电器旋钮注射模具设计【说明书+CAD+PROE+仿真】

购买设计请充值后下载，资源目录下的文件所见即所得，都可以点开预览，资料完整，充值下载可得到资源目录里的所有文件。【注】：dwg后缀为CAD图纸，doc,docx为WORD文档，原稿无水印，可编辑。具体请见文件预览，有不明白之处，可咨询QQ:12401814 关于注塑模有效冷却系统设计的方法摘要：在热塑性注塑模设计中，配件的质量和生产周期很大程度上取决于冷却阶段。已经进行了大量的研究，目的是确定能减少像翘曲变形和不均匀性收缩等的不必要影响的冷却条件。在本文中，我们提出了一种能优化设计冷却系统的方法。基于几何分析，使用形冷却概念来定义冷却管路。它定义了冷却管路的位置。我们只是沿着已经确定好了的冷却水路来分析强度的分布特征和流体的温度。我们制定了温度分布作为最小化的目标函数，该函数由两部分组成。它表明了两个对抗性的因素是如何调解以达到最佳的状态。预期的效果是改善零件质量方面的收缩和翘曲变形。关键词：逆问题 热传递 注射模 冷却设计1 简介在塑料工业领域，热塑性注射模应用非常广泛。这个过程包括四项基本阶段：加料、塑化、冷却和脱模。大约整个过程的70%的时间都在进行产品的冷却。此外，这一阶段直接影响产品的质量。因此，产品必须尽可能统一冷却达到最小化凹痕、翘曲变形、收缩和热残余应力等不必要影响的目的。为了达到这个目标需要的最有影响力的参数有冷却时间、冷却管路的数量、位置和大小、冷却液的温度以及流体和管道内表面的热传递系数。冷却系统的设计主要基于设计师的经验，但是新的快速成型工艺的发展使非常复杂的管路形状制造成为可能，这是先前的经验理论达不到的。所以冷却系统的设计必须制定为一个优化问题。1.1 热传递分析由于参数随温度的变化，在注射工具方面热传递的研究是一个非线性问题。然而，像热导率和热容量这些模具的热物理参数在温度变化范围内都恒为定值。除了聚合物结晶的影响被忽视外，模具及产品之间的热接触阻力也常常被认为是常数。温度场的分布是在周期边值条件下求解傅里叶方程得到的。这个演化过程可以分成两个部分：一个循环部分和一个平均瞬时的部分。循环部分常常被忽略，因为热渗透的深度对温度场的影响不显著。许多做着所使用的平均循环分析简化了微积分学，但平均波动范围在15%到40%之间。越接近水路的部分，平均波动范围越高。因此，即使在静止状态，模拟瞬态热传递也变的非常重要。在这项研究中，温度的周期瞬态分析优于平均周期时间的分析。应该注意的是，在实际操作中，冷却系统的设计应作为工具设计的最后一步。不过冷却影响零件质量的最重要的因素，热设计应该是工具设计的第一阶段之一。1.2 成型技术的优化在文献中,各种优化程序被使用,但都关注于相同的目标。唐孙俐使用了一种优化程序,获取了零件的均匀温度分布，得到了最小坡度和最少冷却时间。黄试着获得均匀的温度分布于零件和高生产效率下的最小的冷却时间。林总结了模具设计在3个事实方面的目标。零件的冷却均匀,就能达到预期的模具温度，所以,接下来就可注射和减小周期时间。冷却系统的最优配置是均匀时间和周期时间的折衷。实际上，模具型腔表面和冷却通道之间的距离越远，则温度分布的均匀性越高。相反,距离越短,聚合物的散热速度越快。然而模具表面不均匀的温度会导致零件的缺陷。达到这些目标的控制参数有管路的位置和大小,冷却液流量和流体的温度。可以采用两种方法。第一个是寻找管路的最优位置以此尽量减小目标函数。这第二种方法是建立在一种形冷却管路。林在冷却通道的位置设计了一个冷却管路。最佳冷却条件(冷却位置和管路大小)都是对冷却线路的研究得到的。徐孙俐进行了更深一步的研究,把冷却水路分成一个个单元并对每个冷却单元进行优化。1.3 计算法则 方案的计算，数值方法是非常必要的。进行传热分析,可以通过边界元素法或有限元素法。第一种方法的好处就是未知数量的计算要低于有限元素法。边界元素法的唯一问题是网格划分所花费的计算解决方案的时间短于有限元素法。然而这种方法只提供边界问题的结果。在本研究中有限元法是首选，原因是零件的内部温度需要制定为优化问题。为了计算能最小化目标函数的最优参数，Tang et al.使用鲍威尔共轭方向搜索方法。Mathey et al使用了序列二次规划算法,它是一基于梯度的方法。它不仅可以找到传统的确定方法也可以找到进化方法。Huang et al用遗传算法实现解决方案。这最后一种算法是非常耗时的因为它的计算范围很广。在实际操作中，模具设计的时间必须最小化，于是一个可以更快达到预期解决方案的确定性方法(共轭梯度)应优先选择。 2 方法论2.1 目标本文所描述的方法应用于一个T形零件的冷却系统的优化设计 (图1)。这种形状在很多论文中都出现过，因此能比较容易做到。 Part: 零件 Mould: 模具图 1基于零件的形态分析, 1和3两个表面分别介绍了零件的侵蚀和扩张(冷却线) (图1)。沿着冷却水路3边界条件的导热问题是第三类在无限的温度条件下流体温度的影响。优化就是寻找这些流体的温度。在优化前使用冷却线路阻止冷却管路的数量和大小的选择。这对于那些冷却管路不直观的复杂零件很有效。零件侵蚀线的位置对应于凝固聚合物的最小厚度,以便冷却结束阶段可以消除部分汽压铸模的损害。2.2 目标函数在冷却系统优化时，产品的质量应该是最重要的。因为最低冷却时间被零件的厚度和材料性能所影响,因此在特定的时间达到最优的质量是很重要的。流体温度直接影响模具及配件的温度，且对湍流流体流量唯一的控制参数是冷却液温度。接下来, 优化的参数就是流体温度，且零件最优分布的制定是在冷却时期的最后阶段由最小化的目标函数S确定的(方程(1)。S1时期的目标是要达到零件侵蚀部分的温度水平。S2时期运用于许多工作中，旨在均匀零件表面的温度分布,从而减少沿2表面和零件厚度方向的热梯度。这两个步骤都是为了引入变量Tfref。必须指出的是当Tfref时参考标准会减少到第一时期。相反, 当Tfref0第二个时期的比重会增加。3 数值计算结果数值计算结果是与Tang et al的理论结果比较而来的，他们认为T形零件的最佳冷却是通过7个冷却管道和冷却剂的最佳流体流量的最佳位置的确定得到的。第一步是复制他们的结果(图2的左部，)获得下列条件(W= 0.75):T = 303K、流体流动速率Q= 364cm3 / s每个冷却通道,t= 23.5 s。图 2例1:冷却管路与有限数目的渠道使流体温度恒定。冷却系统中的7条管道和模具表面的平均距离(d = 1.5cm)是为了确定冷却线3 的位置。此外,Tang所提出的流体温度传热系数是加给3的扩张部分。在插图3中沿零件表面2的温度曲线是与脱模时间比较得来的。所有表面的温度曲线都是沿逆时针方向绘制的,只是从A到B的部分。我们观察到采用冷却线的温度值比采用7条管路更不均匀。因此用有限数目的通道计算出来的最佳冷却配置计比冷却线更好，这将作为一种参考。 图3 例2: 在变流体温度下的冷却管路和Tfref下的比重因子。流体温度T在方程1的最小目标函数下计算得到的，这里忽略了第二时期。结果如图4和5所示。图 4图 5在图4中，侵蚀部分的温度曲线很不均匀，比较接近我们脱模温度。 然而在这两种情况下最高值都保持在0.12m和0.14m之间，对应于的筋的顶部位置（图1中的B1）。这些热点是由于零件的几何形状产生的，很难冷却。然而在图5中,我们注意到零件表面的温度曲线比第一种情况更不均匀。总之,第一部分对于零件表面的均与性还不够完善，但达到预期的温度水平是足够的。例3：图 6图 7 S2阶段的影响如图6所示。这个阶段使得零件的表面温度均匀。实际上,在T = 10 K的情况下，整个2表面上的温度都类似恒定的，除了之前解释的热点之外。然而对于T的值,侵蚀时的温度是不被接受的，因为平均气温过高(340K相对于理想水平 336 K)。接着第二阶段提高分界面的均匀性,但对解决方案不利。使分界面的温度均匀化，同时提取需要的所有热通量,来获得零件的理想温度，如果这水平太低，将会成为对抗性的问题。最好的解决方案是质量和效率的统一。例如T = 100K时零件的温度比T = 10 K时更不均匀。然而这种方案还是比Tang提出的方案更好。零件的最佳流体温度曲线如图8所示。图 8 4 结论本文提出了一种确定冷却线温度分布优化方法来获得零件的均匀温度场，从而得到最小的梯度和最短的冷却时间。与参考文献相比,显示出了它的效率和效益。特别是它不需要指定冷却通道的数量。对于确定管路的最少数量需要进一步比较已提出的最佳流体温度曲线的解决方案。参考文献1 Pichon J. F. Injection des matires plastiques.Dunod, 2001.2 Plastic Business Group Bayer. Optimised mould temperature control. ATI 1104, 1997.3 S. Y. Hu, N. T. Cheng, S. C. Chen. Effect of cooling system design and process parameters on cyclic variation of mold temperatures simulation by DRBEM, Plastics, rubber and composites proc. And appl., 23:221-232, 19954 L. Q Tang, K. Pochiraju, C. Chassapis, S. Manoochehri. A computer-aided optimization approach fort he design of injection mold cooling systems. J. of Mech. Design, 120:165-174, 1998.5 J. Huang, G. M. Fadel. Bi-objective optimization design of heterogeneous injection mold cooling systems. ASME, 123:226-239, 2001.6 J. C. Lin. Optimum cooling system design of a freeform injection mold using an abductive network. J. of Mat. Proc. Tech., 120:226-236, 2002.7 E. Mathey, L. Penazzi, F.M. Schmidt, F. Rond- Oustau. Automatic optimization of the cooling of injection mold base don the boundary element method. Materials Proc. and Design, NUMIFORM, pages 222-227, 2004.8 X. Xu, E. Sachs, S. Allen. The design of conformal cooling channels in injection molding tooling. Polymer engineering and science, 41:1265-1279, 2001.Die history1 Die position in industrial productionMold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment. 采用模具生产零部件，具有生产效率高、质量好、成本低、节约能源和原材料等一系列优点，用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比 With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. 已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工艺发展方向。 Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. 现代经济的基础工The basis of the modern industrial economy. 现代工业品的发展和技术水平的提高，很大程度上取决于模具工业的发展水平，因此模具工业对国民经济和社会发展将起越来越大的作用。The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. 1989 年 3 月国务院颁布的关于当前产业政策要点的决定中，把模具列为机械工业技术改造序列的第一位、生产和基本建设序列的第二位 ( 仅次于大型发电设备及相应的输变电设备 ) ，确立模具工业在国民经济中的重要地位。 March 1989 the State Council promulgated on the current industrial policy decision points in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. 1997 年以来，又相继把模具及其加工技术和设备列入了当前国家重点鼓励发展的产业、产品和技术目录和鼓励外商投资产业目录。 Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog and to encourage foreign investment industry directory. 经国务院批准，从 1997 年到 2000 年，对 80 多家国有专业模具厂实行增值税返还 70% 的优惠政策，以扶植模具工业的发展。 Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. 所有这些，都充分体现了国务院和国家有关部门对发展模具工业的重视和支持。 All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. 目前全世界模具年产值约为 600 亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业，从 1997 年开始，我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工业产值。 Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, Chinas industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.2 Chinas mold industry and its development trend模具工业现状 Die & Mould Industry Status由于历史原因形成的封闭式、“ 大 而全” 的 企业特征，我国大部分企业均设有模具车间，处于本厂的配套地位，自 70 年代末才有了模具工业化和生产专业化这个概念。 Due to historical reasons for the formation of closed, big and complete enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. 生产效率不高，经济效益较差。 Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. 模具行业的生产小而散乱，跨行业、投资密集，专业化、商品化和技术管理水平都比较低。 Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.据不完全统计，全国现有模具专业生产厂、产品厂配套的模具车间（分厂）近17000家，约60万从业人员，年模具总产值达200亿元人民币。 According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold. 但是，我国模具工业现有能力只能满足需求量的60左右，还不能适应国民经济发展的需要。 However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development. 目前，国内需要的大型、精密、复杂和长寿命的模具还主要依靠进口。 At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. 据海关统计，1997年进口模具价值6.3亿美元，这还不包括随设备一起进口的模具；1997年出口模具仅为7800万美元。 According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. 目前我国模具工业的技术水平和制造能力，是我国国民经济建设中的薄弱环节和制约经济持续发展的瓶颈。 At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, Chinas national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development.1、模具工业产品结构的现状 2.1 Research on the Structure of industrial products mold按照中国模具工业协会的划分，我国模具基本分为10大类，其中，冲压模和塑料成型模两大类占主要部分。 In accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part. 按产值计算，目前我国冲压模占50左右，塑料成形模约占20，拉丝模（工具）约占10，而世界上发达工业国家和地区的塑料成形模比例一般占全部模具产值的40以上。 Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% of the worlds advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%.我国冲压模大多为简单模、单工序模和符合模等，精冲模，精密多工位级进模还为数不多，模具平均寿命不足100万次，模具最高寿命达到1亿次以上，精度达到35um，有50个以上的级进工位，与国际上最高模具寿命6亿次，平均模具寿命5000万次相比，处于80年代中期国际先进水平。 Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level.我国的塑料成形模具设计，制作技术起步较晚，整体水平还较低。 Chinas plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low. 目前单型腔，简单型腔的模具达70以上，仍占主导地位。 Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant. 一模多腔精密复杂的塑料注射模，多色塑料注射模已经能初步设计和制造。A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing. 模具平均寿命约为80万次左右，主要差距是模具零件变形大、溢边毛刺大、表面质量差、模具型腔冲蚀和腐蚀严重、模具排气不畅和型腔易损等，注射模精度已达到5um以下，最高寿命已突破2000万次，型腔数量已超过100腔，达到了80年代中期至90年代初期的国际先进水平。 Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level.2、模具工业技术结构现状 2.2 mold Present Status of Technology我国模具工业目前技术水平参差不齐，悬殊较大。 Technical level of Chinas mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. 从总体上来讲，与发达工业国家及港台地区先进水平相比，还有较大的差距。 Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap. 在采用CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP等技术设计与制造模具方面，无论是应用的广泛性，还是技术水平上都存在很大的差距。 The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. 在应用CAD技术设计模具方面，仅有约10%的模具在设计中采用了CAD，距抛开绘图板还有漫长的一段路要走；在应用CAE进行模具方案设计和分析计算方面，也才刚刚起步，大多还处于试用和动画游戏阶段；在应用CAM技术制造模具方面，一是缺乏先进适用的制造装备，二是现有的工艺设备（包括近10多年来引进的先进设备）或因计算机制式（IBM微机及其兼容机、HP工作站等）不同，或因字节差异、运算速度差异、抗电磁干扰能力差异等，联网率较低，只有5%左右的模具制造设备近年来才开展这项工作；在应用CAPP技术进行工艺规划方面，基本上处于空白状态，需要进行大量的标准化基础工作；在模具共性工艺技术，如模具快速成型技术、抛光技术、电铸成型技术、表面处理技术等方面的CAD/CAM技术应用在我国才刚起步。 In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. 计算机辅助技术的软件开发，尚处于较低水平，需要知识和经验的积累。 Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. 我国大部分模具厂、车间的模具加工设备陈旧，在役期长、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的锻、车、铣、刨、钻、磨设备加工模具，热处理加工仍在使用盐浴、箱式炉，操作凭工人的经验，设备简陋，能耗高。 Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. 设备更新速度缓慢，技术改造，技术进步力度不大。 Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. 虽然近年来也引进了不少先进的模具加工设备，但过于分散，或不配套，利用率一般仅有25%左右，设备的一些先进功能也未能得到充分发挥。 Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.缺乏技术素质较高的模具设计、制造工艺技术人员和技术工人，尤其缺乏知识面宽、知识结构层次高的复合型人才。 Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. 中国模具行业中的技术人员，只占从业人员的8%12%左右，且技术人员和技术工人的总体技术水平也较低。 Chinas mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. 1980年以前从业的技术人员和技术工人知识老化，知识结构不能适应现在的需要；而80年代以后从业的人员，专业知识、经验匮乏，动手能力差，不安心，不愿学技术。 Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. 近年来人才外流不仅造成人才数量与素质水平下降，而且人才结构也出现了新的断层，青黄不接，使得模具设计、制造的技术水平难以提高。 In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level.3、模具工业配套材料，标准件结构现状 2.3 mold industry supporting materials, standard parts of present condition近10多年来，特别是“八五”以来，国家有关部委已多次组织有关材料研究所、大专院校和钢铁企业，研究和开发模具专用系列钢种、模具专用硬质合金及其他模具加工的专用工具、辅助材料等，并有所推广。 Over the past 10 years, especially the Eighth Five-Year, the State organization of the ministries have repeatedly Material Research Institute, universities and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and other mold-specific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion. 但因材料的质量不够稳定，缺乏必要的试验条件和试验数据，规格品种较少，大型模具和特种模具所需的钢材及规格还有缺口。 However, due to the quality is not stable enough, the lack of the necessary test conditions and test data, specifications and varieties less, large molds and special mold steel and specifications are required for the gap. 在钢材供应上，解决用户的零星用量与钢厂的批量生产的供需矛盾，尚未得到有效的解决。 In the steel supply, settlement amount and sporadic users of mass-produced steel supply and demand contradiction, yet to be effectively addressed. 另外，国外模具钢材近年来相继在国内建立了销售网点，但因渠道不畅、技术服务支撑薄弱及价格偏高、外汇结算制度等因素的影响，目前推广应用不多。 In addition, in recent years have foreign steel mold set up sales outlets in China, but poor channels, technical services support the weak and prices are high, foreign exchange settlement system and other factors, promote the use of much current.模具加工的辅助材料和专用技术近年来虽有所推广应用，但未形成成熟的生产技术，大多仍还处于试验摸索阶段，如模具表面涂层技术、模具表面热处理技术、模具导向副润滑技术、模具型腔传感技术及润滑技术、模具去应力技术、模具抗疲劳及防腐技术等尚未完全形成生产力，走向商品化。 Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature production technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication technology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology, mold to stress technology, mold and other anti-fatigue and anti-corrosion technology productivity has not yet fully formed, towards commercialization. 一些关键、重要的技术也还缺少知识产权的保护。 Some key, important technologies also lack the protection of intellectual property.我国的模具标准件生产，80年代初才形成小规模生产，模具标准化程度及标准件的使用覆盖面约占20%，从市场上能配到的也只有约30个品种，且仅限于中小规格。 Chinas mold standard parts production, the formation of the early 80s only small-scale production, standardization and standard mold parts using the coverage of about 20%, from the market can be assigned to, is just about 30 varieties, and limited to small and medium size. 标准凸凹模、热流道元件等刚刚开始供应，模架及零件生产供应渠道不畅，精度和质量也较差。 Standard punch, hot runner components and other supplies just the beginning, mold and parts production and supply channels for poor, poor accuracy and quality.模具的发展趋势 3 Die trend1、模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三维化、智能化和网络化方向发展 3.1 mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction（1）模具软件功能集成化 (1) mold software features integrated模具软件功能的集成化要求软件的功能模块比较齐全，同时各功能模块采用同一数据模型，以实现信息的综合管理与共享，从而支持模具设计、制造、装配、检验、测试及生产管理的全过程，达到实现最佳效益的目的。 Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. 如英国Delcam公司的系列化软件就包括了曲面/实体几何造型、复杂形体工程制图、工业设计高级渲染、塑料模设计专家系统、复杂形体CAM、艺术造型及雕刻自动编程系统、逆向工程系统及复杂形体在线测量系统等。 Series such as the UK Delcams software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. 集成化程度较高的软件还包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。 A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc. 国内有上海交通大学金属塑性成型有限元分析系统和冲裁模CAD/CAM系统；北京北航海尔软件有限公司的CAXA系列软件；吉林金网格模具工程研究中心的冲压模CAD/CAE/CAM系统等。 Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems .（2）模具设计、分析及制造的三维化 (2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional传统的二维模具结构设计已越来越不适应现代化生产和集成化技术要求。 Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. 模具设计、分析、制造的三维化、无纸化要求新一代模具软件以立体的、直观的感觉来设计模具，所采用的三维数字化模型能方便地用于产品结构的CAE分析、模具可制造性评价和数控加工、成形过程模拟及信息的管理与共享。 Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. 如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等软件具备参数化、基于特征、全相关等特点，从而使模具并行工程成为可能。 Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. 另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D专业注塑模设计软件，可进行交互式3D型腔、型芯设计、模架配置及典型结构设计。 In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcams Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . 澳大利亚Moldflow公司的三维真实感流动模拟软件MoldflowAdvisers已经受到用户广泛的好评和应用。 Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. 国内有华中理工大学研制的同类软件HSC3D4.5F及郑州工业大学的Z-mold软件。 China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. 面向制造、基于知识的智能化功能是衡量模具软件先进性和实用性的重要标志之一。 For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. 如Cimatron公司的注塑模专家软件能根据脱模方向自动产生分型线和分型面，生成与制品相对应的型芯和型腔，实现模架零件的全相关，自动产生材料明细表和供NC加工的钻孔表格，并能进行智能化加工参数设定、加工结果校验等。 Such as injection molding experts Cimatrons software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.（3）模具软件应用的网络化趋势 (3) mold software applications, networking trend随着模具在企业竞争、合作、生产和管理等方面的全球化、国际化，以及计算机软硬件技术的迅速发展，网络使得在模具行业应用虚拟设计、敏捷制造技术既有必要，也有可能。 With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. 美国在其21世纪制造企业战略中指出，到2006年要实现汽车工业敏捷生产/虚拟工程方案，使汽车开发周期从40个月缩短到4个月。 The United States in its 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.2、模具检测、加工设备向精密、高效和多功能方向发展 3.2 mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction（1）模具检测设备的日益精密、高效 (1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficient精密、复杂、大型模具的发展，对检测设备的要求越来越高。 Sophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding. 现在精密模具的精度已达23m，目前国内厂家使用较多的有意大利、美国、日本等国的高精度三坐标测量机，并具有数字化扫描功能。 Precision Mould precision now reached 2 3m, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. 如东风汽车模具厂不仅拥有意大利产3250mm3250mm三坐标测量机，还拥有数码摄影光学扫描仪，率先在国内采用数码摄影、光学扫描作为空间三维信息的获得手段，从而实现了从测量实物建立数学模型输出工程图纸模具制造全过程，成功实现了逆向工程技术的开发和应用。 Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from the measurement of physical model output of engineering drawings the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications. 这方面的设备还包括：英国雷尼绍公司第二代高速扫描仪(CYCLON SERIES2)可实现激光测头和接触式测头优势互补，激光扫描精度为0.05mm，接触式测头扫描精度达0.02mm。 This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm. 另外德国GOM公司的