他钢板 S=8 mm 所以 d=1.28mm +4mm=13.6mm d=1.58mm +5mm=17mm 那么 d=13.6-17mm 取d=15mm。推荐焊接点间的距离 a=3d7.1.2 焊接的质量检查 为了保障机械制造中产品的可靠性,应该对焊接件进行全部检查或者抽样检查。检查的方法有外观目测以及破坏性方法和非破坏性(无损)方法几种。本设计采用运行长时间来试机用来检验焊接质量。7.1.3 静载荷作用下焊接的计算对接焊缝的强度计算是把被联接零件看成一个整体零件而按其名义截面(不考虑焊缝加厚)进行的。给料机材料均为Q235。拉应力 式 (7.1)式中 外载荷; 焊缝的长度; 被联接零件的厚度; 焊缝拉伸许用应力,通常,取。表7-1 静载荷作用下焊缝的许用应力焊接类型焊接的许用应力拉伸时受压时剪切时自动焊,在保护性气体介质中焊,接触焊065普通焊条手工焊0906点接触焊05 =32.3MPa 0.9 =0.9235=211.5MPa满足要求。7.1.4 交变载荷作用下的强度计算当焊联接件承受载荷时,如果循环的平均应力和应力幅长正比的增大,那么强度安全系数应为: 式 (7.2)式中 绝对尺寸因素影响后材料的疲劳极限; 有效应力集中系数;取1.2;不对称循环对疲劳强度的影响系数,对于低碳钢的对接焊联接,取0.15。计算得:所以满足要求。7.2 橡胶弹簧7.2.1 橡胶弹簧特性: 橡胶弹簧弹性模量小,形状不受限制,各方向刚度可以自由选择,容易达到理想的非线性特性,同时可承受多方向的载荷。本设计采用支承用橡胶弹簧,尺寸采用120120,橡胶弹簧橡胶硬度为50HS,查表矩此弹簧承受垂直载荷为94kN ,完全满足设计要求。弹簧内径为38。 8 变频器的调速方式及合理选择 8.1 引言经历了20世纪70年代中期的第2次石油危机之后,人们充分认识到了节能工作的重要性,并进一步重视和加强了对交流调速技术的研究开发工作。随着同时期电力电子技术的发展,作为交流调速系附录EV2000 serieses transducer machine in the fountainSimmonsetal.,1998.Carrying on sieving in Kunming now again of several disaster in the family transducer the machine the sale the brand, comparison, end picked out AIMO to living E-V2000 seriates to change a transducer machine product. Through comprehensive an-alibis comparison, the AIMO livings EV2000 seriates to change a transducer machine, having three greatest advantages: Have another use while using a high perform-acne, have another procedure to turn a control; Two is the product dependable fun-action best: Three is an EV2000 is a kind of price to compare a very high and econ-omic type a product.AIMOS livingsing EV2000 serieses to change a transducer machine is to adopt a special control method a realization high torque , high accuracy, the breadth adjusts to drive soon of, it satisfy in general use change a transducer machine a high performance to turn of trend;Having the same kind product of outrun defends to jump brake function and adapts bad charged barbed wire net, the ability of temperature and dust, raised the credibility of the product biggest;AIMOS livingsing EV2000 serieses to change a transducer machine is customer in general use need and customer characteristic need, the professions need is organic to combine of creative type product, it practical PI, simple PLC, the vivid importation exportation carries son, the pulse frequency gives to settle, have a power fail with shut down a parameter storage choice, frequency give settle passage and movement orderany passage to bind, zero transducers return bad control, the lord assists to settle control, put a transducer control, settle long control etc., turn a solution for the integral whole that the equipments manufacturing industry customer provides a high integration degree to lowering system cost, raise the system credibility to have tremendous value;The AIMO livings EV2000 serieses to change a transducer machine to pass excellent turn the PWM control technique and electromagnetism and permit sex overall design, satisfied customer biggest to apply the amenity low noise, the environmental protection request of low electromagnetism interference.1.The spot installs the movement design of circumstance and fountain electricity circuit a request physically1.1 spots investigation fountain installs a circumstance physicallyThat fountain covers area about 200 square meters, tube road, submersible pump, spray a mouth, underwater colourful light, keep pond to repair etc. have been already completed work.The fountain whole shape for oval, spray water system is controled part by six sets of electricities to constitute:Group 1 is just central to establish 1 to keep a spray type to spray a mouth independently in the fountain pool, supplying water submersible pump one set, power 5.5 KWs;Group 2 is just central to be established a line of straight lines form array by ex- position to keep a spray type to spray a mouth in the fountain pool, supplying water submersible pump two sets, power 5.5 KWs 2.2 KWs;Group 3 the position establishes a set of double rhombus array to keep a spray type to spray a mouth after the fountain pool just central depend, supplying water submersible pump two sets, power 4 KWs 3 KWs;Group 4 establishes 1 turn to follow side oval an array to keep a spray type to spray a mouth in the whole shape oval edge of the fountain fountain pool, supplying water submersible pump three sets, power 3 KWs 3 KWs 5.5 KWs;Group 5 keeps pond catchment to use submersible pump work two sets for the underground, power 2.2 KWs 2.2 KWs;Group 6 is the fountain pool underwater colourful light set, the power adds up a 4 KWs.The fountain electricity controls building position a constitution Be being apart from fountain to keep a pond submersible pump the place of 60 meters, the pedestal submersible pump power cable adopts an oak set copper coreeach time three core10 square cables follow ground the ditch conceal cover up to spread to establishThe fountain uses to keep pond to establish for the underground type covered sewerage, ising divided into two or so pond, dark pond bottom depth about 4 meters.The top submersible pump is established in two or so dark pond bottoms respectively.1.2 fountains spray water shape electricity circuit to circulate a design a requestGroup 1 just central independence spray type lord sprays a mouth to spray the water design height as 6 meters, after switching on spray water shape to keep constantly, until shut down. Group 2 fountain pool is just central to depend an ex- position straight line form array to keep a spray type to spray a mouth, having in order perpendicular request to spray water shape, while spraying water water type from have no water to go up to 4 meters gradually and keep 1 declined to to dont spray water to appear gradually after minute. Group 3 fountain pool keeps a spray type to spray a mouth after ising just central to depend the double rhombus array of position, requesting in order after Group 2 complete perpendicularity to spray water shape, while spraying water water type from have no water go up to 3 meters gradually and keep 1 declined to to dont spray water to appear gradually after minute. Group 4 oval array which follows an outside turn keeps a spray type to spray a mouth, requesting in order to tilt to one side 75 degrees after Group 3 complete to inside the parabola type spray water shape, the start nature of the adoption submersible pump sprays water, water type sprays 4 meters in height and keep 3 stop spraying water after minutes.Above-mentioned Group 2, Group 3, Group 4 submersible pump design becomes auto in proper order circulation, Group 1 and Group 6 underwater colourful light set design in order to switch on to start, shut down stop work. Group 5 keeps pond catchment to use a submersible pump, designing an adult in order to start, shut down to control.2.The fountain sprays water shape electricity circuit to circulate a control design to conceive outline 2.1 Group 1s spray a mouth, Group 2 sprays a mouth, Group 3 sprays a mouth, Group 4 sprays a mouth, Group 6 underwater colourful light set adopts in fixed time a machine to always control, starting in fixed time/shut down to control.Auto in proper order circularly the part is alone another to do to control electric circuit, easy to maintain an observation. 2.2 Group 1s of submersible pumps and Group 6 underwater colourful light set, in addition to adopting in fixed time the machine always controls, the another line designs 1 to switch on to start respectively and independently, shutting down to stop work mode, easy to maintain an observation.Group 5 keeps pond catchment to use a submersible pump to also design independence of switch on to start, shut down to stop work mode.Three independence switches on to start, shutting down stop work mode, adopt contact machine from protect to move/stop the circuit can immediately attain a purpose.2.3 Group 2, Group 3, Group 4 design become the auto is in proper order circulation.Among them, Group 2 circulation with in proper order auto start, adopting above-mentioned 2.1 item in of in fixed time machine, start control in fixed time to the early start of starting the submersible pump, promise circulating movement with the stop signal of the control circuit of the Group 4 submersible pump contact machine. Group 2 wants an au to attain to spray water water type from have no water to go up to four meters gradually and keep one after minute declined to to dont spray water gradually have to adopt to change a transducer machine of frequency modulation, adjust to press, adjust soon function then can attain a purpose.Is the 5.5 KWs 2.2 KWs according to Group 2 submersible pump power=the actual circumstance with 7.7 KWs, living the adoption EV2000-4 of the EV2000 series characteristic T0055 Gs/0075 Pses to change a transducer machine a realization to spray a water shape according to the AIMO .The exploitation changes the transducer machine CN6 to carry the son FWD mark number to carry to connect to go into in fixed time a machine to start control signal circuit in fixed time, attain a Group 2 of purpose that submersible pump starts.2.4 Group 3s of double rhombus arrays keep a spray type to spray a mouth, attain in order after Group 2 complete the perpendicularity spray water, while spraying water water type from have no water to go up to 3 meters gradually and keep 1 declined to to dont spray water gradually after minute.Have to also adopt to change a transducer machine of of frequency modulation, adjust to press, adjust soon function then can attain a purpose.Is the 4 KWs 3 KWs according to Group 3 submersible pump power=the actual circumstance with 7 KWs, living the adoption EV2000-4 of the EV2000 series characteristic T0055 Gs/0075 Pses to change a transducer machine according to the AIMO .Group 3 submersible pump auto is in proper order circulate start control signal, the CN7 which adopts a Group 2 of submersible pump to change the transducer machine EV2000-4 T0055 Gs/0075 Pses carries son TA, the TC mark number carries to connect go into start control signal circuit, attain a Group 3 of purpose that submersible pump starts.2.5 Group 4s of oval arrays keep a spray type to spray a mouth, tilting to one siding 75 degrees after Group 3 complete in order to inside the parabola type spray water, adopting a submersible pump start nature to spray water, water shape sprays 4 meters in height and keep 3 stop spraying a water request after minutes.Adoptions getting in touch with a machine a control circuit can immediately attain a purpose.The CN7 which gets in touch with a machine control the start of the circuit a control signal an adoption Group 3 submersible pump to change a transducer machine carries son TA, the TC mark number carries to connect into a start a control signal circuit, attain a Group 4 of purpose that submersible pump starts. 2.6 because of Group 2, Group 3, Group 4 wants to design auto circulation under the sistuation that switch on.So need not to receive the stop signal of Group 4 submersible pump contact machine control circuit a Group 2 of submersible pump control change the transducer machine CN6 to carry the son FWD mark number to carry, then can attain three sets of automatically circulating purposes.3.the system adjust to tryThis kind of fountain sprays a water circuit control of the shape electricity the system of the movement to adjust to try a key to lie in Group 2, Group 3 system constitution which change a transducer machine.Spray other main spare part all adoption import piece within control of the water electricity circuit to install in this kind of fountain, insure to guarantee complete success.Before establishing AIMO to living the function parameter that the EV2000-4 T0055 Gs/0075 Pses change a transducer machine, the customer has to read its user manual and usage manual in detail.Should change a transducer machine to try according to the user manual multi-function and multipurpose change a transducer machine, used for a fountain control the movement of the submersible pump, applying should change a transducer machine in of seldom one part of function constitution parameter, greatly parts of parameters all dont need to be established perhaps say pressing original factory cans not establishes then.That fountain controls the parameter ofwith parts of constitutions as follows:F0.03 circulate an order a passage choice:(Carry a sub- movement order)F0.08 model choices:1(water pump load)F0.09 torque to promote:30%F0.10 acceleration time:6.0SF0.The 13 times limits frequency:2.00HZF2.01 start frequency:30.00HZF2.02 start frequency to keep time:10SF4.00 simple PLCs circulate a way choice:1000(started from the first stage, the single circle shut down behind.)F4.02 stages 1 circulate time:1.0SF4.04 stages 2 movement time:6.0SF4.06 stages 3 movement time:1.0S F4.08 stages 4 movement time:6.0SF4.10 stages 5 movement time:1.0SF4.12 stages 6 movement time:6.0SF4.14 stages 7 movement time:6.0SF7.12 output a function choice after the electric appliances:11(the PLC completes designation circularly)The FH.01 sumses settle power:7.5KWThe FH.02 sumses settle electric current:15AFH.09 parameters from whole settle:2(the electrical engineering revolve action)4.summary and result are analytical Was sprayed by this fountain water circuit control of the shape electricity the system of the movement adjust to try, the fountain sprays water shape result basic attain an owner management a staff to request a purpose.This kind of fountain sprayed water shape electric circuit to adopt two set EV2000-4 T0055 Gs/0075 Pses to change a transducer machine, two sets changed the function parameter that the transducer machine sprays water shapes to all need through many times again and again adjustment to change a transducer machine, just can be basic to complete an ideal water type.Always feel in the system adjust try the process F2.05 straight lines accelerate the function not enough ideal, expressing of actual water type difference is too big.Press ideal acceleration process, while spraying water shape water type from have no water go up to the apogee gradually of process, accelerating function straightly should is the process that an integrity didnt lack, can actual circumstance indeed BE:Group 2, Group 3 submersible pump starts circulating have no water jet, about 10 just see ground jet water go to some height suddenly just go up gradually to attain apogee thus behind after second.This blemish process many times regulate stage movement time again and again, F2.01 start frequency, F2.02 start frequency to keep time and F0.09 after torque to promote all not enough ideal, the sprays water not enough high, the has together stairs.Regulate this stairs of high and low although can attain standard water type, cant promise the height of water type, is really a slight imperfection some regrets.After the event through very long-playing consultation understanding the circumstance study with iterative thinking, getting a conclusion finally:Appear a top suddenly ground jet water to go to some an a little bit high, then just go up to the apogee gradually, this blemish not ideal reason, is because power and discharge of submersible pump install not enough just result in the fountain spray water greatly not enough high.So the whichever fountain sprays power and discharge of the water submersible pump used in shape to install, is all key place that the fountain sprays water shape.If power and discharge of design submersible pump are too big, resulting in so gearing cost and usage the cost increase high.If power and discharge of design submersible pump install too small, reach so not a way the ideal result which spray water shape.ProgrammableLogicControllers(PLC),acomputingdeviceinventedbyRichardE.Morle-yin1968,havebeenwidelyusedinindustryincludingmanufacturingsystems,transportation systems,chemicalprocessfacilities,andmanyothers.AlthoughPCbasedcontrolhasstarted tocomeintoplace,PLCbasedcontrolwillremainthetechniquetowhichthemajorityof indu-strialapplicationswilladhereduetoitshigherperformance,lowerprice,andsuperiorreliabilityinharshenvironments.Moreover,accordingtoastudyonthePLCmarketofFrostandSulliva-n1995,anincreaseoftheannualsalesvolumeto15millionPLCperyearwiththehardwarev-alueofmorethan8billionUSdollarshasbeenpre-dicted,thoughthepricesofcom-puting hardwareissteadilydropping.TheinventorofthePLC,RichardEMorley,fairlyconside-rsthePLCmarketasa5-billionindustryatthepresenttime. ThoughPLCarewidelyusedinindustrialpractice,theprogrammingofPLCbasedcontrolsystemsisstillverymuchrelyingontrial-and-error.Alikesoftwareengineering,PLCsoftwaredesignisfacingthesoftwaredilemmaorcrisisinasimilarway.MorleyhimselfemphasizedthisaspectmostforcefullybyindicatingMoodyandMorley,1999,p.110: Ifhouseswerebuiltlikesoftwareprojects,asinglewoodpeckercoulddestroycivilization. Particularly,practicalproblemsinPLCprogrammingaretoeliminatesoftwarebugsandtoredu-cethemaintenancecostsofoldladderlogicprograms.ThoughthehardwarecostsofPLCsaredroppingcontinuously,reducingthescantimeoftheladderlogicisstillanissueinindustryso thatlow-costPLCscanbeused. Ingeneral,theproductivityingeneratingPLCisfarbehindcomparedtootherdomains,forinst-ance,VLSIdesign,whereefficientcomputeraideddesigntoolsareinpractice.Existentsoftwa-reengineeringmethodologiesarenotnecessarilyapplicabletothePLCbasedsoftwaredesignbecausePLC-programmingrequiresasimultaneousconsiderationofhardwareandsoftware.Th-esoftwaredesignbecomes,thereby,moreandmorethemajorcostdriver.Inmanyindustrial designprojects,morethanSO0/aofthemanpowerallocatedforthecontrolsystemdesignand installationisscheduledfortestinganddebuggingPLCprogramsRockwell,1999.Inaddition,currentPLCbasedcontrolsystemsarenotproperlydesignedtosupportthegrowin-gdemandforflexibilityandreconfigurabilityofmanufacturingsystems.Afurtherproblem,imp-ellingtheneedforasystematicdesignmethodology,istheincreasingsoftwarecomplexityin large-scaleprojects. 1.2ObjectiveandSignificanceoftheThesis TheobjectiveofthisthesisistodevelopasystematicsoftwaredesignmethodologyforPLCop-eratedautomationsystems.Thedesignmethodologyinvolveshigh-leveldescriptionbasedon statetransitionmodelsthattreatautomationcontrolsystemsasdiscreteeventsystems,astepwis-edesignprocess,andsetofdesignrulesprovidingguidanceandmeasurementstoachieveasuc-cessfuldesign.Thetangibleoutcomeofthisresearchistofindawaytoreducetheuncertaintyinmanagingthecontrolsoftwaredevelopmentprocess,thatis,reducingprogramminganddebu-ggingtimeandtheirvariation,increasingflexibilityoftheautomationsystems,andenablingso-ftwarereusabilitythroughmodularity.Thegoalistoovercomeshortcomingsofcurrentprogra-mmingstrategiesthatarebasedontheexperienceoftheindividualsoftwaredeveloper.AsystematicapproachtodesigningPLCsoftwarecanovercomedeficienciesinthetraditionalwayofprogrammingmanufacturingcontrolsystems,andcanhavewideramificationsinsevera-lindustrialapplications.Automationcontrolsystemsaremodeledbyformallanguagesor,equi-valently,bystatemachines.Formalrepresentationsprovideahigh-leveldescriptionofthebeha-viorofthesystemtobecontrolled.Statemachinescanbeanalyticallyevaluatedastowhetherornottheymeetthedesiredgoals.Secondly,astatemachinedescriptionprovidesastructured representationtoconveythelogicalrequirementsandconstraintssuchasdetailedsafetyrules. Thirdly,well-definedcontrolsystemsdesignoutcomesareconducivetoautomaticcodegenerat-ion-Anabilitytoproducecontrolsoftwareexecutableoncommercialdistinctlogiccontrollerscanreduceprogramminglead-timeandlaborcost.Inparticular,thethesisisrelevantwithrespecttothefollowingaspects.Customer-DrivenManufacturing .Inmodernmanufacturing,systemsarecharacterizedbyproductandprocessinnovation,becom-ecustomer-drivenandthushavetorespondquicklytochangingsystemrequirements.Amajor challengeisthereforetoprovideenablingtechnologiesthatcaneconomicallyreconfigureauto-mationcontrolsystemsinresponsetochangingneedsandnewopportunities.Designandoperat-ionalknowledgecanbereusedinreal-time,therefore,givingasignifi
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