32t双梁桥式起重机设计-图纸CAD文档全套
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内容摘要:该设计主要对双梁桥式起重机主起升机构、副起升机构、小车运行机构、主端梁、大车运行机构进行了设计。 主副起升机构的计算包括钢丝绳的选择、卷筒的计算、电动机、减速器的选择等,小车运行机构的设计主要有电动机、减速器、最大轮压最小轮压的计算,主梁和端梁的设计包括主端梁截面几何性质的确定,载荷的计算,主端梁强度的校核,主梁强度的校核等。关 键 词:桥式起重机 机构 主端梁 Abstract: The main design of double beam bridge crane hoisting mechanism, deputy Lord lifting mechanism, the car running institutions, Lord girders during operation, the organization design. The Lord vice lifting mechanism of the calculation of the selection of wire rope, including the calculation of drum, motor, gear reducer choice and so on, the car running design of the mechanism are the main motor, gear reducer, maximum wheel pressure calculation of minimum wheel pressure, main girder and the design of the girders including the main girders section determination of geometrical properties, and the load calculation, the main girders of strength, check the main girder strength check, etc.Key words: Bridge crane Mechanism Main girders1绪 论1.1 国内外桥式起重机现状与发展前景桥式起重机是横架于车间、仓库和料场上空进行物料吊运的起重设备。由于它的两端坐落在高大的水泥柱或者金属支架上,形状似桥。桥式起重机的桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行,可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料,不受地面设备的阻碍。它是使用范围最广、数量最多的一种起重机械。!所有下载了本文的注意:本论文附有CAD图纸和完整版word版说明书,凡下载了本文的读者请留下你的联系方式(QQ邮箱),或加QQ 83753222,最后,希望此文能够帮到你!1.1.1 国内起重机现状经过几十年的发展,我国桥式起重机行业已经形成了一定的规模,市场竞争也越发激烈。桥式起重机行业在国内需求旺盛和出口快速增长的带动下,依然保持高速发展,产品几近供不应求。尽管我国起重机行业发展迅速,但是国内起重机仍缺乏竞争力。从技术实力看,与欧美日等发达地区相比,中国的技术实力还有一定差距。目前,国内大型起重机尚不具备大量生产能力。从产品结构看,由于技术能力所限,中国起重机在产品结构上也不完善,难以同国外匹敌。同时我国起重行业目前存在几个突出问题,归纳如下: (1)整体技术含量偏低,突出表现在产品的品种规格少,性能、可靠性等指标低于发达国家同类产品的水平。 (2)知名品牌寥寥无几,能打入国际市场并享有一定声誉的知名品牌几乎没有。(3)产品低价恶性竞争严重,企业合理利润难保,已严重制约企业生产技术的持续发展。1.1.2国外起重机发展前景随着国际合作的增加,国际起重机行业发展迅速。到目前为止,国际主要知名起重机制造厂商有德国的DEMAG起重机,芬兰的Kone起重机,美国CM集团等。上述企业在起重机行业内较为知名。桥式起重机的更新和发展,在很大程度上取决于电气传动与控制的改进。将机械技术和电子技术相结合,将先进的计算机技术、微电子技术、电力电子技术、光缆技术、液压技术、模糊控制技术应用到机械的驱动和控制系统,实现起重机的自动化和智能化。大型高效桥式起重机新一代电气控制装置已发展为全电子数字化控制系统。主要由全数字化控制驱动装置、可编程序控制器、故障诊断及数据管理系统、数字化操纵给定检测等设备组成。变压变频调速、射频数据通讯、故障自诊监控、吊具防摇的模糊控制、激光查找起吊物重心、近场感应防碰撞技术、现场总线、载波通讯及控制、无接触供电及三维条形码技术等将广泛得到应用。使起重机具有更高的柔性,以适合多批次少批量的柔性生产模式,提高单机综合自动化水平。重点开发以微处理机为核心的高性能电气传动装置,使起重机具有优良的调速和静动特性,可进行操作的自动控制、自动显示与记录,起重机运行的自动保护与自动检测,特殊场合的远距离遥控等,以适应自动化生产的需要。随着现代科学技术的发展,各种新技术、新材料、新结构、新工艺在桥式起重机上得到广泛的应用。所有这些因素都有里地促进了桥式起重机的发展。根据国内外现有桥式起重机产品和技术资料的分析,近年来桥式起重机的发展趋势主要体现在以下几个方面:(1)重点产品大型化,高速化和专用化;(2)系列产品模块化、组合化和标准化;(3)通用产品小型化、轻型化和多样化;(4)产品性能自动化、智能化和数字化;(5)产品组合成套化、集成化和柔性化。1.2 本设计的主要内容、目标和方法主要内容:了解桥式起重机的发展和应用现状,设计一台满足要求的室内32/5t双梁桥式起重机,并用AutoCAD绘图软件绘制出要求的图纸。由于桥式起重机基本上是采用电力驱动,且电动机容量的选择与各机构的尺寸布置和运转的经济性有密切关系,因此,进行传动系统设计之初,先对动力系统进行计算、选择及校验。桥式起重机传动系统设计主要包括起升机构传动系统设计、小车运行机构传动系统设计、大车运行机构设计。在设计中,先是确定传动设计方案,再根据动力传动方向进行设计和计算。在这三个传动系统,起升机构传动系统是最重要也是最关键的。对起重机金属结构时,采用经济梁法设计出起重机主梁最优截面,并校核截面几何尺寸。本设计采用规范的设计计算对桥式起重机各机构进行了分析。首先,通过查阅相关书籍和资料,学习桥式起重机的相关知识,了解桥式起重机的发展和应用现状,掌握桥式起重机金属结构的设计方法,学习并掌握AutoCAD软件的使用,掌握一般的绘图方法和计算分析步骤;其次,根据现今国内外生产桥式起重机采用的各种结构类型,结合课本知识和参考文献信息,设计符合使用要求的结构;桥式起重机的受力情况,计算桥式起重机的自重载荷、起升载荷、水平惯性载荷,并对桥式起重机的抗倾覆稳定性进行校核。2. 型式及主要技术参数2.1 型式及构造特点 箱形双梁结构具有加工零件少、工艺性好、通用性好及机构安装检修方便等一系列优点,因而在生产中得到广泛采用。我国在5吨到80吨的中、小起重量系列产品中主要采用了这种形式,但这种结构型式也存在一些缺点;自重大、易下挠。它的主要组成部分有小车(主、副起升机构、小车运行机构和小车架)。桥架(主梁和端架)、大车运行机构和电气设备等。2.2主要技术参数起重量:主钩32 t,副钩5 t跨度:L19.5 m起升高度:主钩12 m,副钩14 m;工作级别:主起升机构: M5 副起升机构: M5 大车: M5 小车: M5工作速度:主起升速度:V7.5 m/min 副起升速度:V19.5 m/min 小车运行速度:V38.5 m/min 大车运行速度:V74.5 m/min小车轨距:2.5 m大车走轮:4只,其中一半为驱动轮 3. 起重小车的计算32/5吨双梁桥式起重机小车采用四个走轮支承的起重小车。它主要由主、副起升机构、小一运行机构和小车架所组成。3.1主起升机构的计算3.1.1主要参数与机构的布置简图 主起升机构传动简图如下:1电动机:2联轴器:3传动轴:4制动器:5减速器:6卷筒图3-1 主起升机构传动简图 已知: 起重量:Q32000kg; 工作级别:M5 最大起升高度:12 m 起升速度:7.5 m/min3.1.2钢丝绳的选择 根据起重机的额定起重量,选择双联起升机构滑轮倍率为4,钢丝绳缠绕方式如图所示。图3-2 主起升机构钢丝绳的缠绕方式(1) 钢丝绳所受最大静拉力; (公斤)式中: Q额定起重量 Q=32 t;G吊钩组重量,G700kg(起重量的2%4%,这里取700kg);M滑轮组倍率,m=4;滑轮组效率,0.87;。(2) 钢丝绳的选择:所选择钢丝绳的破断拉力应满足:;而;钢丝绳安全系数,对于中级工作类型5;由上式可得:根据上式计算查钢丝绳产品目录可选用:钢丝绳选用破断拉力1670的纤维芯钢丝绳。查所提供的参考资料取得钢丝绳直径为12mm。3.1.2 卷筒的计算已知主起升机构卷筒的直径为650mm;卷筒长度和厚度的计算:卷筒半边绳槽部分的长度:式中 为最大起升高度,已知大小为22m;n为钢丝绳的安全系数;选取钢丝绳的安全系数为n=5;t为绳槽节距,+(24)=2426, 取t=25mm;为卷筒的计算直径,已给出大小为650mm;卷筒长度,取长度为2000mm,其壁厚可按经验公式确定mm,取厚度为24mm。卷筒转速 3.1.3根据静功率初选电动机起升机构静功率计算:式中起升机构的总效率:初选电动机功率;查电机产品目录,选280s10。在工作级别为M5时,功率N52千瓦,转速n=970转/分。3.1.4减速器的选择(1) 起升机构总的传动比:根据传动比i=40,电动机功率N45kw,电动机转速n=581转/分;可选用电机ZQH65II3CA型减速器,传动比i=4,输入减速器功率为26kw。(2) 验算减速器的最大扭矩及最大径向载荷:低速轴上最大扭矩的验算:式中 为电动机的额定扭矩,;i 为传动比,i=40;为电动机至减速器被动轴的传动效率,;为电动机最大转矩倍数,;减速器低速轴上的最大短暂容许扭矩,=6250;满足要求最大径向载荷的验算:式中 为卷筒上钢丝绳的最大拉力,大小为4170kg;为卷筒重量,查大起起重厂资料,查得;为低速轴端的最大容许径向载荷,查所提供的资料得;满足要求3.1.5制动器的选择制动器装在高速轴上,其制动力矩应满足式:式中 K制制动安全系数,对M5级工作类型取1.75;M制静满载时制动轴上之静力矩;式中机构总效率值为0.85;根据以上计算,从制动器目录选用制动器。3.2副起升机构的计算3.2.1主要参数与机构的布置简图已知:起重量:Q5000kg工作级别:M5最大起升高度:14m起升速度:19.5m机构布置与主起升机构类似。3.1.2钢丝绳的选择根据起重机的额定起重量,选择双联起升机构滑轮倍率为2,钢丝绳缠绕方式如图所示。图3-3 主起升机构钢丝绳的缠绕方式 钢丝绳所受最大静拉力; 式中 Q额定起重量,Q=5000公斤;G钩吊钩组重量,G钩100公斤(起重量的2%4%,这里取100公斤);M滑轮组倍率,m=2;滑轮组效率,0.99;所选择钢丝绳的破断拉力应满足:;而钢丝绳安全系数,对于中级工作类型5由上式可得:根据上式计算查钢丝绳产品目录可选用:钢丝绳619WFC破断拉力1670的纤维芯钢丝绳,从而确定钢丝绳直径为13mm。3.1.3滑轮、卷筒的计算(1) 滑轮、卷筒最小直径的确定:为了确保钢丝绳具有一定的使用寿命,滑轮、卷筒的直径应满足: 式中 e为系数,对工作级别为M5的桥式起重机,取e=25;所以,取卷筒和滑轮直径为400mm。(2) 卷筒长度和厚度的计算:卷筒长度,取长度为1500mm,卷筒材料采用HT2040,其壁厚可按经验公式确定mm,取厚度为18mm。(3) 卷筒转速:3.1.4根据静功率初选电动机起升机构静功率计算;式中起升机构的总效率;初选电动机功率;查电机产品目录,选在工作级别为M5时,功率N17千瓦,转速n=955转/分。3.1.5减速器的选择起升机构总的传动比:根据传动比i=22.99,电动机功率N16千瓦,电动机转速n=710转/分。可选用电机ZQ500IV4CA型减速器,传动比i=23.34,输入减速器功率为21千瓦,转速n=750转/分。验算减速器的最大扭矩及最大径向力最大扭矩的验算式中 为电动机的额定扭矩,=21.97;i为传动比,i=23.34;为电动机至减速器被动轴的效率,大小为0.94;为电动机的最大转矩倍数,大小为3.92;查ZQ系列减速器轴端容许扭矩;满足要求最大径向力的验算:卷筒上钢丝绳最大拉力,为1288kg;卷筒重量,;查减速器低速轴端容许载荷表得;满足要求3.1.6制动器的选择制动器装在高速轴上,其制动力矩应满足式:式中制动安全系数,对中级工作类型取1.75;满载时制动轴上之静力矩;式中机构总效率值为0.917;根据以上计算,从制动器目录选用制动器。4. 小车运行机构的计算4.1主要参数和机构布置简图起重量在5号到50吨范围内的双梁桥式起重机的小车,一般采用四个车轮支承的四车,其中两个车轮为主动车轮。主动轮由小车运行机构集中驱动。主要参数起重量:32t 5t工作级别:M5小车运行速度:38.5m/min车轮数:4个驱动形式:集中驱动4.2 轮压的计算参考同类型规格相近的起重机,估计小车总重为7.5吨,近似认为由四个车轮平均承受。吊钩位于小车轨道的纵向对称轴线上,根据小车架布置图偏离主、从动轮之间的中心线为80mm。根据起重小车架的平衡方程式,可分别示出主动轮和从动轮的轮压。主动轮:式中P1主动轮轮压;Kt小车轮矩,为2400毫米。4.3电动机的选择4.3.1运行阻力的计算(1)小车满载运行时的最大摩擦阻力式中(Q+G)额定起重量量加吊钩重量,(Q+G)32500kg;小车 自重,7500kg;K滚动摩擦系数,K0.05cm;U轴承摩擦系数取0.015;附加摩擦阻力系数取1.5;车轮直径为9cm;(空载运行时为81公斤)(2) 小车满载运行时的最大坡度阻力: 式中 坡度阻力系数取0.002;(32500+7500)0.00280kg(空载运行时16公斤)(3) 小车满载运行时的最大静阻力:(81+1697公斤)4.3.2选择电动机,确定减速器(1) 满载运行时电动机的静功率:式中 小车满载运行时的静阻力;480kg小车运行速度,32.5m/min;小车运行机构传动效率,0.9;m电动机个数,m=1;(2) 选择电动机式中 电动机起动为克服惯性的功率增大系数,查起重设计手册表9-6,取1.4;kw查电动机产品目录选择216型电动机,功率N5kw,转速925转/分,转子飞轮矩公斤,最大扭矩倍数。(3) 确定减速器减速器的传动比: 式中小车运行速度,38.5米/分;n电动机转速,n=925转/分;D小车车轮直径取0.35米;起时的惯性力:式中小车满载起动时的平均加速度,取0.1米/。根据起动时期的输入功率、减速比、输入转速及工作类型查产品目录,先取立式减速器ZSC400,i=22.4,N2.8千瓦(n=1000转/分)。4.2.3车轮计算根据轮压、小车运行速度、工作类型选车轮直径D350mm,车轮的计算轮压:(1) 疲劳计算时的等效起长载荷由下式确定:式中等效静载荷系数查表得0.6;起升载荷重量值为32500kg;0.632500=19500kg根据等效起升载荷确定车轮的等效轮压,然后再由下式确定车轮的计算轮压。式中根据等效起升载荷计算的最大轮压,作为疲劳计算时的计算轮压。等效冲击系数,查得值为1;载荷变化系数,根据;查起重设计实例,表2-8得0.8;(2) 强度校核时的最大计算轮压:式中 为动力系数,取为1.47;为满载小车最大轮压,=8854kg;kg5. 主梁的设计5.1主梁设计的说明在计算箱形双梁桥式起重机的主梁时,为保证起重机安全、正常的工作,主梁应满足强度、刚度和稳定性的要求。强度和稳定性要求是指主梁在载荷的作用下产生的内力不应超过主梁材料许用的承载能力,刚度要求是指主梁在载荷作用下产生的变形量不应超过许用的变形值。5.2 主梁断面几何特性根据参考资料选出主梁断面见图5-1图5-1 主梁断面图断面面积:F=55(1.41.4)20.6115=292惯性矩:水平惯性矩:垂直惯性矩:断面模数:5.3 主梁载荷的计算箱形双梁桥架的自重载荷和起升载荷。5.3.1自重载荷及其最大弯矩的计算自重载荷有均布载荷和集中载荷两种。作用在主梁上的均布载荷有主梁、走台、轨道、栏杆等重量,作用在主梁上的集中载荷有操纵室、大车运行机构以及布置在走台上的电气设备等的重量。主梁均布载荷为: 算式中为一根主梁的重量,大小为5298kg;为传动侧走台的重量,大小为1273kg;为主梁轨道的重量,大小为595kg;为一侧栏杆的重量,大小为147kg;为主梁上的一些其他小物件,如接线盒等,大小为176kg,L为跨度,大小为19.5m。计算式所需的各个部件的重量,由参考文献和设计手册中差得,最后应按实际结构的重量进行校核修改,具体数据大小参考了大连起重机器厂73年系列产品的主梁数据。均布载荷产生的最大弯矩(在跨中):固定集中载荷的跨中产生的弯矩:式中大车运行机构的重量,大小为440kg;为操纵室的重量,大小为1100kg;为布置在走台上的电气设备的重量,大小为194kg;=2.588固定载荷上主梁上的最大弯矩:5.3.2起升载荷及其最大弯矩的计算小车在桥架主梁的轨道上运行时,作用于钢轨上的小车轮压以P表示,由于起升机构起动或制动时产生垂直惯性力,所以计算式应考虑动力系数。小车静轮压:小车计算轮压:式中 为小车自重引起的轮压;为负载引起的轮压;为动力系数,根据起重机的工作级别来确定,起重机的工作级别为M5,参考设计手册,取。小车静轮压:静载最大弯矩:计算最大弯矩:式中 小车轮距为2.8m起重机跨度为L=19.5m5.3.3水平惯性载荷 水平惯性载荷是在小车及桥架的运行机构起动或制动时产生的这种惯性力,通过制动车轮的粘着力,传递到主梁上。 当小车制动时,水平惯性力。由于是纵向作用,所以在箱形结构主梁计算中一般不考虑,只在端梁计算中考虑。 当桥架制动时,横向作用于主梁轴线的水平惯性载荷根据主动车轮数决定。 在计算中,一般不单独计算,而对主梁取水平惯性力引起弯矩等于垂直载荷引起的弯矩的0.1倍,端梁计算中去0.15倍。 由水平惯性力产生的主梁最大弯曲力矩为。 5.4 载荷组合及主梁应力的计算5.4.1 跨中主梁法向应力第一类载荷组合:第二类载荷组合:第三类载荷组合:为第一、第二类许用应力;为第三类许用应力。5.4.2 跨端主梁腹板的剪应力式中:在固定载荷及活动载荷的作用下,主端跨端的最大剪力。其中: ;为小车位于跨端极限位置,所以去=0。满足要求5.5 刚度的计算5.5.1主梁的静刚度对两个轮压力:式中 为小车的实际静轮压,不计动力系数,分别取7.3t和6.7t;L为起重机的跨度,大小为1950cm;E为弹性模数,大小为;为主梁跨中毛截面对中心轴的惯性矩,大小为558751;满足要求5.5.2 主梁的动刚度按空载时的自振周期:式中 T为自振周期,单位为秒;M为大车及小车的换算质量:其中 q为桥架结构单位长度的重量; 为小车的重量; 为桥架结构的惯性矩;所以满足要求6. 端梁计算箱形结构桥架的端梁一般亦采用箱形断面:图6-1 端梁断截面尺寸6.1中间断面系数图中符号 d下盖板螺钉孔直径,d=21mm; n下盖板断面螺钉孔数,n5;D腹板工艺孔直径,D150mm。下盖板净断面面积对xx轴净断面惯性矩:对xx轴净断面系数:对y-y轴净断面惯性矩:对y-y轴净断面系数:6.2端部支承处断面系数断面上部对x-x轴的静矩:断面上盖板对x-x轴的静矩:断面下盖板对x-x轴的静矩:7. 大车运行机构的计算 双梁桥式起重机的桥架,起重量在5至50吨范围内一般均由四个车轮支承,其中两个车轮为主动车轮,主动动车轮由大车运行机构分别驱动。1电动机; 2制动器; 3传动轴; 4高速轴齿轮联轴器;5减速器; 6低速轴齿轮联轴器; 7车轮图7-1 大车运行机构简图7.1主要参数起重量:Q32/5吨跨度:L19.5米工作级别: M5大车运行速度: V70.6米/分大车轮距 B4.7米车轮数 4个驱动形式 分别驱动计算重量 小车重7.5吨;吊具重G0.7吨;起重机总重量(包括小车)32.5吨7.2轮压计算 参考同类型规格相近的起重机,可挖认为主钩中心线至端梁两端主、从车轮中心线距离相等,主钩中心线离端梁中心线最小距离(极限尺寸)1.5米。7.2.1大车最大轮压(满载)式中 起重机总重,32500公斤;小车自重,7500公斤;起升载荷,32500公斤;L桥架跨度,L19.5米;吊钩中心线至端梁中心线的最小距离,1.5米。7.2.2大车最小轮压(满载)7.2.3大车最大轮压(空载)7.2.4大车最小轮压(空载)7.3电动机的选择7.3.1运行阻力的计算起重机运行静阻力;起重机运行摩擦阻力;起重机在有坡度的轨道上运行时须克服的由起重机重量分力引起的阻力。(1) 起重机满载运行时的最大摩擦阻力:起重机总重,32.5t;起升载荷重量,32.5t;K滚动摩擦系数,K0.09cm;轴承摩擦系数,0.02;附加摩擦阻力系数,1.5;车轮直径,70cm;d轴承内径,d12cm。(2) 起重机满载运行时最大坡度阻力:式中坡度阻力系数,0.001;(3) 起重机满载运行时最大静阻力:(4) 起重机空载运行时最小摩擦阻力:吊具重量,0.7t;(5) 起重机空载运行时坡度阻力:(6) 起重机空载运行时静阻力:7.3.2确定电动机、确定减速器(1) 满载运行时电动机的静功率:P起重机满载运行时的静阻力,P530kg;大车运行速度,74.6m/min;大车运行机构传动效率,0.87;m电动机个数,m2。(2) 选电动机式中电动机起动时为克服惯性的功率增大系数;当,取2;N23.967.92kw 查电动机产品目录选择226型电动机,功率N7.5kw,转速n930转/分,转子飞轮矩,最大扭矩倍数3。(3) 确定减速器减速器的传动比:其中大车运行速度,74.6m/min;电动机转速,930n/min;大车车轮直径,0.8m; n/min 起动时的惯性力: 起动时期减速器输入功率: 根据起动进的输入功率、减速比、输入转速及工作产品目录选型,i=23.05,N9kw。整车电机有主起升电机、副起升电机、小车运行电机、大车运行电机。 参考文献1 扬长骙.起重机械.北京:机械工业出版社,1982:8486.2 石殿均.工程起重机械.北京:水利电力出版社,1987:2334.3 徐格宁等.起重机设计规范2008.北京: 中国标准出版社,2008:4347.4 陈道南,盛汉中.GB-T14405-93通用桥式起重机.北京:中国标准出版社,1994:2443.5 张质文等.起重机设计手册.北京: 中国铁道工业出版社,1998:2335.6 濮良贵.机械设计.北京: 高等教育出版社,2001:6586.7 成大先.机械设计手册第4卷.北京:机械工业出版社,2004:4567.8倪庆兴,王焕勇.起重机械.上海:上海交通大学出版社,1990:5676.9徐格宁.机械装备金属结构设计(第2版).北京:机械工业出版社,2009:271282.10林贵瑜,史勇.关于起重机发展的几个技术问题.建设机械技术与管理, 2006:3275. 致 谢40新乡学院毕业论文(设计)任务书题目名称 32/5t双梁桥式起重机设计学生姓名所学专业班级指导教师姓名 所学专业职称 完成期限一、论文(设计)主要内容及主要技术指标设计参数:主起升 32t 高度 12米 速度 7.5m/min 卷筒直径 650mm工作级别 M5起升倍率 4;副起升5t高度14米 卷筒直径 400mm速度 19.5m/min 工作级别 M5起升倍率 2。车轮直径:大车800mm 小车400mm。主要技术指标(2)合理选择部件。(3)对关键部件的结构设计。(3)最后进行载荷的校验及分析。二、毕业论文(设计)的基本要求1. 开题报告一份。2. 中期检查表一份。3. 毕业设计(论文)一份:有400字左右的中英文摘要,正文后有10篇以上的参考文献,主要是期刊、杂志,少量是教材。正文中要引用5篇以上文献,并注明出处。论文总字数在6000字以上。4. 有1500字左右汉字的与本课题有关的外文翻译资料。5. 毕业设计总字数在5000字以上。 6. 确定各个零件进行结构参数设计校核。三、2012年毕业论文(设计)进度安排12.3.1412.3.24 开题,开题报告12.3.2512.4. 1 课题构思,查找资料12.4. 212.5.14 论文准备,修正12.5.1512.6 答辩准备及答辩评阅设计报告,毕业设计答辩资格审查。毕业设计答辩,学生修改整理设计报告Mechanical engineering 1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,it studies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention has provided a main power fountainhead for the industrial revolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznical biting.Thus,an important branch of a new Engineering separated from the civil engineering tools and machines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham and the establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineers in 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanical engineering already mainly used in by trial and error method mechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in the research,the design and the realm of production used .From the most broad perspective,the demend continuously to enhance the efficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degree of education and training.Machine operation to stress not only economic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineering The commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanization very good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle large volumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine tools necessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,three rotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security,which requires solving many new problems.Large power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type (petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines and Mong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase the body functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complex surgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can be sustained.Some enviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producing noise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable naturalforces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineering There are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical science foundation.It includes the power and movement of the relationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automatic control;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant; And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,the desing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to breakdown into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,include plan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance either enhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineers coordinated function,including the management,the consultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use the science for a long time the method,but is not traditional or the intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanical engineering,to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,marked characteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineering The design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,such as:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics. Mechanical engineering desgin includeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnical engineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Design stages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed for it and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,the final meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Design considerations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapesand size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases the design of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especially students,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,for example,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not the other point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do not be misled to believe that every design decision will needreasonable mathematical methods. Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.They are:input,processing exprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess .Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.For example,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to product performance,installation and may have to conduct further debugging in addition,some products,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,synthetic rubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the production proccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/ founding,heat treatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materal cutting.These processes can be further divide into each others craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manuslly produced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needs indentification,collection materials,the design of a product to meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human mind.later in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.One can not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdual processes,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous with them .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parked through automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causing bottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by the next red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommth operation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics of the disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:statics and dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,more specifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study of its impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation, speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,for esample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumption that they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption. 机械工程1.机械工程简介机械工程是工程学的一个分支,它研究机械和动力的产,尤其是力和动力。2.机械工程的历史18世纪后期,蒸汽机的发明为工业革命提供了一个主要的能量, 它极大地推动了各种机械的发展。这样, 一个新的工程学的重要分支从民用工程学中分离出来的关于工具和机器的分支就发展了起来,并随着在1847年英国伯明翰机械工程师协会的建立得到了正式承认。 机械工程已经由一门主要用于技工应用的技术发展成为专业工程师在研究、 设计和生产领域中使用的科学方法。 从最广义的角度讲,增进效率的需求不断地促使机械工程师提高工作质量, 并要求他接受中高程度的教育和训练。 不仅机器运转要讲求经济, 而且基建费也要降到最低。3.机械工程的领域商品机械的发展在发达国家中, 高水平的物质生活很大程度上取决于机械工程中得以实现的各种机械。 机械工程师们不断地发明机器来生产商品, 不断的开发精确性和复杂性越来越高的机械工具来生产机器。机械发展的主要线索是: 为提高生产率而增加机器的运转速度、 为获得物美价廉的产品而提高精度以及降低生产成本。 这3个要求促进了复杂的控制系统的发展。 最成功的机械制造是其机器的机械设计能与控制系统紧密融合, 不论这种控制系统从本质 上是机械的还是电子的。 现代化的汽车发动机生产传送线(传动带) 就是一系列复杂的生产工艺机械化的很好例子。 人们正在着手开发以使机械生产进一步自动化, 利用计算机来存储和处理大量数据, 这些数据是少量多功能机床生产多种零件所必须的。 其中一个目标就是使批量生产车间完全自动化,三班轮换, 但每天只需一班人员来操作。 动力机械的发展生产机械必须先有充足的动力供应。 蒸汽机最先提供了用热能来产生动力的实际可行的方法, 在旧有的人力、风力和水力之外增加了动力源。 新的机械工程业面临的最初挑战之一就是增加热效率和动力, 这一点随着蒸汽涡轮机和大的联合蒸汽锅炉的发展而基本实现了。20世纪, 涡轮机为发电机提供的动力得到了持续快速的增长,同时热效率也在稳定增长, 而且大电站每千瓦的资本消耗也在下降。最后, 机械工程师们获得了核能源。 这种核能源的应用需要有特别高的可靠性和安全性, 这就需要解决许多全新的问题。 大型电厂和整个核电站的控制系统已变成高度复杂的电子、流体、电、 水力和机械零件的网络这一切都涉及到机械工程师的所有学术领域。 小型的内燃机, 不论是往复式(汽油机和柴油机)还是旋转式(燃气轮机和旺克尔机) , 以及它们在运输领域的广泛应用也都要归功于机械工程师们。 在整个运输业,不论是在空中和太空, 还是在陆地和海洋,机械工程师创造了各种设备和动力装置,他们越来越多的与电气工程师合作,尤其是在开发适合的控制系统方面。 军用武器的开发机械工程师应用于战争的技术与民用中需要的类似, 尽管其目的是增强毁坏力而不是提高生产率。然而,战争的需要使得大量的资源用于技术领域, 很多发展在和平时期有着深远的效益。喷气式飞机和核反应堆就是众所周知的例子。生物工程是机械工程中的一个相对新的领域,它用来替换或增加人体功能的机器和进行医疗的设备。 人造肢体已被开发出来, 并且具有诸如有力的运动和触摸反应等人体功能。 在人工器官移植手术方面的发展史迅速的, 复杂的心肺机器和类似的设备使越来越复杂的手术得以进行, 并使受重伤和重病病人的生命功能得以持续。 环境控制机械工程师的一些最初的努力是要通过抽水来排涝或灌溉土地以及给矿井通风来控制人类的环境。 现代的制冷和空调厂普遍采用反向的热引擎, 在这些地方动力吧热从冷的地方抽出送到更热的外部。 很多机械工程的产品以及其他领域的技术发展对环境有副作用, 产生了噪音, 引起了水和空气的污染,破坏了土地和风景。 商品和动力的生产率提高太快, 以至于自然力的再生跟不上步伐。 对于机械工程师和他人来说, 环境控制是一个快速发展的领域,它包括开发尽可能产生少量污染物的机器和生产上序, 以及开发新的设备和技术来减少和消除已造成的污染。4.机械工程的作用 机械工程师有四个上述所有领域的作用。第1个作用是理解和研究机械科学的基础。它包括涉及力和运动的关系的动力学。 比如在在震动中的力和运动的关系;自动控制;研究各种形式的热、能量、动力之间关系的热力学;流体流动;热传递; 润滑; 和材料特性。 第2个作用是依次地进行研究、设计和开发、 该作用试图进行必要的改变以满足当前和将来的需要。 这一工作不仅要求对机械科学有一个清楚的了解,并且有把复杂系统分解成基本因素的能力。 而且还需要有创新性来进行人工合成和发明。 第3个作用是生产产品和动力, 包括计划、运作和维护。 其目的在于维护或提高企业或机构的较长期的和生存能力声誉的同时, 以最少的投资和消耗生产出最大的价值。 第4个作用是机械工程师的协调作用,包括管理、咨询、以及在某些情况下进行市场营销。在所有这些作用中, 体现出一种长期不断地使用科学的方法, 而不是传统的或直觉的方法, 这是不断成长的机械工程专门技术的一个方面。 这些新的合理化方法的典型名称有:运筹学、工程经济学、逻辑法问题分析(简称PABLA)。然而,创造性是无法合理化的。正如在其他领域一样, 在机械工程中,能够采取重要的出人意料的并能开创出新方法的能力,仍然具有个人的、即兴的特点。5.机械工程设计 机械设计是设计具有机械性质的事物或系统, 如:各种机器、产品、结构、器械和仪表在很多情况下, 机械设计要用到数学、材料科学和工程力学等学科的知识。 机械工程设计包括所有的机械设计, 但它研究得更广,因为它也包括所有机械工程的分支科学, 如热力学和流体力学除了所需的基本学科外, 在机械工程设计中最初学习的还是机械设计。 设计的各个阶段设计的整个过程从开始到结束,在这一过程中, 设计是以认定一个需求并决定去为它做些什么而开始的。经过很多重复之后,最后提出满足这一要求的计划而结束这一设计过程。 设计中考虑的因素。 有时在某个系统中零件所需的强度是决定这零件的几何形状和尺寸大小的重要因素在这种情况下, 我们说强度就是设计中要考虑的重要因素。 当我们使用设计考虑因素这一表达方式时, 我们是指影响零件设计或许整个系统设计的一些性能
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