【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】芳烃装置 Elliott机械设备的安装
【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】芳烃装置 Elliott机械设备的安装,机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译,【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】芳烃装置,Elliott机械设备的安装,机械类,毕业论文,中英文,对照,对比,比照,文献,翻译,芳烃,装置,elliott,机械设备
The Aromatic Hydrocarbon Unit ELLIOTT Machinery InstallationINTRODUCTIONProper installation of the machinery will contribute to long trouble-free operating life with minimum maintenance. To aid in making a proper installation, this chapter describes a detailed procedure that has proven successful for installing hundreds of turbines and associated equipment. Therefore, it is the method recommended by Elliott Company. Other procedures do exist which can provide a satisfactory installation; however, prior to using any of these alternate procedures, it is recommended that the purchaser carefully investigate both the procedure and the ability of workers to produce a permanent and satisfactory installation.Elliott Service Representatives are experienced in installation procedures and can assist in providing a good installation. The installation procedure contained in this chapter is as specific as possible but cannot possibly cover all variations in field conditions. Therefore, the Elliott Service Representative may sometimes deviate slightly from the published procedures. This is done to give a better installation by using procedures to fit specific field and service conditions. Regardless of the procedure used, first class materials and quality workmanship should be employed.The procedure recommended by Elliott involves the following items:1. Foundation2. Chock blocks3. Grouting4. Setting the equipment on foundation5. Shaft alignment6. Coupling Installation7. Piping RecommendationsIncluded in this chapter is a detailed procedure for making “cold alignment” as well as methods for making machine “hot alignment” checks.While many aspects of an installation are the responsibility of the purchaser or his engineer, some suggestions are offered which may contribute to suitable installation. One such example is whether to install the machine outdoors under only a roof, or in a completely enclosed building. While this class of equipment can generally be installed outdoors, local conditions may suggest alternate arrangements. Freezing or low ambient temperatures around machinery can create difficulties during start-ups and shutdowns; for example, lubricating oil must be warm before starting equipment. Water and steam equipment must be drained completely or heated during shutdown.Alternately, in tropical areas, direct sun on one side of the foundation might cause expansions which, when coupled with other factors in the system, could create unacceptable alignment.In addition to operating considerations, maintenance and equipment inspections will be required-sometimes scheduled and occasionally unscheduled. Regardless of which, weather conditions may not always cooperate. Rain , snow, wind and low or high temperatures generally extend maintenance and inspection when workers are exposed directly to these elements. In addition, quality of workmanship may be lowered to a point where work accomplished is futile.For inspection and maintenance, a permanent overhead crane or hoist is recommended. Casing top halves and rotors have close clearances which must be protected, therefore, moves must be slow and positive. This is seldom achievable with crawler or wheel mounted cranes cranes.Installation of the machinery may be on either steel soleplates, a non-self-supporting fabricated steel baseplate, or a self-supporting fabricated baseplate. The functional purpose of all these intermediate supports is to provide a permanent mounting plate for the machine feet which can be shimmed. The difference between steel soleplates and non-self-supporting fabricated steel baseplate is related only to ease of installation. When the foundation support cannot be continuous or mounting directly on columns is desired, a self-supporting fabricated steel baseplate must be designed that will minimize deflections between contact supports.Soleplates usually provide support for only one machine support foot while a baseplate usually supports all machine feet. In most cases, a baseplate is made to support both the driver and driven equipment. Some baseplates are also designed to contain or support lubrication and seal system piping and instrumentation in addition to the machinery. Baseplates with the lubrication system built in may require less space and have lower installation cost, but are generally more difficult to maintain.Baseplates usually reduce the installation time because less time is spent leveling the many pads and locating equipment and accessories. Thus, while initial cost may be higher, the installed cost usually will be less. Baseplates are generally fabricated from box-shaped structural steel; therefore, providing additional surfaces for noise generation or reverberation.Installations of a self-supporting baseplate on a reinforced concrete foundation should follow the guidelines presented with only the sections indicated on the outline drawing left unsupported. When the installation of a self-supporting baseplate is on structural steel or columns, care must be exercised to insure that the mating pads are machined level and flat. Full contacts between the pads are desired without the use of step shimming. With this installation arrangement, grouting is not used to fill in gaps, but other procedures presented in this chapter should be followed.FOUNDATIONThe principle function of the foundation is to provide a permanently rigid, non-warping support for the machinery. Proper fulfillment will, (1) hold machines in proper alignment under all operating conditions, (2) support the machines weight and load, and distribute it uniformly and evenly to the soil or main support structure, (3) maintain established equipment locations, and (4) , minimize transmission of vibration to or from the machines.While the responsibility for a successful foundation rests with the purchaser,the following suggestions are offered for assistance and consideration:1. The outline drawing provides equipment mounting surface areas, anchor bolt locations, equipment weight distribution, main piping connections, and other information necessary in designing a foundation.2. A foundation of reinforced concrete should be of ample size and proportion for adequate support of the machinery, as well as piping forces such as inlet and discharge piping.3. Provision should be made in the foundation design for accessibility to all parts of the machine or its auxiliaries during operation, inspection and maintenance.4. The foundation should rest entirely on natural rock or entirely on solid earth. A foundation resting partly on one or partly on another may warp due to settling of part of the foundation support. Distortion may also occur due to unequal pressures created by differences in ground water level.5. Foundations supported on pilings should have a rigid continuous cap over the pilings on which the foundation rests.6. Temperature surrounding the foundation should be uniform. Temperature differences between the top slab and mat, for instance, can create substantial bending stresses in columns. Care must be taken to reduce thermal distortion from radiation or uneven heating and cooling. Direct sunlight on outdoor tropical installations is to be avoided. Steam lines passing close to the foundation should also be avoided; but when unavoidable, they should be insulated and the foundation shielded.7. Foundation should be isolated from all other structures and arranged so that outside vibrations are not transmitted to it. Where foundations must be supported by floor beams, a vibration dampening material should be interposed between the beams and the foundation.8. Design of foundation structure should avoid resonant frequencies of operating speed, 40 to 50% of operating speed, rotor critical speeds, and two times operating speeds.9. It is recommended that concrete foundations be allowed to cure for approximately 28 days before loading. This will allow for development of strength and reduction in shrinkage rate. Curing procedure should be in accordance with American Concrete Institute recommendations.10. Use of a pipe sleeve around anchor bolt allows for some shifting of the anchor bolt if found necessary during installation of equipment. It allows for increased stretch length of anchor bolts.11. When establishing the top elevation for the foundation, allow approximately 0.5 inch (12) for removal of top crust of concrete by chipping. Reinforcing rods, ties, or steel members should be sufficiently below the surface to permit chipping away of approximately 1.00 inch (25 ) of concrete without making contact. A minimum space of 1.00 inch (25 ) should be provided between foundation and chock block to provide adequate room for insertion of grout. The maximum distance between the foundation and soleplate or baseplate should not exceed 4.00 inches (100).Foundation preparationWhen the foundation is constructed of reinforced concrete, it is not practical to pour the concrete block with the necessary precision to permit setting the machinery directly onto the block. Therefore, the soleplate or baseplate is set with a void between it and the foundation. After the soleplate or baseplate is positioned, machinery placed and cold alignment check made, the soleplate or baseplate is cemented or grouted to the foundation. This procedure essentially creates one continuous support for the machinery.In order to obtain good bonding surfaces for the grout, all defective concrete, laitance, dirt, oil, wax, grease and loose material must be removed from the mating surfaces. This can best be accomplished by chipping, bush hammering or by other means until sound, clean surfaces are obtained. Removal of approximately 0.5 inch (12) of the top concrete surface should provide a strong, laitance-free surface for bonding and anchoring of the grout.CHOCK BLOCKSIn this manual, the term “chock block” is used to describe steel or grout blocks which serve to level and support the soleplate or baseplate prior to full grouting. The size of a steel chock block may vary. To provide for ease of installation and leveling, four jack screws are furnished in the chock block. A screw anchor in the center of the block is used to anchor the chock block securely until grouting in of the blocks.Chock Block1. Material carbon steel plate2. Machine both top and bottom flat3. Break all corners and chamfer all holesEpoxy grout chock blocks can also be used in place of steel chock blocks. When using epoxy grout chock blocks, small forms should be positioned at each anchor bolt just as suggested for steel chock blocks. The top surface of each from should be level and at essentially the same elevation as all other chock block forms. Forms should be anchored, coated with wax and sealed around the bottom. When pouring grout, forms should be completely filled. This will minimize need for shimming between chock and baseplate or soleplate.Use of chock blocks allows the installation workmen to easily make a change in elevation at a soleplate or baseplate support pad. The chock blocks also distribute the machinery weight and hold down nut force so that deflections of the soleplate or baseplate due to these forces are minimized. With chock blocks, the soleplate or baseplate can be easily shifted horizontally without disturbing established elevations.For machines mounted on soleplates, the number of foundation anchor bolts increases while available surface area decreases, therefore making effective placement of chock blocks more difficult.If the chock blocks have been coated with a catalyzed epoxy primer, the surface coating should not be removed but surfaces should be cleaned with solvent with solvent to remove any oil or dirt prior to setting.If the chock clock surfaces are coated with rust or some other surface coating, they should be sandblasted. Sandblasting is best, but a disk grinder or other mechanical method can be used. If chock blocks will be immediately grouted after setting, no further surface treatment is required. A clean, sandblasted surface will provide a good bonding surface.If grouting in of the chock blocks will be delayed after cleaning, the cleaned surfaces should be coated with an epoxy primer or surface coating recommended by grout supplier.To set a chock block, determine the chock block anchor screw locations on the foundation and drill 0.5 inch (12) diameter by 1.00 inch (25) deep holes (if screw anchor shield is other than that shown, appropriate drilling should be used) in the concrete. Level the individual blocks using the four set screws provided. All blocks must be level and approximately at the same elevation. It is desirable to maintain all chock block elevations within a few thousandths of an inch or a few hundredths of a millimeter. This makes final installation and shimming of the equipment much easier. On installations where overall length of the equipment is short, elevation of the chock blocks can best be set by use of a straight edge and precision level. On installations where the overall length of the equipment is large, use of a precision tilting level may be advantageous.Regardless of the method used, shimming should be used between the chock blocks and soleplate or baseplate to correct any elevation variations required.GROUTINGThe procedure to be followed for grouting in of chock blocks, soleplates or baseplates is the same except for quantity of grout placed. Elliott recommends that the grout used be a good quality epoxy grout system from a reliable manufacturer of heavy machinery grouts. Epoxy grouts consist of an epoxy resin, hardner and graded silica aggregate. The resin and hardner serve as the adhesive while the aggregate serves as a filler to reduce cost, improve thermal expansion compatability absorb heat released by curing. With proper application, an epoxy grout should provide a permanent, reliable installation. Use of sand-cement grout or sand-cement grout with various additives may also provide an adequate installation, however they are generally lower in strength, have more tendency to shrink unevenly and are generally more susceptible to chemical attack and deterioration by oils.The prime purpose of grouting is to, (1) fill all voids between the foundation and the soleplate or baseplate, (2) provide a permanent bone between the foundation and the soleplate or baseplate, (3) to assist the foundation anchor bolts in preventing lateral movement, (4) provide a solid, level base to which the machine can be anchored by the foundation anchor bolts to prevent vertical movement, (5) make the soleplate or baseplate more or less an integral part of the concrete foundation.As anchor bolts are designed for hold down purposes, it is desirable to provide for some stretching of the anchor bolt between the bottoms of the sleeve and the bottom of the nut. Therefore, it is recommended that the sleeve be filled with a pliable material such as silicone rubber, prior to final grouting.Use of epoxy grouts requires some installation procedures which differ from those used for sand-cement grouts. The procedure which follows provides a general guide for use with epoxy grout; but for more specific details, consults the grout suppliers bulletins or labels. This is particularly important in regard to safety precautions.Keywords: Foundation; Chock Blocks; Grouting; Coupling; Piping Recommendation 10芳烃装置Elliott机械设备的安装引言:正确安装机械设备能延长设备无故障运行的寿命和极大的减小维修次数。为了帮助进行适当的安装,此章详细叙述了安装程序,此安装程序已完成过数百次安装透平机及其辅助设备。因此Elliott公司推荐这种安装程序及方法。也缺有能使安装得到满意效果的其他安装程序。因此在使用别的程序之前,建议买方要对程序和工人的技术水平进行调查研究以得到经久耐用和满意的安装结果。Elliott安装服务代表在安装程序方面是有经验的能帮助提供良好的安装程序。此章尽可能的规定了安装程序但不可能包括各种现场条件的变化,因此Elliott服务有时可以对此安装程序稍加改变。这样做是为了在特定的安装现场和工作条件下更好的安装。无论程序怎样但必须首先保证一流的材料和工作质量。Elliott公司推荐的安装程序包括下列项目:1. 地基2. 止动块3. 灌浆4. 把设备安装在地基上5. 轴的校准6. 安装联轴器7. 管路包括在这章是进行“冷校准”和进行“热校准”检查方法的详细程序。许多安装方面的问题是买方或者买方工程师的责任,他们可以提供适合安装的建议。一个这样的例子是机器是否可以安装在仅有顶盖的户外或者安装在封闭的建筑内。当设备的种类适合一般的户外安装条件,那么根据现场的情况可以提出更改的方案。例如,在冰冻和低温环境下会引起机器启动和关闭的困难,可以把润滑油加温。对于水和蒸汽设备在关闭时要把水和蒸汽放出或者在停机期间加热。另一方面,在炎热的区域,太阳光对地基一个侧面的直接照射会引起膨胀,再加上系统中的其他因素就会引起不可接受的偏差。除操作注意事项外,不要求进行维护保养和设备的检查有时是按计划的偶尔是不按计划的。不管那种情况,天气条件总是不合作的。雨、雪、风和低温或高温总是延长维修和检查时间,因为工人直接暴露在这类天气条件下。另外,工作质量也可能降低到完全无效的地步。对于检查和维修,应备有永久性的吊车或卷扬机。箱顶半部和转动体之间有严格的间隙,必须加以保护,因而在拆卸时必须轻而稳,这是用轮式吊车和履带牵引装置很难达到的。机器安装在地脚板上,一个非自(己)支撑的钢底板上或者自(己)支撑的组合钢底板上。这些中间支撑的目的是提供一个机器脚可以加垫片的永久性安装板。钢底板和非自(己)支撑组合钢底板的区别仅在于安装的难易程度。当地基的支撑是不连续的或者要求直接安装在主柱上,必须设计自支撑组合钢底板基座可以最低的减少接触支撑偏差。地脚板通常仅支撑一个机器支撑而底板一般支撑机器的所有脚。多数情况下,底板用于支撑驱动者和驱动装置。一些底板也设计成包含或支持润滑和密封系统管路和仪器及其机构。带有内装润滑系统的底板要求较少的空间和较低的安装费用,但是维修起来一般比较困难。底板一般能减少安装时间,因为不需要花费较多的时间用来水平调整很多密封垫及安装设备和辅件。这样虽然开始花钱可能较多但安装费用花的较少。底板普通用方形结构钢制造,因而增加了产生噪音的和回响的表面。在坚固的水泥地基上安装在结构钢或支柱上必须仔细进行保证装配垫的水平和平整。密封垫之间要全接触不使用梯形填隙片。用这种安装方法不需要灌浆填隙,但应遵守这章中规定的其他程序。地基:地基的基本作用是提供给机械装置一个永久刚性的、非扭曲的支撑。合格的地基会(1)在任何操作条件下都保持机器合适的平直度,(2)支撑机器的重量和负载,使其均匀一致地分布到地面或主支撑结构上,(3)保持安置的设备位置和(4)减小机器的振动传出和传入。虽然良好的地基取决于买方,下面的建议可考虑:1. 轮廓图提供了设备的安置表面区域、紧固螺栓位置、设备重量分布、主要管道接头和其他设计地基的必要资料。2. 坚固的水泥地基应具有足够的尺寸和比例,足以支撑机构装置和管路负荷,如入口和出口管路。3. 地基的设计使得机器极其辅件的各部分在操作、检查和维修过程中易于接触到4. 地基因完全建造在岩石或坚固的地面上。如果地基部分建造在一处而另一部分建造在其他部分上,这样会由于地基支撑部分的下沉引起地基的绕曲。由于地下水位的不同产生的压力不等也会引起扭曲。5. 由桩子支撑的地基,应在桩子上有一个连续的刚性的盖,以使地基建在这刚性盖上面。6. 地基周围的温度应均匀一致。顶板和基垫上温度的差别会引起主柱中产生显著的弯曲应力,因此必须注意减少由于辐射或者不均匀的加热或冷却导致的热变形。在热带地区室外安装时,应避免太阳光的直接照射。不要蒸汽管路紧靠着地基,但若不能避免时,要采用隔热和屏蔽的办法以使地基与管路隔开。7. 地基应与所有其他结构隔开,使外部的振动不能传给地基。在地基必须被横梁支撑的地方,在地基和横梁之间要放入振动阻尼材料。8. 地基结构的设计要避免与操作速度频率共振,避免操作速度的4050,转子临界速度和2倍的操作速度。9. 地基允许校正,但必须经过大约28天后才能加负载。这样会使强度增大和减少缩孔率。校正程序应按照美国水泥协会的建议进行。10. 地基底脚螺栓和地基上突出物的尺寸表示在轮廓图中。围绕底脚螺栓可以加用一个管套以便在安装设备期间有必要的话可使底脚螺栓作少量位移。这样还允许延长螺栓的长度。11. 在确定地基顶部高度时,允许大约0.5英寸(12)的水泥顶部硬壳倍铲除。用于加强的钢筋,钢棒或其他的钢件要距允许铲除的表面足够低,使得可以铲去大约1英寸(25)的硬壳而不与钢件接触。在地基和塞块之间要留有足够的间隙供灌入水泥砂浆,至少要每有1英寸(25)的间隙。地基和地脚板或底板的最大距离不应超过4.00英寸(100)。地基的准备:地基若是钢筋混凝土结构,都不会浇灌出具有必要精度让极其直接安装上去的水泥混凝土块。因此,地脚板或基板之间要留有间隙。在地脚板或基板倍位置固定好后把机器防上并做调试检验,地脚板或基板再灌浆到地基上。这个程序基本上制造出了一个连续的支撑机器的支座。为了得到好的灌浆粘结表面,所有混凝土缺陷、水泥翻沫、赃物、油污、腊脂、油脂和疏松材料都必须从结合表面上清除掉。这些缺陷最好被铲除,用凿石锤或者其他方法修整直到得到干净完善的表面为止。混凝土表面的顶部约有0.5英寸(12)厚应予铲除以得到坚固的、无水泥翻沫的表面以便粘结灌浆。塞块:在此手册中术语“塞块”是指钢的或水泥块,它用于在完全灌浆前调整水平和支撑地脚板或基板。钢塞块的尺寸可以改变。为了便于安装和水平调整,在块四周有四个起重螺旋器。在塞块的中心有一个连接螺钉以保证牢固的固定住块直到块灌浆。块:1. 碳钢板材料2. 加工顶部和底部平面3. 打掉所有的角和弄圆所有的孔环氧树脂灌浆块也能用来代替钢塞块。当使用环氧树脂灌浆塞块时应用小型模型定位在每个底脚螺栓处正如钢塞块一样。每个模型的顶表面应是水平的,基本上与其他塞块模型的高度相同。模型应固定好,涂腊底部封死。灌浆时,模壳应完全充满。这将减少塞块和底板或底脚板之间填隙的必要性。使用塞块可是安装工人便于改变底脚板或底板的支撑垫片的高度。塞块也分散了机械的重量和夹紧螺母的力,以便减小由于这些力而使底脚板或基底板产生变位。使用塞块,地脚板或底板易于水平移动而不容易改变已经定好的高度。对于安装在地脚板上的机械,地基底脚螺栓的数量随有效表面积减小而增多,因而有效地放置塞块比较困难。如果塞块表面涂有一层催化的环氧树脂底漆,在安装之前表面的这层涂漆不必清除,但表面应用溶剂清除油类或其他赃物。如果塞块表面有一层锈或其他涂层,塞块应喷砂,喷砂是最好的方法,也能用盘磨机或其他机械方法。如果塞块在安装后立即灌浆就不需要做进一步的表面处理。一个清洁的经喷砂的表面具有优良的粘结性。如果塞块在清洁处理后不立即灌浆,那么清洁的表面应涂上环氧树脂剂或涂上由灌浆供应者建议的涂料。为了安装塞块,要确定塞块连接螺钉在地基上的位置和在混凝土上的直径为0.5英寸(12)深度为1英寸(25)的孔(如果连接螺钉套所示的不同,要钻合适的孔)。使用4个调节螺钉使各个塞块水平。所有的塞块必须水平或几乎同样高。所有塞块的高差应以保持在一英寸的千分之几或一毫米的几分之几为最佳。这使得最后的安装和设备的填隙容易得多。在安装总长度短的设备时,则使用精密的倾水准仪为佳。不论使用什么方法,在塞块与地脚板或底板之间应使用填隙片来矫正所要的高度变化。灌浆:对塞块、地脚板或底板的灌浆程序是相同的,只是在灌浆多少上有区别。Elliott推荐使用高质量的环氧树脂浆装置,要从可靠的重型灌浆机械厂购得。环氧树脂浆由环氧树脂,固化剂和分等级的硅土搅拌在一起。树脂和固化剂起粘结作用,而硅土集合物作为添加物以降低成本、改进热膨胀的一致性和吸收凝固所放出的热量。如应用适当,环氧树脂浆应能使安装永久性可靠。使用砂子水泥浆或砂子水泥浆加入其他物质也可以提供一个合适的安装,然而这种灌浆一般强度较低,缩孔不均匀,并且一般对化学腐蚀敏感和易被油类浸蚀变质。灌浆的主要目的是(1)填充地基和地脚板或底板之间的所有空隙,(2)使地基和地脚板或底板形成永久性的粘结,(3)有助于防止地基连接螺栓以后移动,(4)提供一个水平坚固的基础,机器可以用底板螺栓固定在基础上防止机器垂直方向移动,(5)使得地脚板或底板在某种程度上成为混凝土地基整体的一部分。连接螺栓用于固定的目的,最好是能是套底部和螺母底部之间的地脚螺栓有伸长的余地,因此建议在灌浆之前要充填柔软的材料如硅橡胶。使用环氧树脂灌浆所要求的安装程序不同于砂子水泥的灌浆程序。本手册只提供个一般所要遵守的程序,对于更详细的关于环氧树脂浆的规定要请教环氧树脂供应者编写说明书。这对安全措施是很重要的。关键词:地基;止动块;灌浆;联轴器;管路
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