《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比-双语.ppt
《《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比-双语.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比-双语.ppt(55页珍藏版)》请在装配图网上搜索。
ThePracticeofSocialResearch社会研究方法,EarlBabbie(艾尔巴比)ChapmanUniversity,Part1,AnIntroductiontoInquiry研究概论,Chapter1,HumanInquiryandScience人类研究与科学,ChapterOutline,LookingforReality寻求真实TheFoundationsofSocialScience社会研究的基础SomeDialecticsofSocialResearch社会研究中的一些辩证关系TheEthicsofSocialResearch社会研究的伦理,HowWeKnowWhatWeKnow(我们如何形成对世界的认知),DirectExperienceandObservation个人体验与观察PersonalInquiry个人研究Tradition传统(约定俗成的知识)Authority权威,LookingforReality寻求真实,Ourattemptstolearnabouttheworldareonlypartlylinkedtodirect,personalinquiryorexperience.我们对世界的认识和了解,只有部分来自于个人研究或经验。Alargerpartcomesfromagreed-onknowledgethatothersgiveus,things“everyoneknows.”大部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。Thisagreementrealitybothassistsandhindersourattemptstofindoutforourselves.这些约定俗成的真实,既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。,SourcesofSecondhandKnowledge,Bothprovideastartingpointforinquiry,butcanleadustostartatthewrongpointandpushusinthewrongdirection.二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点(站在巨人的肩上),但也可能误导我们(错误的起点、错误的方向)Tradition传统Authority权威,ScienceandInquiry科学与研究,Epistemologyisthescienceofknowing.认识论是认识的科学Methodology(asubfieldofepistemology)mightbecalledthescienceoffindingout.方法论(认识论的一支)或许可以称为寻找解答的科学,Question,Howdoindividualslearnalltheyneedtoknow?personalexperience个人体验Discovery探究发现fromwhatotherstellus别人说的allofthesechoices以上都是,Answer:D,Individualslearnalltheyneedtoknowfrompersonalexperience,discoveryandfromwhatotherstellus.个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人告知的,来获取所需的知识,OrdinaryHumanInquiry一般的人类研究,Humansrecognizethatfuturecircumstancesarecausedbypresentones.首先,人们认识到,未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。Humanslearnthatpatternsofcauseandeffectareprobabilisticinnature.其次,人类知道因果关系牵涉到概率问题Humansaimtoanswer“what”and“why”questions,andpursuethesegoalsbyobservingandfiguringout.人类研究的目的在于回答“是什么”和“为什么”,通过观察和推理来达到目标。,Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutions研究中常见的错误及解决办法,Inaccurateobservations不确切观察Measurementdevicesaddprecision.测量手段增加了准确性Overgeneralization过度概括化Enoughcases足够样本观察Repeatastudytomakesurethesameresultsareproducedeachtime.重复进行同一项研究,看是否每次都得到同样结果,Selectiveobservation选择性观察Makeanefforttofindcasesthatdonotfitthegeneralpattern.找出不符合一般情形的异常案例IllogicalReasoning非逻辑推理Usesystemsoflogicexplicitly.有意识地运用逻辑体系来避免这样的情形,Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutions研究中常见的错误及解决办法,ViewsofReality对真实的看法,Premodern-Thingsareastheyseemtobe.前现代观点:眼见为实Modern-Acknowledgmentofhumansubjectivity.现代观点:仁者见仁智者见智Postmodern-Thereisnoobjectiverealitytobeobserved.后现代观点:没什么真实的世界可供观察。所有的真实,都源于自我观点中的想象。,ABook一本书,Allofthesearethesamebook,butitlooksdifferentwhenviewedfromdifferentlocations,perspectives,or“pointsofview.”这些都是同一本书。但放置的位置、视角不同或人们观点不同,他看起来就不一样。,PointofView,WifesPointofView.Thereisnoquestioninthewifesmindastowhoisrightandrationalandwhoisoutofcontrol.在妻子看来,谁是正确、理智的,以及谁失去了理智,是显而易见的。,PointofView,HusbandsPointofView.Thehusbandhasaverydifferentperceptionofthesamesetofevents,ofcourse.丈夫的视角。对同一件事,他的看法截然不同。,Question,Inyourdiscussionofmeasurementwithafriend,shearguesthatwhatyouaretryingtomeasuredoesnotexistandyourownpointofviewwilldeterminewhatyouperceiveinmeasuring.Shehaswhichviewofreality?correctpremodernmodernpostmodernScientific,Answer:D,Inyourdiscussionofmeasurementwithafriend,shearguesthatwhatyouaretryingtomeasuredoesnotexistandyourownpointofviewwilldeterminewhatyouperceiveinmeasuring.Shehasthepostmodernviewofreality.后现代的观点,Question,YouvegottenAsonthelastthreetests.Youhavearesearchprojectduethelastdayofclassandyouresureyouregoingtoflunkbecausesomethinghastobreakthisstreakofgoodluck.Youvefallenpreyto:illogicalreasoning.inaccurateobservation.selectiveobservation.over-emphasisontradition.overgeneralization.,Answer:A,YouvegottenAsonthelastthreetests.Youhavearesearchprojectduethelastdayofclassandyouresureyouregoingtoflunkbecausesomethinghastobreakthisstreakofgoodluck.Youvefallenpreytoillogicalreasoning.,FoundationsofSocialScience社会科学的基础,Thefoundationsofsocialsciencearelogicandobservation.社会科学的基础是逻辑和观察Ascientificunderstandingoftheworldmustmakesenseandcorrespondtowhatweobserve.科学对世界的理解,必须言之成理,并且符合我们的观察。Bothareessentialtoscienceandrelatetothethreemajoraspectsofsocialscientificenterprise:theory,datacollection,anddataanalysis.这两者对科学都不可或缺,而且与科学研究的三大层面密切相关,理论、资料收集和资料分析。,FoundationsofSocialScience社会科学的基础,Theory-Systematicexplanationfortheobservationsthatrelatetoaparticularaspectoflife.理论旨在系统地解释对生活中某一方面的观察Datacollection-observation资料搜集旨在整理观察的结果DataAnalysis-thecomparisonofwhatislogicallyexpectedwithwhatisactuallyobserved.资料分析,是比较逻辑预期和实际观察,寻找可能的模式。,SocialRegularities社会规律,ExamplesofPatternsinsociallife:社会生活的规范Onlypeople18andoldercanvote.只有18岁以上的人的可以投票Onlypeoplewithalicensecandrive.只有18岁以上且有执照的人可以开车,Aggregates总体而非个体,Thecollectiveactionsandsituationsofmanyindividuals.集体行为和许多个人的状况社会科学处理的是集体而非个体的行为Focusofsocialscienceistoexplainwhyaggregatedpatternsofbehaviorareregularevenwhenindividualschangeovertime社会科学的目的在于解释为什么即使个体行为随着时间改变,集体行为的模式却有规律可循。,Birthrates,UnitedStates:19802002,198215.9198315.6198415.6198515.8198615.6198715.7198816.0198916.4199016.7199116.2199215.8,199315.4199415.0199514.6199614.4199714.2199814.3199914.2200014.4200114.1200213.9,Question,Socialresearchaimstofind_insociallife.answersknowledgepracticalityregularitytruth,Answer:D,Socialresearchaimstofindregularityinsociallife.社会研究旨在发现社会生活的规律。,AVariableLanguage,VariableLogicalgroupingsofattributes.AttributeCharacteristicsorqualitiesthatdescribeanobject.,AVariableLanguage变量语言,Independentvariable自变量Avariablethatispresumedtocauseordetermineadependentvariable.被假定的影响或决定因变量的变量。Dependentvariable因变量Avariablethatisassumedtodependonoriscausedbyanothervariable.依赖于或被其他变量所决定的变量。,VariableLanguage变量语言,RelationshipBetweenTwoVariables两个变量之间的关系,EducationandRacialPrejudice教育与种族偏见,Question,ProfessorFremlerexaminedthefollowingcategoriesofmaritalstatus:married,nevermarried,widowed,separated,anddivorced.Thesecategoriesareknownasvariables.变量attributes.属性variablecategories.变量类别unitsofanalysis.分析单元theoreticalelements.理论元素,Answer:B,ProfessorFremlerexaminedthefollowingcategoriesofmaritalstatus:married,nevermarried,widowed,separated,anddivorced.Thesecategoriesareknownasattributes.(属性),ApproachestoSocialResearch社会研究的方法(1),Idiographic-Seekstofullyunderstandthecausesofwhathappenedinasingleinstance.个案式解释:试图穷尽某个特定情形或是事件的所有原因NomotheticSeekstoexplainaclassofsituationsoreventsratherthanasingleone.通则式解释:寻求解释某一类情形或者事件,而不仅是为了解释个案。,IdiographicandNomotheticReasoninginEverydayLife日常生活中的个案式和通则式推理,Idiographic:“Heslikethatbecausehisfatherandmotherkeptgivinghimmixedsignals.Thefactthathisfamilymovedseventimesbythetimehewas12yearsolddidnthelp.Moreover,hisolderbrotherisexactlythesameandprobablyservedasarolemodel.”Nomothetic:“Teenageboysarelikethat.”,ApproachestoSocialResearch社会研究的方法(2),InductionFromspecificobservationstothediscoveryofapatternamongallthegivenevents.归纳:从个别到一般Deduction-Fromapatternthatmightbelogicallyexpectedtoobservationsthattestwhetherthepatternoccurs.演绎:从一般到个别,即从逻辑或理论上预期的模式,到观察检验预期的模式是否存在。,TheWheelofScience科学轮,ApproachestoSocialResearch社会研究的方法(3),QualitativeDataNonnumericaldata.定性资料:非数据化资料QuantitativeData-Numericaldata.Makesobservationsmoreexplicitandmakesiteasiertoaggregate,compare,andsummarizedata.定性资料:数据化资料。定量化使得我们的观察更加明确,也更容易将资料整合、对比或得出结论。,ApproachestoSocialResearch社会研究的方法(4),PureResearch-Sometimesjustifiedintermsofgaining“knowledgeforknowledgessake.”纯粹研究:以寻求“纯粹的知识”而获得正当性AppliedResearchPuttingresearchintopractice.应用研究:将研究应用于实践,EthicalGuidelinesofSocialResearch社会研究中的伦理,TwoBasicGuidelines:两条基本原则Participationshouldbevoluntary.参与者必须出于自愿。Socialresearchmustbringnoharmtoresearchsubjects.社会研究必须对参与研究的人无害。,QuickQuiz,1.Thetwofoundationsofsciencearetraditionandobservation.observationandlogic.logicandtheory.theoryandobservation.logicandgeneralization.,Answer:B,Thetwofoundationsofscienceareobservationandlogic.,2.Sciencedealswithwhatshouldbeandnotwithwhatis.cansettledebatesonvalue.isexclusivelydescriptive.hastodowithdisprovingphilosophicalbeliefs.hastodowithhowthingsareandwhy.,Answer:E,Sciencehastodowithhowthingsareandwhy.,3.Whensocialscientistsstudyvariables,theyfocusonattributes.groups.people.characteristics.relationships.,Answer:E,Whensocialscientistsstudyvariables,theyfocusonrelationships.,4._isthescienceofknowing.intelligenceexamtakingepistemologymethodology,Answer:C,Epistemologyisthescienceofknowing.,5.Whichofthefollowingaretrueoftraditionandauthority?theybothassisthumaninquirytheybothhinderhumaninquirybothaandbnoneofthesechoices,Answer:C,Whichofthefollowingaretrueoftraditionandauthority:theybothassisthumaninquiryandtheybothhinderhumaninquiry.,6._explanationsseektoexhausttheidiosyncraticcausesofaparticularconditionorevent.idiographiclatentmanifestnomothetic,Answer:A,Idiographicexplanationsseektoexhausttheidiosyncraticcausesofaparticularconditionorevent.,- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 社会研究方法 社会 研究 方法 艾尔巴 双语
装配图网所有资源均是用户自行上传分享,仅供网友学习交流,未经上传用户书面授权,请勿作他用。
关于本文