2022年考博英语-中南大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解7

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1、2022年考博英语-中南大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题A man who cannot win honor in his own age will have a very small chance of winning it from（ ）.问题1选项A.posterityB.immigrantsC.criticsD.improvisation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项posterity“子孙；后裔”；B选项immigrant“移民”；C选项critics“评论家；批评者”；D选项improvisation“即兴创作；即席演奏”。句意：一个在他这个年龄不能

2、赢得荣誉的人，从 获得荣誉的机会很小。前半句提到“他这个年龄”，因此空格处出词语应与“时间、年龄相关”。综合句意可知，A选项符合句意。2. 单选题Whenever I worried that our connection might be fading, I opened the drawer and felt his energy （ ）around me like a freed canary.问题1选项A.flutter upB.adhere toC.flash backD.queue up【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。flutter up “扑闪起来”；adhere to “坚持；

3、粘附”；flash back“；反射”；queue up“排队等候”。句意：每当我担心我们之间的联系会逐渐淡去时，我就打开抽屉，感受他的活力就像一只放飞自由的金丝雀围绕着我。由 like a freed canary可知A项符合语境，答案A3. 单选题In scientific studies, supporting evidence is much more satisfying to report than are discredited hypotheses, but, in fact, the （ ）of errors is more likely to be useful than

4、is the establishment of probable truth.问题1选项A.formulationB.correctionC.detectionD.accumulation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。formulation “规划；配方”；correction “改正”；detection“侦查；探测”；accumulation“积聚，堆积物”。句意：从科学研究上来说，虽然有证据支撑的报告比不可靠的假说更令人满意，但是事实上与发现错误相比确立可能的真理可能更有用。由discredited hypotheses“名誉扫地的假设”可推断应该是发现不可靠假说的错误，故C项 正

5、确。4. 单选题Yet the difference in tone and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs. Religions are many, reason on

6、e. Religion consists of conscious ideas, hopes, enthusiasms, and objects of worship; it operates by grace and flourishes by prayer. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stre

7、ss of any kind. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, nor call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion. Religion brings some order into life by weighting it with new materi

8、als. Reason adds to the natural materials only the perfect order which it introduces into them. Rationality is nothing but a form, an ideal constitution which experience may more or less embody. Religion is a part of experience itself: a mass of sentiments and ideas. The one is an inviolate principl

9、e, the other a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changing force of religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems to make for an ultimate harmony within the soul and for an ultimate harmony between the soul and all that the soul depends upon. Religion, in it

10、s intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the goal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims. Religion also has an instinct

11、ive and blind side and bubbles up in all manner of chance practices and intuitions; soon, however, it feels its way toward the heart of things, and from whatever quarter it may come, veers in the direction of the ultimate.Nevertheless, we must confess that this religious pursuit of the Life of Reaso

12、n has been singularly abortive. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but anyone regarding the various religions at once and comparing

13、their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind. Their chief anxiety has been to offer imaginary remedies for mortal ills. Some of which are incurable essentially, while others might have been really cured by

14、 well-directed effort. The Greek oracles, for instance, pretended to heal our natural ignorance, which has its appropriate though difficult cure, while the Christian vision of heaven pretended to be an antidote to our natural death the inevitable correlate of birth, and of a changing and conditioned

15、 existence. By methods of this sort little can be done for the real betterment of life. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness, Nature is soon avenged. An unhealthy exaltation and a one-sided morality have to be followed by

16、 regrettable reaction. When this come, the real rewards of life may seem vain to a relaxed vitality, and the very name of virtue may irritate young spirits untrained in any natural excellence, Thus, religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fu

17、lfill.What is the secret of this ineptitude? Why does religion, so near to rationality in its purpose, fall so short of it in its results? The answer is easy; religion pursues rationality through the imagination. When it explains events or assigns causes, it is an imaginative substitute for science.

18、 When it gives precepts, insinuates ideals, or remoulds aspiration, it is an imaginative substitute for wisdomI mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit of all good. The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself liter

19、al truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses. Hence the depth and importance of religion becomes intelligible no less than its contradictions and practical disasters. Its object is the same as that of reason, but its method is to proceed by intuition and by unchecked poetical conceits

20、.1.As used in the passage, the author would define wisdom as （ ）.2.Which of the following statements is not true according to the author?3.The author of this passage states that religion differs from rationality in that（ ）.4.All of the following terms may be used to describe the concept of reason as

21、 used by the author EXCEPT（ ）.问题1选项A.the pursuit of rationality through imaginationB.an unemotional search for the truthC.a purposeful and unbiased quest for that which is bestD.a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness问题2选项A.Religion seeks the truth through imagination; reason, in its search, utili

22、zes the emotionsB.Religion has proved an ineffective tool in solving mans problems.C.Science seeks a piecemeal solution to mans questions.D.The poetry of religion often assumes that it is the truth.问题3选项A.it relies on intuition rather than reasoningB.it is not concerned with the ultimate justificati

23、on of its instinctive aimsC.it debauches young mindsD.it has inspired mankind问题4选项A.unemotionalB.orderlyC.reconciled to the inevitableD.imaginative【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。题干中关键词wisdom出现在文章最后一段，恰好词后有破折号“When it gives precepts, insinuates ideals, or remoulds aspiration, it is an imaginativ

24、e substitute for wisdomI mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit of all good”，当它给人训诫、暗示理想或重塑抱负时，它是一种富有想象力的智慧的替代品：我认为，它是对一切美好事物深思熟虑、不偏不倚的追求。浏览四个选项发现，C选项“一种对最好的事物有目的且无偏见的追求”符合文意。2.判断推理题。第一段中说到对reason理性的态度“We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, nor call for any emotions

25、 on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion. 我们遵循或不遵循它；它既不催促我们，也不责备我们，除了以事物的真实性质和比例展现出来而自然地激起我们的感情外，它不要求我们有任何感情。”，A选项后半部分“理性在寻找的过程中利用了情感”与文章不符合，因此A选项正确。B选项“宗教已被证明是解决人类问题的一种无效工具”出现在文章第二段“By methods of this sort little can

26、 be done for the real betterment of life.用这种方法（宗教的方法），对生活的真正改善几乎是无能为力的”；C选项“科学寻求对人类问题的渐进解决办法”对应文章第三段“When it explains events or assigns causes, it is an imaginative substitute for science. 当它解释事件或分配原因时，它是科学的想象替代品”；D选项“宗教的诗歌常常假定它是真理”对应第三段中“The condition and the aims of life are both represented in re

27、ligion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses. 生活的目的和条件在宗教中都有诗意的体现，但这种诗意往往把宗教所不具备的字面上的真理和道德上的权威据为己有”。3.判断推理题。第一段提到题干中两个关键词“religion”和“rationality”。本题问的是宗教的不同之处，因此定位到“religion”相关句“Religion is a part of experience itself

28、: a mass of sentiments and ideas. The one is an inviolate principle, the other a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changing force of religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems to make for an ultimate harmony within the soul and for an ultimate harmony be

29、tween the soul and all that the soul depends upon. 宗教是经验本身的一部分：大量的情感和思想。一个是不可违背的原则，另一个是变化和奋斗的力量。然而，宗教的这种挣扎和变化的力量似乎把人引向某种永恒的东西。它似乎是为了灵魂内部的终极和谐，以及灵魂和灵魂所依赖的一切之间的终极和谐。”对比选项可知，D选项“它鼓舞了人类”符合上述文意。4.判断推理题。Reason在本文中的定义出现在第一段“Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed

30、we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, nor call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature

31、 and proportion. 另一方面，理性只是一种原则或潜在的秩序，我们确实可以根据它来思考，但它只存在于我们心中，没有任何变化或压力。我们遵循或不遵循它；它既不催促我们，也不责备我们，除了以事物的真实性质和比例展现出来而自然地激起我们的感情外，它不要求我们有任何感情。”A选项unemotional“非感情的”，B选项orderly“有秩序的”，C选项reconciled to the inevitable“接受不可避免的事实”均出现在上述语句中，D选项imaginative“富于想象的”不符合文中表述，不可用来描述reason。5. 单选题Not until the 1850s （ ）

32、in New York seek to rescue historic buildings from devastation or alteration.问题1选项A.some concerned citizensB.did some concerned citizensC.some citizens concernedD.when some concerned citizens did【答案】B【解析】考查部分倒装。句意：直到19世纪50年代，在纽约，一些忧心忡忡的市民开始寻求使历史文物免遭毁坏或改变的方法。当not until位于句首时，句子要部分倒装，将助动词放到主语前。6. 单选题In

33、 spite of the increasing （ ）of their sentiments, the group knew they had to arrive at a consensus so that the award could be presented.问题1选项A.impartialityB.polarityC.incisivenessD.judiciousness【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。impartiality 公平，公正；polarity 两极；incisiveness 深刻，敏锐；judiciousness 头脑精明的。句意：尽管他们的意见越来越分化，但是这个小

34、组知道他们必须达成共识以便奖项能够被颁发。由in spite of及下文可知双方有矛盾分歧，B项符合题意。7. 单选题Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of（ ）, is the first step in learning to be creative.问题1选项A.eleganceB.resolutionC.sympathyD.originality【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elegance“典雅；高雅”；B选项resolution“分辨率；解

35、决；决心”；C选项sympathy“同情；赞同”；D选项originality“创意；独创性；原始”。句意：许多艺术家认为，成功的模仿远不是缺乏 的表现，而是学会创造的第一步。句中出现的“模仿”、“学会创造”表明，此处应表示“模仿成功不是缺乏创造力的表现”。D选项正确。8. 单选题Public debate around climate change and its effects on agriculture tends to focus on the large-scale industrial farms of the North. Farmers who work on a small

36、 scale and use traditional methods have largely been ignored. However, as the world slowly comes to terms with the threat of climate change, Native farming traditions will warrant greater attention.In the industrial model of agriculture, one or two crop varieties are grown over vast areas. Instead o

37、f trying to use local resources of soil and water optimally and sustainably, the natural environment is all but ignored and uniform growing conditions are fabricated through large-scale irrigation and the intensive use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides. For example, a handful of basically sim

38、ilar potato varieties, all of which require nearly identical soil conditions, temperature, rainfall, and growing seasons, account for almost all global production. When these global crops are no longer suited to the environment in which they are grown, when their resistance to disease and pests begi

39、ns to fail, or the climate itself changes, the best way to rejuvenate the breeding stock will be to introduce new genetic material from the vast diversity of crop varieties still maintained by indigenous peoples.In contrast to the industrial model, Andean potatoes and other Andean crops such as squa

40、sh and beans grown by Quechuan farmers exhibit extraordinary genetic diversity, driven by the need to adapt crops to the extraordinary climatic diversity of the region. Along the two axes of latitude and altitude, the Andes encompasses fully two-thirds of all possible combinations of climate and geo

41、graphy found on Earth. The Andean potato has been adapted to every environment except the depth of the rainforest or the frozen peaks of the mountains. Today, facing the likelihood of major disruptions to the climatic conditions for agriculture worldwide, indigenous farmers provide a dramatic exampl

42、e of crop adaptation in an increasingly extreme environment. More importantly, Native farmers have also safeguarded the crop diversity essential for the future adaptations.1.In the second paragraph, the information about potato-growing practices in the industrial model of agriculture serves to （ ）.2

43、.The passage states that which of the following is true of the small number of potato varieties that account for most of the potatoes produced on Earth currently?3.What is the main idea of the first paragraph?问题1选项A.give an example of a potential problem that Native farming practices could help to a

44、lleviate.B.show the likely global consequences of a possible food shortage caused by industrial farming practices.C.show how pests and disease are less effectively resisted by crops grown in the industrial farming model.D.give an example of how public debate has had little effect on the agricultural

45、 practices of the North.问题2选项A.They are grown in the Andean region.B.They all require very similar soil and climate conditions.C.They make optimal use of available soil and water resources.D.They are based on genetic material from crops developed by indigenous peoples.问题3选项A.Attention to Native farm

46、ing practices will lead to greater awareness of the threat of climate change.B.Popularity of small-scale farming in the North will lead to greater attention to Native fanning practices.C.Despite potential climate change, public debate will have little effect on industrial farming practices.D.It will

47、 be worthwhile to include a greater focus on Native farming practices in public discussions concerning the threat of climate change.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。在举例之前，文中提到“In the industrial model of agriculture, one or two crop varieties are grown over vast areas. Instead of trying to use local re

48、sources of soil and water optimally and sustainably, the natural environment is all but ignored and uniform growing conditions are fabricated through large-scale irrigation and the intensive use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides. 在农业的工业模式中，一到两种作物品种生长在广阔的地区。不是试图以最佳和可持续的方式利用当地的土壤和水资源，自然环境几乎被忽视，

49、通过大规模灌溉和大量使用人工化肥和杀虫剂来创造统一的生长条件。”可知农民忽略自然条件，应该重视自然条件来解决潜在问题。A项“一个例子，说明当地农业实践可能有助于缓解的一个潜在问题。”故A项正确。2.细节事实题。定位到第二段中“a handful of basically similar potato varieties, all of which require nearly identical soil conditions,temperature,rainfall,and growing seasons, account for almost all global production少数

50、几个基本相似的马铃薯品种都需要几乎相同的土壤条件、温度、降雨和生长季节，几乎占全球产量的全部”。可以看出，土豆生长都需要相同的土壤条 件和气候条件，通过排除法，可知答案选择B。3.主旨大意题。 定位到第一段末尾“However, as the world slowly comes to terms with the threat of climate change, native farming traditions will warrant greater attention.然而，随着世界逐渐接受气候变化的威胁，当地的农业传统将值得更多的关注。” 可知D项“在有关气候变化威胁的公开讨论中，

51、更关注本土农业做法将是值得的。”正确。9. 单选题One cant be a person with upright facial features if filled with envy in his heart, if dishonest, or （ ）saying.问题1选项A.skimpyB.abstruseC.iniquitousD.mendacious【答案】D【解析】本题考查形容词词义辨析。skimpy “不足的；吝啬的”；abstruse “深奥的；难懂的”；iniquitous “邪恶的；不公正的”；mendacious “虚假的；说谎的”。句意：一个人心中如果充满嫉妒、不诚

52、实或虚假的言语，那么其不可能有正直的面容。由句中的or可知，空格处所填的词与dishonest意思接近，故答案为D。10. 单选题Despite a tendency to be overtly （ ），the poetry of the Middle Ages often sparks the imagination and provides lively entertainment, as well as pious sentiments.问题1选项A.divertingB.didacticC.whimsicalD.romantic【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。diverting

53、“有趣的；令人快乐的”；didactic “说教的；教诲的”；whimsical “古怪的；异想天开的”；romantic “浪漫的；多情的；空想 的”。句意：尽管中世纪的诗歌有说教的明显倾向，但是它却经常激发想象力，提供充满生气的娱乐和虔诚的心情。由the poetry of the Middle Ages中世纪的诗歌可知其特点，另外由despite表让步也可知前后两句句意相反， B项 符合语意。11. 单选题Whenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it is temptin

54、g to look for more than a coincidental relationship between them. The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics, and the cultures which are found there are also unusual, though not unique. However, there is no intention of adopting Montesquieus view

55、 of climate and soil as cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture are important to its development they do not determine it.The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary

56、Period and the accompanying further raising of the previously established ranges had a marked effect on the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon from reaching Central Asia at all. Secondarily, air and moisture from other directions were also reduced.Prior to the

57、 raising of the Himalayas, the land now forming the Tibetan uplands had a dry continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel, but somewhat different than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier. With the co

58、ming of the Himalayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant populations. The ensuing incomplete Pleistocene glaciation had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus, after the end of the

59、glaciation there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from the Tarimbasin and Turfan depression, species which had already adapted to the dry steppe climate, and would otherwise have been expected to flourish in Tibet, the remai

60、ning native fauna and flora multiplied. Armand describes the Tibetan fauna as not having great variety, but being “striking” in the abundance of the particular species that are present. The plant life is similarly limited in variety, with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plan

61、ts in even the relatively fertile Eastern Tibetan valleys, with fewer than ten food crops. Tibetan “tea” is a major staple, perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.The difficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold, and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable

62、 climes, are great. These difficulties may well have influenced the unusual polyandrous societies typical of the region. Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-husband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands, which permitted no experimentat

63、ion and“froze”the cultures which came there. Kawakita, on the other hand, sees the polyandry as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head husband regardless of age. His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of

64、talent mobility in a situation where even the best talent is barely enough for survival.1.What was the significance of the fact that the Pleistocene glaciation did not wipe out life entirely in the area?2.Which of the following most likely best describes Tibetan “tea”？3.The authors knowledge of Tibet is probably （ ）.4.According to the passage: which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?5.The species