2022-2023年考博英语-北京科技大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第33期

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-北京科技大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题An allergy results when the body reacts adversely to certain substances introduced to it.问题1选项A.negatively tB.spontaneously tC.purposefully tD.immediately【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。adversely表示“不利地，反对地”；A项negatively“消极地，否定地”，B项spontaneously“自发地，自然地”，C项purposefully“有目的地，自觉地

2、”，D项immediately“立即，立刻”。句意：当身体对某些物质产生不良反应时，过敏就会产生。根据句意可知，只有A选项能够表达“不好，不良”的意思，该题选择A项正确。2. 问答题In dealing with a student who is acting aggressively toward his classmates, you want to send a strong message that aggressive behavior will not be tolerated in your classroom. In addition, you want to help him

3、 develop more appropriate ways of settling disputes with his peers.If two elementary school students are engaged in a fight, use a strong loud voice to stop it. If that doesnt work, you might say something odd (“Look up! The ceiling is falling!”) to divert their attention. If they still dont stop an

4、d you cant separate them, send a student to the office to get help. If a crowd of children is gathering, insist that they move away or sit down, perhaps clapping your hands to get their attention: (1) After the incident is over, meet with the combatants together so they can give you their versions o

5、f what happened and you can help them resolve any lingering problems. Also notify the parents.Speak in a firm, no-nonsense manner to stop a students aggressive behavior: use physical restraint as a last resort. When responding to the student, pay attention to your verbal as well as non-verbal langua

6、ge. Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm. Allow him to express what he is upset about without interrupting him and then acknowledge his feelings. Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats: (2) any of those actions could intensify his anger and stiffen his resistance.You might

7、conclude that a students aggressive behavior warrants separating him from the rest of the class, either to send him a strong message that what he did merits a serious consequence or to protect the other students. You can do that by giving him a time out in class or by sending him to the office.Altho

8、ugh he might expect you to react (3) punitively, surprise him by reacting supportively. Express your confidence that he can resolve problems without being hurtful to his peers. Tell him that you think he must be upset about something to lose control as he did and you want to understand what might be

9、 bothering him. If he does open up to you, listen attentively without interrupting. (4) Speaking in a calm voice, tell him that you understand why he was upset, but stress that he has to find a way to express his anger with words rather than with his hands.You dont want to force an aggressive studen

10、t to say he is sorry because that might fuel his anger, however, you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with the student he hit. (5) If he is willing to do that, it will help soothe hurt feelings and avoid future conflicts.【答案】答：1.You need to chat with combatants engaged in the fight s

11、oon afterwards, to know the detailed description of incidents and help to reconcile the both side, and inform their parents.2.Any critical speech and activity will intensify aggressive students anger and stiffen his resistance.3.involving punishment4.Speaking to him calmly to tell your understanding

12、 about his upset, you stress that he should learn to express intense emotion with words rather than with fighting ways.5.Once an aggressive student is willing to say sorry without instruction, it will help sooth others hurt feeling and avoid future conflicts.【解析】1.原文句意是：事件结束后，与打架的双方学生见面，让他们告诉你发生了什么，

13、帮助他们化解相互之间的矛盾，同时还要通知家长。通过分析原文句子，该句的意思是两层：一是在打架后和学生谈话并了解情况，二是通知家长。故该句子可以改写为You need to chat with combatants engaged in the fight soon afterwards, to know the detailed description of incidents and help to reconcile the both side, and inform their parents（你需要和打架同学交谈，了解事件的详情，帮助调解双方，并告知他们的父母）。2.原文句意是：任何这

14、些行为都可能加剧他的愤怒和加强他的抵抗。根据原文可知原句中的those actions指的是上文所提到的行为，上文提到Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm.（即使他对你大喊大叫，你也要保持冷静）和Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats（避免交叉双臂，用手指或威胁），由此可知，those actions指的是言语和动作上的行为，所以该句可以扩充改写为Any critical speech and activity will intensify aggressive stu

15、dents anger and stiffen his resistance（任何批评性的言论和活动都会加剧好斗学生的愤怒，加强他们的反抗）。3.原文中这个词语的意思是“惩罚地”；整个句子的意思是：虽然他可能期望你的反应是惩罚性的，但让他惊讶的是你的反应是支持的。这里可以把punitively副词形式改写为非谓语动词形式involving punishment（设计惩罚）。4.原文句意是：用平静的声音告诉他，你理解他为什么难过，但强调他必须用语言来表达愤怒，而不是用手。原文的clam（冷静的）可以改为副词，即calmly（冷静地）；anger（愤怒）可以换一种说法，即intense emoti

16、on（强烈的感情）；那么整个句子就是Speaking to him calmly to tell your understanding about his upset, you stress that he should learn to express intense emotion with words rather than with fighting ways（平静地和他说话，告诉他你理解他的难过，强调他应该学会用语言而不是用争斗的方式表达强烈的情感）。5.原文句意是：如果他愿意这样做，这将有助于安抚受伤的感情，避免未来的冲突。这个句子我们要理解原句中that所指代的内容；原文最后一段

17、第一句提到you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with the student he hit.（你确实想要强烈鼓励他向他打过的学生赔罪），由此可知，that所指代的内容就是鼓励学生道歉；那么这个句子可以解释为Once an aggressive student is willing to say sorry without instruction, it will help sooth others hurt feeling and avoid future conflicts（一旦一个好斗的学生愿意在没有得到指导的情况下说

18、对不起，这将有助于缓解他人受到的伤害，避免未来的冲突）。3. 单选题Where anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to be near deaths door at the turn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 2lst century. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageing treatments

19、become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue that living longer is an attractive idea, the rapid increase in the number of years begs a question: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?Predictions for future health expectancy have changed

20、 over the past few decades. In the 1980s, life expectancy was increasing, but the best data suggested that for every increased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. What we would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medical science c

21、ouldnt prevent.But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1990s with the publication of a study by researchers at Duke University, who had been following the health of 20,000 people for almost a decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not only dropping, but it was doing so a

22、t an ever-increasing rate.Arian Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevity research, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and other genetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give people several extra health

23、y years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and it will live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to be physiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases. “From the models that have been looked at, the i

24、ncrease in lifespan is usually in the range of 15%-30% maximum,” says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch in an animals behavior from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing are temporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animals behavior sw

25、itches back.Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a “little bit silly” at the moment but doesnt dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related to ageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating your greens, not smoking and doing

26、lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep it going for longer with high quality maintenance. “Itll be like the difference between a Rolls-Royce and a cheap car.”1. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether（ ）.2. In the 1980s, the data on peoples health

27、expectancy（ ）.3. In the lab experiment on rats,（ ）.4. Richardson believes that（ ）.5. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that（ ）.问题1选项A.is possible to live a longer healthy and lifetB.humans can live as long as scientists predicttC.living longer is still considered a good ideatD.new anti-ageing t

28、reatments are safe for humanst问题2选项A.gave an optimistic predictiontB.showed an unclear futuretC.led to a pessimistic perceptiontD.turned out to be a mixed blessingt问题3选项A.food restriction is not the only factor proved to have workedtB.responses to food restriction vary from animal to animaltC.the an

29、imals lifespan increases with the amount of food eatentD.different amounts of food cause a change in the animals behaviort问题4选项A.it is impossible for humans to stop ageingtB.it is worthless to talk about stopping ageingtC.stopping ageing is a dream that may come truetD.illness is the biggest obstacl

30、e to stopping ageingt问题5选项A.quality life is out of reach for most peopletB.quality life can slow down the process of agingtC.how long one can live depends on the genes one carriestD.the more money one invests in health, the healthier one will be【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:细节推断题。题干意思是“从第一段可以

31、看出，人们对是否持怀疑态度”。第一段最后一句提到Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?（我们的健康预期能达到我们的预期寿命吗？），由此可推断，人们对自身能活得健康长寿持怀疑态度，故A项“有可能活得更健康和长寿”符合题意。B项“人类可以活得和科学家预测的一样长”和C项“活得更长仍然被认为是一个好主意”是肯定的细节描述，与题干不符；D项“新的抗衰老疗法对人类是安全的”，内容与文章无关。因此，该题选择A项正确。第2题:细节推断题。题干意思是“20世纪80年代，人们的健康预期数据”。根据题干定位

32、到文章第二段In the 1980s, life expectancy was increasing, but the best data suggested that for every increased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. What we would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medical science couldnt prevent.（在20世纪8

33、0年代，预期寿命在增加，但最好的数据表明，预期寿命每增加一年，残疾预期寿命的比例就更大；我们将看到的是医学无法预防的慢性疾病和相关残疾的堆积），由此可知，人们的健康预期数据并不乐观，故C项“导致悲观的看法”正确。A项“给出一个乐观的预测”和D项“说明情况好坏参半”内容与原文不符；B项“前途不明”，第二段未提及。因此，该题选择C项正确。第3题:细节推断题。题干意思是“在对老鼠的实验室实验中，”。根据题干定位到第四段第三句的例子In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to be physiologically

34、younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases.（在实验室实验中，食用限制热量饮食的老鼠在生理上更年轻，患疾病的年龄更晚，而且无论如何，病情不那么严重），结合第四段倒数第二句Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch in an animals behavior from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing are temporarily put on hold.（减

35、少热量摄入会使动物的行为从正常状态切换到一种停滞状态，在这种状态下，生长和衰老暂时被搁置），由此可推断，不同的热量摄入对动物行为会有影响，故D项“不同的食物量导致动物行为的改变”符合题意。A项“食物限制并不是被证明有效的唯一因素”与原文不符；B项“对食物限制的反应因动物而异”，文中只提到了老鼠的实验，没有参照对比物；C项“动物的寿命随着食物摄入量的增加而增加”，内容与原文相反。因此，该题选择D项正确。第4题:细节推断题。题干意思是“理查森认为”。最后一段第一句话提到Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a “little

36、bit silly” at the moment but doesnt dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related to ageing should be inevitable.（理查森说，现在考虑停止衰老“有点傻”，但并没有完全否定它，他认为，与衰老相关的疾病都不应该是不可避免的），由此可知，与衰老相关的疾病是可以避免的，所以C项“停止衰老是一个可能实现的梦想”正确。A项“人类不可能停止衰老”与原文相反；B项“谈论停止衰老是没有价值的”与原文不符；D项“疾病是阻止衰老的最大障碍”，原文没有明确说明疾病是阻

37、止衰老的最大障碍，该项太绝对。因此，该题选择C项正确。第5题:细节推断题。题干意思是“劳斯莱斯被用来传达一种的理念”。根据题干定位到文章最后两句Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating your greens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep it going for longer with high quality maintenance. “Itll be like the difference bet

38、ween a Rolls-Royce and a cheap car.”（从一个高质量的身体开始，这意味着年轻的时候吃绿色蔬菜，不吸烟，做大量的运动，你可以通过高质量的保养保持更长的时间；“这就像是劳斯莱斯和廉价汽车保养之间的区别”），由此可知，文章通过提到劳斯莱斯与普通汽车的对比举例，用来说明有质量的生活可以减缓衰老的进程，故B项“高质量生活可以减缓老化的进程”正确。A项“高质量的生活对大多数人来说是遥不可及的”和 C项“一个人能活多久取决于他携带的基因”文章未提及；D项“一个人在健康上投资的钱越多，他就会越健康”，该项太绝对。因此，该题选择B项正确。4. 单选题In its annual

39、report, the government said at least no less than 2,000 people died in traffic accidents.问题1选项A.intervalB.laterC.yearlyD.remote【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。annual表示“年度的，每年的”；A项interval“间隔的”，B项later“随后的”，C项yearly“每年的”，D项remote“遥远的”。句意：政府在其年度报告中称，至少有2000人死于交通事故。根据句意可知，该题选择C项正确。5. 单选题Very few people could understa

40、nd the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very（ ）.问题1选项A.obscureB.indefiniteC.dubiousD.intriguing【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项obscure“昏暗的，晦涩的”，B项indefinite“不确定的，无限的”，C项dubious“可疑的，暧昧的”，D项intriguing“有趣的，迷人的”。根据句子前半句的句意“很少有人能听懂教授的讲座”可知，A项符合句意。句意：很少有人能听懂教授的讲座，因为它的主题非常晦涩。因此，该题选择A项正确。6. 单选题In

41、the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guest in his（ ）home.问题1选项A.humbleB.obscureC.inferiorD.lower【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项humble“谦逊的，简陋的”，B项obscure“昏暗的，晦涩的”，C项inferior“自卑的，下等的”，D项lower“下方的，下级的”。根据关键词home（家，住宅）可知，空格处填入“简陋的”最合适。句意：在信中，我的朋友说他很愿意我在他简陋的家里做客。因此，该题A项正确。7. 单选题As an importa

42、nt（ ）for our emotions and ideas, music can play a huge role in our life.问题1选项A.vesselB.vestC.ventureD.vehicle【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A项vessel“船，器皿”，B项vest“背心，汗衫”，C项venture“冒险旅行”，D项vehicle“车辆，交通工具，运载工具”。后文提到“音乐在生活中发挥重要作用”，根据前文的our emotion and ideas（我们的情感和思想）可知空格处表示“载体”。句意：作为情感和思想的重要载体，音乐在我们的生活中扮演着重要的角色。因此，该题

43、D项正确。8. 单选题Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive d

44、efendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman.Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to

45、 account for their success. Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck. All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attra

46、ctive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be m

47、ore feminine and an attractive man more masculine than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the “masculine” qualities required.This is true even in politics. “W

48、hen the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently,” says Ann Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduates to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attrac

49、tiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariabl

50、y received the fewest votes.1. The last word in Paragraph one “liability” most probably means（ ）.2. In traditionally female jobs, attractiveness（ ）.3. Bowmans experiment reveals that when it comes to politics, attractiveness（ ）.4. It can be inferred from the passage that peoples views on beauty are

51、often（ ）.5. The author writes this passage to（ ）.问题1选项A.misfortunetB.instabilitytC.disadvantagetD.burdent问题2选项A.reinforces the feminine qualities requiredtB.makes women look more honest and capabletC.is of primary importance to womentD.often enables women to succeed quicklyt问题3选项A.turns out to be an

52、 obstacletB.affects men and women aliketC.has as little effect on men as on womentD.is more of an obstacle than a benefit to woment问题4选项A.practicaltB.prejudicedtC.old-fashionedtD.radicalt问题5选项A.discuss the negative aspects of being attractivetB.give advice to job-seekers who are attractivetC.demand

53、equal rights for womentD.emphasize the importance of appearance【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】第1题:语义推测题。题干意思是“第一段最后一个单词liability的意思是”。第一段开头便提到了美丽的优势，Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants

54、 give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants.（几乎每个人都认为有魅力的人更幸福、更健康，有更好的婚姻和更体面的职业；个人顾问会给他们更好的求职建议；就连法官对有吸引力的被告也比较宽容），接着最后一句话用but转折引出了下一句的内容But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability，由此可知这句话应该是“但在行政圈，美貌可能成为一种劣势”，liability 在文中表示“劣势”，故C项“缺点，劣

55、势”正确。A项“不幸”、B项“不稳定”和D项“负担”都不能准确表达。故该题选择C项正确。第2题:细节事实题。题干意思是“在传统的女性工作中，吸引力”。第三段第二句提到Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck.（人们认为，有魅力的女性高管不如没有魅力的人正直；她们的成功不是由于能力，而是由于运气等因素），可知对于有

56、魅力的女性来说，她们会更加加强对女性素质的要求，故A项“加强对女性品质的要求”正确。B项“让女人看起来更诚实和有能力”和C项“对妇女来说是最重要的”与原文相反；D项“经常使妇女迅速成功”文章没有提到。故该题选择A项正确。第3题:细节事实题。题干意思是“鲍曼的实验表明，当涉及到政治，吸引力”。根据最后一段The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received th

57、e fewest votes.（结果显示，有魅力的男性彻底击败了没有魅力的男性，但被评为最有魅力的女性总是得到的选票最少）可以推理，当涉及到政治，吸引力对男性来说是一个好处，但是对女性来说是一个障碍，故D项“对女性来说，更多的是一个障碍而不是一个好处”正确。A项“变成一个障碍”，表述太绝对，因为外形好看对男性来说是有优势的；B项“对男性和女性的影响是一样的”和C项“对男人和女人的影响一样小”内容与原文不符。故该题选择D项正确。第4题:推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断出，人们对美丽的看法经常是”。通读全文可知，在工作中，有魅力的女性的成功经常被认为是运气等因素，在政治中，漂亮的女性得不到

58、选票，所以可以推断出人们对美丽的看法是具有偏见的，故B项“偏见的”正确。A项“实际的”、C项“守旧的”和D项“激进的”都不符合。故该题选择B项正确。第5题:主旨大意题。题干意思是“作者写这篇文章的目的是”。文章讨论的是有吸引力对女性的不利影响，故A项“讨论有吸引力的负面因素”符合题意。B项“给有吸引力的求职者建议”和C项“要求妇女享有平等权利”本文没有探讨；D项“强调外表的重要性”，本文只通过提到外表对男性的好处，与外表对女性的劣势作对比，并没有强调外表的重要性，D项错误。故该题选择A项正确。9. 单选题Having been an office secretary for some year

59、s, she always（ ）chores in a responsible way.问题1选项A.goes onB.goes forC.goes withoutD.goes about【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A项go on“继续”，B项go for“主张，拥护”，C项go without“没有也行”，D项go about表示“着手做，从事”。句意：她当了几年办公室秘书，做事总是很负责任。因此D项正确。10. 单选题Academic integrity is deemed essential to those devoted to scientific researches.问题1选

60、项A.believedB.discardedC.advocatedD.confirmed【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。deem表示“认为，相信”，be deemed to表示“被认为”；A项believe“相信，信任”，B项discard“抛弃，放弃”，C项advocate“提倡，拥护”，D项confirm“确认，证实”。句意：学术诚信对于那些致力于科学研究的人来说是至关重要的。根据句意可知A项正确。11. 单选题The stronger the motivation, the more quickly a person will learn a foreign language.问题1选项

61、A.superstitionB.worshipC.purposeD.desire【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。motivation表示“动机，推动”；A项superstition“迷信”，B项worship“崇拜，尊敬”，C项purpose“目的”，D项desire“欲望”。句意：一个人学习外语的动机越强，就会学得越快。根据句意可知，只有D项意思与之相近，故该题选择D项正确。12. 单选题Todays consumer wants unique and beautiful handcrafted objects to wear and to have for home environment

62、. Each consumer is an individual. He prefers objects which are unique and he demands quality. Craftsmen today are meeting this demand. People and homes are showing great change as a result of the unique handcrafted items available.Crafts are big business. No longer does a good craftsman have to work

63、 in a job he dislikes all day and then try to create at night and on weekends. He has earned his professional status. He is now a respected, contributing member of todays society.Part of the fun of being a craftsman is meeting other craftsmen. They are interesting. Exciting people, young or old. The

64、y love to share their ideas and materials and to help others find markets for their work. They enjoy teaching others their special skills.Craftsmen have helped educate consumers to make wise choices. They help them become aware of design and technique. They help them relate their choice to its inten