2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解45

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1、2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题The cats happy expression bore testimony that it had eaten the cream.问题1选项A.doubtB.proofC.experienceD.revelation【答案】B【解析】考查同义名词辨析。A选项doubt“怀疑，质疑”；B选项proof“证明，验证”；C选项experience“经验，经历，体验”；D选项revelation“启示，揭示”。句意：那只猫快乐的表情证明它吃了奶油。Testimony“证据，证词”，由此可知B选项与该词意思最相近，因

2、此B选项正确。2. 翻译题Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hollow? Suddenly these clichs are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking.A fast-growing body of research is proving that optimism can he

3、lp you to be happier, healthier and more successful; pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. “If you could teach people to think more positively,” says psychologist Craig, “it would be like inoculating them aga

4、inst these mental ills.”Your abilities count, but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will. In part, thats because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.Take, for example, your job. In a major study, psychologist Seli

5、gman and his colleague surveyed sales representatives at a Life Insurance Company. They found that the positive thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37 percent more insurance than did the negative thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20 percent more. How did they do it? T

6、he secret to an optimists success is in his “explanatory style.” When things go wrong, the pessimist tends to blame himself, while the optimist looks for loopholes. When things go right, the optimist takes credit while the pessimist sees success as a fluke.Negative or positive, it was a self-fulfill

7、ing prophecy. “If people feel hopeless, they dont bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed,” says Craig.A sense of control is the litmus test for success. The optimist feels in control of his own life. The pessimist feels like fates plaything and moves slowly. He doesnt see advice, since he

8、 assumes nothing can be done. Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify and sometimes thats what keeps them alive. Dr. Sandra Levey of Pittsburg Cancer Institute studied women with advanced breast cancer. For the women who were generally optimistic, there was a longer disease-

9、free interval, the best predictor of survival. In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast cancer, Dr. Levey found the disease recurred sooner among the pessimists.【答案】【参考译文】你看到的玻璃杯是半满的还是半空的？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈还是中间的那个洞？当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的力量时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。迅速增多的大量研究工作证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导

10、致无望、疾病以及失败，它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。心理学家克雷格说：“如果你能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。”你的能力固然重要，但你能成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。以你的工作为例。心理学家塞利格曼和他的同事对一家人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调查。他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇佣的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。他们是如何做的呢？乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“归因方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责，乐观

11、主义者则寻找漏洞。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者看成是自己的功劳，而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。克雷格说：“如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。”控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。悲观者则感到自己只能任由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点。乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的小规模试验性研究中

12、，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观主义者身上复发更早。3. 单选题The（ ）of the word is unknown, but it is certainly not from Greek.问题1选项A.originB.generationC.descentD.cause【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项origin“起源、来源”，往往与过去的活动、风俗、事件等有关；B选项generation“产生、发生”，通常经过生产、操作等过程；C选项descent“遗传，派生，世系”；D选项cause“原因，因由”，一般指某事件、后果等的起因。句意：那个词的起源虽不为人所知，但肯定不是来自希腊语。因

13、此A选项正确。4. 翻译题Translate the following into ChineseMany people question the stability of international marriages. This has always puzzled me, because if you stop to think about divorce in the US for a moment, you will recall that most of the marriages that break up are between native-born Americans. C

14、ertainly I am not aware of any statistics showing a higher propensity to divorce in bi-national marriages than in the more conventional sort. I seriously doubt that there is any meaningful relation between marital instability and differences in nationality inside marriages.During each of these passa

15、ges, how we feel about our way of living will undergo subtle changes in four areas of perception. One is the interior sense of self in relation to others. A second is the proportion of safeness to danger we feel in our lives. A third is our perception of time. Last, there will be some shift at the g

16、ut level in our sense of aliveness or stagnation. These are the hazy sensations that compose the background tone of living and shape the decisions on which we take actions.There are lots of reasons to be concerned. When leading policy-makers and economists speak about the booming global economy and

17、the benefits of free trade, they too often ignore the people who are losing out. The CEOs of Microsoft and Boeing, co-chairs of the Seattle Host Committee for the WTO meeting, are among the winners. But the form globalization has taken has increased the gap between rich and poor nations.【答案】许多人质疑跨国婚

18、姻的稳定性。这种质疑让我觉得疑惑，因为如果你停下来想一想美国的离婚问题，你会想到大多数破裂的婚姻都是土生土长的美国人之间的。当然，我并不认为有任何统计数据可以表明，跨国婚姻比传统婚姻更容易走向离婚。我对婚姻的不稳定和婚姻中的国籍差异之间是否有任何有意义的关系是十分怀疑的。在这些变化和转折中，我们对生活方式的感受会经历四个感知领域的细微变化。第一，是我们内心对自己和他人的看法。第二，是我们在生活的各种威胁面前所具有的安全感。第三，是我们对时间的感知。最后，是我们对自己的精力和活力的直觉变化。这些都是朦胧的感觉，它们构成了我们生活的基调，并影响着我们采取行动前的各种决定。这里有很多因素值得关注。当

19、主要的决策者和经济学家们谈到蓬勃发展的全球经济和自由贸易的好处时，他们往往忽视了那些失败者。微软和波音的首席执行官都是赢家，他们将联合担任这次世界贸易组织西雅图会议接待委员会的主席。但已经形成的全球化形式增加了贫富国家之间的差距。5. 单选题Both parties promised to（ ）the contract to be signed the following day.问题1选项A.keep withB.tangle withC.adhere toD.devote to【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。keep with意为“陪伴”；tangle with意为“与吵架，与争论”；ad

20、here to意为“遵循，依附，坚持”；devote to意为“专用于做，专心于做”。句意：双方都承诺遵守次日将要签署的合约。6. 单选题Every second in the United States alone, more than 250 animals are slaughtered for food, adding up to more than 8 billion animals each year. Reducing the amount of meat in ones diet is nutritionally environmentally and ethically be

21、neficial.People who eat meat usually have weaker immune systems compared to those of vegetarians. Meat has been directly linked to diabetes, obesity, arthritis, and many other illnesses. Furthermore, meat-eaters are at a higher risk for diseases, including cancer, and they are more likely to die fro

22、m these diseases. Critics say that a meatless diet does not provide enough nutrients, especially protein and iron. Actually, according to A Teens Guide to Going Vegetarian, by Judy Krizmanic, protein is found in almost every food, and iron appears in many vegetables. Getting enough nutrients in a me

23、at-reduced diet should not be difficult. A 2008 study found that some of the highest pesticide residues appear in meat and eggs. Diets including more fruits and vegetables will only make people healthier.Some skeptics believe that there will be a shortage of food if animals are not eaten. In fact, t

24、he opposite is true. More than 80% of the com and 95% of the oats grown in the U.S. are fed to livestock. The worlds cattle alone consume enough food to equal the caloric needs of 8.7 billion people. One half of the water used in the United States also goes to livestock; 2.50 gallons of water produc

25、es only 1 lb. of beef. If people eat less meat and more plants, the amount of available food will increase.Many people become vegetarians because they feel that eating animals is unethical. 90% of these animals are raised in confinement. Chickens and other birds have only about half a square foot of

26、 space each, and since they are raised so close together, a lot blade is used to cut off their beaks to prevent them from pecking each other to death. Likewise, pigs that are repressed will bite each others tails, so both their teeth and tails are removed as soon as they are born.Eating animals is h

27、azardous in numerous ways. Even a slight reduction in meat intake is better than nothing at all. Consuming less meat is beneficial to the health of animals, the health of people, and to the health of the world.1.Why do some people become vegetarians?2.Which of the following statement is true accordi

28、ng to the book A Teens Guide to Going Vegetarian?3.Why does the author say reducing the amount of meat in ones diet is environmentally beneficial ?4.What is the attitude the author has toward eating meat?5.Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?问题1选项A.They feel that eating anima

29、ls is unethical.B.There are fewer livestock available due to the environmental pollution.C.The consumption of meat will lead to financial problem.D.Being a vegetarian is beneficial to the protection of water问题2选项A.Some of the highest pesticide residues appear in meat and eggs.B.A meatless diet does

30、not provide enough nutrients.C.Proteins can be found in almost every food.D.More than 80% of the corn in U.S. are fed to livestock.问题3选项A.People who eat meat usually have weaker immune systems compared to those of vegetarians.B.A lot of food and water are consumed in order to raise livestock.C.90% o

31、f animals are raised in confinement.D.Raising animals causes most of the destruction of the nature.问题4选项A.Positive.B.Negative.C.Indifferent.D.None of the above.问题5选项A.The Advantage of Eating Less Meat.B.Why People Become Vegetarian?C.Environmental Protection and Meatless Diet.D.Save Chickens, Save B

32、irds.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章倒数第二段中的Many people become vegetarians because they feel that eating animals is unethical.（许多人成为素食者是因为他们觉得吃动物是不道德的）可知A选项“他们觉得吃动物是不道德的”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的according to A Teens Guide to Going Vegetarian, by Judy Krizmanic, protein is found in almost eve

33、ry food（根据Judy Krizmanic的青少年素食指南，几乎每种食物都含有蛋白质）可知C选项“蛋白质几乎可以在每种食物中找到”符合题意。3.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的More than 80% of the com and 95% of the oats grown in the U.S. are fed to livestock. The worlds cattle alone consume enough food to equal the caloric needs of 8.7 billion people. One half of the water used in th

34、e United States also goes to livestock;（美国80%以上的玉米和95%的燕麦用于饲养牲畜。单是世界上的牛就消耗了足够的食物，足以满足87亿人的热量需求。美国一半的用水也用于牲畜）可知饲养牲畜需要消耗大量的食物与水，如果人们减少食肉，那么所需种植食物的土地资源和水资源会减少，将有利于环境保护，因此选B。4.观点态度题。由文章最后一段中的Eating animals is hazardous in numerous ways.（吃动物在很多方面都是有害的）可知作者对吃肉持反对态度，因此选B。5.主旨大意题。文章第一段提出减少食肉对环境和道德都是有益的；第二段介

35、绍了食肉的人通常比素食者的免疫系统弱；第三段介绍了饲养牲畜消耗了大量的食物与水，如果少食肉，那么可用的食物量就会增大；第三段介绍了许多人成为素食者是因为他们觉得吃动物是不道德的；最后一段总结概括消耗更少的肉有益于动物的健康、人们的健康以及世界的健康。因此A选项“少食肉的好处”符合题意。17. 翻译题Five National Health Service (NHS) trusts have signed partnerships with Google to process sensitive patient records, in what are believed to be the fi

36、rst deals of their kind. The collaborations came after DeepMind, the London-based artificial intelligence company owned by Alphabet, transferred control of its health division to its Californian parent. DeepMind had contracts to process medical data from six NHS trusts to develop its app, which aler

37、ts doctors and nurses when patients are at risk of acute kidney injury, as well as to conduct AI research. Five of the trusts chose to sign contracts with Google. According to papers from the Royal Free, the data that will be shared with Google will include details such as medical history, diagnoses

38、, treatment dates and ethnic origin.【答案】【参考译文】英国国家医疗服务体系的五家信托公司与谷歌签署了合作伙伴关系，以处理敏感的患者记录，这被认为是此类交易的首次。此前，总部位于伦敦的Alphabet旗下人工智能公司DeepMind将其医疗部门的控制权转让给了位于加州的母公司。DeepMind与NHS签订了合同，处理来自6个信托机构的医疗数据，以开发自己的应用，以及进行人工智能研究。当患者面临急性肾损伤风险时，该应用会向医生和护士发出警报。其中5家信托公司选择与谷歌签订合同。根据皇家自由报的文件，谷歌将共享的数据包括病史、诊断、治疗日期和种族等细节。8. 翻

39、译题What is it that we mean by Literature? Popularly, and amongst the thoughtless, it is held to include everything that is printed in a book. Little logic is required to disturb that definition. The most thoughtless person is easily made aware that in the idea of literature one essential element is s

40、ome relation to a general and common interest of manso that what applies only to a local, or professional, or merely personal interest, even though presenting itself in the shape of a book, will not belong to Literature.So far the definition is easily narrowed; and it is also easily expanded. For no

41、t only is much that takes a station in books not Literature; but inversely, much that really is Literature never reaches a station in books. The weekly sermons of Christendom, that vast pulpit literature which acts so extensively upon the popular mindto warn, to uphold, to renew, to comfort, to alar

42、mdoes not attain the sanctuary of libraries in the ten-thousandth part of its extent. The Drama againas, for instance, the finest of Shakespeares plays in England, and many leading Athenian playsoperated as a literature on the public mind, and were (according to the strictest letter of that term) pu

43、blished through the audiences that witnessed their representation some time before they were published as things to be read; and they were published in this mode of publication with much more effect than they could have had as books during ages of costly copying or of costly printing.【答案】【参考译文】我们所说的

44、文学到底是什么呢？一般来说，人们会不假思索地认为一切书中所印之物都是文学。这种说法经不起深究，再粗心的人也很容易意识到文学是联系着人们普遍兴趣的一个重要因素仅仅是一个地方，一个行业或者是一个人的兴趣，即使以书本的形式出现也不算是文学。文学的定义很容易受到限制，同样也很容易被扩大。大多数的书本都不能称之为文学，而相反的是，很多真正的文学却从未踏入过书本的行列。基督教堂里每个礼拜的布道词，数量巨大的文学讲坛，它们通过告诫、鼓励、振奋、安抚或警示对人们的心理产生了巨大而广泛的作用，但它们在图书馆里还占不到千分之一的席位。戏剧也是如此，举个例子来说，英国莎士比亚最优秀的戏剧，以及代表所有希腊灿烂文化的

45、剧作早已在它们成为出版物被人传阅之前就已经在大众面前发表过了（根据“发表”一词最准确的意义来讲），并且在那个传抄和打印价格都很昂贵的年代里，它们以戏剧的形式发表而产生的影响远胜于书本所造成的影响。9. 单选题You have to thaw the meat before it can be cooked.问题1选项A.tenderizeB.defrostC.seasonD.braise【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。thaw意为“(结冰后) 解冻，融化，融解”；tenderize意为“使嫩，使软化”；defrost意为“（给）化霜，（使）解冻”；season意为“加调料调味，加作料”；bra

46、ise意为“炖，焖”。句意：烹饪肉之前，你得先解冻它。10. 单选题He made some （ ）sketches which would serve as guides when he painted the actual portrait.问题1选项A.primaryB.elementaryC.fundamentalD.preliminary【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。primary意为“首要的，主要的，初级的，最初的”，指处于初级或低级状态；elementary意为“基本的”，指事物的初步或起始阶段，或指学习某一学科或接受教育等处于入门阶段或只是刚刚接触的基本知识或原理； fun

47、damental意为“基础的，基本的，根本的”，指作为基础、根本的抽象的事物；preliminary意为“初步的，初级的”指在正式开始举某活动之前进行的“初步的、预备的”活动。由sketches（草图）可知选D。句意：他画了一些初步的草图，作为他画肖像之前的指导。11. 翻译题Put the following 3 Chinese sentences into English and 3 English sentences into Chinese.事实上，与普通高校毕业生相比，名校毕业生由于享受更好的资源、受到更好的教育，所以他们也就更有创造力和生产力。而且，从知名高校毕业的学生会发现自己无

48、论在心理上还是在学术上都更突出一些，因而也更加自信，这就形成了良性循环。几周以前，英国食品标准局(FSA)发表了一份报告。报告评估了有机生产的水果、蔬 菜、肉类、蛋类和奶制品等与非有机生产的同类食品营养水平的差异。这是一项完整而严谨的研究。通过研究他们发现，在营养成分上，有机和非有机食品间的差距可以忽略不计。根据心理学家克里斯托弗彼得森的观点，自尊与幸福度和生活满意度有关。我们尊心越强，幸福度和生活满意度就越高。它要求我们对自己的自尊有清醒的认识，但不要期待自己会十全十美。要原谅自己犯下的错误，并尽快摆脱消极的态度。The obesity is a national health crisis

49、, one thatquite literallyweighs on us all. It costs lives. It costs dollars. And in the context of our current health-reform debate in Washington, its time we took action, as a nation and as individuals, to address this cost. While infectious disease was a disaster threatening our grandparents gener

50、ation, chronic disease is killing us and harming our well-beingand obesity is the root cause. The growth in obesity is strongly linked to heart disease, hypertension, and the explosion of diabetes that our country is currently experiencing.The context of leadership is changing, and the historical em

51、phasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modern companies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion. Instead, there should be

52、a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Power to Lead, stresses a combination of hard and soft power, which is called smart power, is the best approach.For Emily Dickinson there are three worlds, and she lived in all of them, making them the substance of everything that she thought and

53、 wrote. There was the world of nature, the things and the creatures that she saw, heard, felt about her; there was the estate that was the world of friendship; and there was the world of the unseen and unheard. From her youth she was looked upon as different. She was direct, impulsive, original, and

54、 the droll wit who said unconventional things which others thought but dared not speak, and said them incomparably well. The characteristics, which made her inscrutable to those who knew her, continue to bewilder and surprise, for she lived by paradoxes.【答案】As a matter of fact, the graduates from el

55、ite schools are more creative and productive than those from common schools, as better resources and education are available for the former. Furthermore, what contributes to the better development is that the graduates from elite schools are more confident, because they find themselves outstanding b

56、oth in mentality and in academy. A few weeks ago, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) in the UK issued a report evaluating nutrient levels in organic versus non-organic foods like fruits, vegetables, meats, eggs, and dairy products. It is a complete, rigorous piece of research. And they found that, in t

57、erms of nutritional content, the differences between organic and non-organic foods are negligible. The psychologist, Christopher Peterson, suggest that self-esteem is related to happiness and life satisfaction. The stronger the self-esteem is, the more happiness and life satisfaction you will achiev

58、e. We are required to have a reasonable understanding that self-esteem does not mean always being perfect and we should forgive our mistakes and get rid of the negative attitude as soon as possible. 肥胖是一场全国性的健康危机，并且毫不夸张地说，它对我们大家都很重要。它危险生命、消耗金钱。目前在华盛顿进行的医疗改革谈论中，现在是我们作为一个国家和个人采取行动解决这一问题的时候了。虽然传染病曾威胁我们

59、祖父母一代，但慢性疾病正在折磨着我们，侵蚀着我们的幸福，而肥胖是根本原因。肥胖的增长与我国目前正在经历的心脏病、高血压和糖尿病的爆发密切相关。 领导力发挥作用的环境正在发生改变，因此过去强调硬实力的理论正逐渐过时。在现代企业和民主国家，权力日益扩散，传统的等级制度正在受到破坏，使软实力变得更加重要。但是那并不意味着高压政治现在应该让位于劝导手段。相反，应该综合这两种观点。领导的力量这本书的结论强调称为巧实力的软硬实力的结合才是最好的方法。 对艾米丽狄金森来说，存在三种世界，她生活在这三种世界之中，使它们成为她思想和写作的材料。一种是自然的世界，为她所看、所听、所感受到的事物和生物；一种是友情的

60、世界，是属于“个人财产”；还有一种看不见、听不见的世界。从她年轻的时候起，人们就认为她与众不同。她直率、冲动、独树一帜。另外，她还是一位爱打趣的才女，是那种能说出别人想说去敢说说的不合常规的想法，而且说得非常好。这些使她不为所知晓她的人所理解的性格特征继续令人迷惑和惊讶，因为她生活在矛盾之中。12. 翻译题Hong Kong is held in high regard and there is a deep reservoir of goodwill for Hong Kong around the world. Hong Kongs strongest supporters interna

61、tionally are those who know it well, and those who have visited Hong Kong since the Handover. There is wide recognition that Hong Kongs proximity to the Mainland of China and the experience the Hong Kong business community has in doing business there represent tremendous advantages for Hong Kong. Ho

62、ng Kong business community must move fast if it is to fully leverage those advantages.Another challenge faced by Hong Kong is the perception that it must do a better job of publicizing the significant added value it offers in face of what is seen as the high cost of doing business and living in Hong

63、 Kong. Hong Kongs people, and their reputation for hard work and entrepreneurship, are seen as one of its greatest assets. However, there is concern expressed by some in the community that sufficient steps are not being taken to maintain high standards of English language capability, particularly wi

64、th the young people entering the workforce.【答案】【参考译文】世界对香港的评价很高，有关香港的溢美之词不胜枚举。香港在国际上最坚定的支持者是那些很了解它的人，和那些自香港回归以来踏足香港的外地朋友。人们普遍认为，香港与中国大陆毗邻的地理位置以及香港商界的经商经验对香港来说都是巨大的优势。如果香港商界想要充分利用那些优势，那么必须快速地行动起来。香港面临的另一个挑战是，在面对看似高昂的商业和生活成本时，需要认识到更好地宣传其所提供的重要附加值的必要性。香港人，以及他们努力工作和拥有创业精神的声誉被看成是香港最主要的资产之一。然而，香港商界的一些人担心，政府现在没有采取足够的措施去维持高水平的英语语言能力，尤其是进入职场的年轻人的英语能力。13. 单选题The rats（ ）bacterial infections of the blood.问题1选项A.developB.produceC.