2022年考博英语-厦门大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷49

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1、2022年考博英语-厦门大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题You could refuse to_your Social Security number except for Social Security purposes,which is all that the law requires.问题1选项A.expoundB.divulgeC.apprehendD.unriddle【答案】B【解析】expound详细说明, 解释; divulge泄露, 暴露; apprehend领会, 理解; unriddle阐明。句意：你可以拒绝透露你的社会保险号，除非是出于社会保障的目的

2、，这是法律的规定。选项B符合句意。2. 单选题Applied research,_to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed.问题1选项A.formulatedB.undertakenC.attainedD.accomplished【答案】B【解析】formulated按配方制造; undertaken从事, 保证; attained获得; accomplished完成。句意：采用应用研究来解决实际问题具有直接的

3、吸引力, 因为它的结果是可以看到和享受的。选项B符合句意,3. 单选题The British historian Niall Ferguson speculated that the end of American_might not fuel an orderly shift to a multipolar system.问题1选项A.domainB.hegemonyC.sovereigntyD.preference【答案】B【解析】domain领地,领域; hegemony霸权; sovereignty主权,君主; preference偏爱, 优先权。句意：英国历史学家Niall Ferg

4、uson推测, 美国霸权主义的终结可能不会推动美国向多极体系的有序转变。选项B符合句意。4. 单选题In 1914, an apparently insignificant event in a remote pan of Eastern Europe_Europe into a great war.问题1选项A.pitchedB.imposedC.insertedD.plunged【答案】D【解析】pitched倾斜; 投掷; imposed强加的; inserted插入; plunged投入, 陷入。句意：1914年, 东欧一个偏远地区发生的一件显然无关紧要的事件使欧洲陷入了一场大战。选项

5、D符合句意。5. 单选题Preliminary figures show Bibb Countys tax digest is slightly_with state guidelines,which could result in a fine of up to $100,000.问题1选项A.out for the countB.out and outC.out of blastD.out of whack【答案】D【解析】out for the count死的, 毁了的; out and out彻底地; out of blast停工, 停产; out of whack不一致; 不正常。句

6、意：初步数据显示，比伯县的税务摘要与该州的指导方针略有出入，可能会被处以最高10万美元的罚款。选项D符合句意。6. 单选题Its often hard to see your mistakes as youre making them. When it comes to living arrangements, a humdinger is being made in this country right now and few have noticed it yet.Yikes! The kids are moving back in! Thus goes the mantra of the

7、 baby boom generation,circa 2007. Analysts estimate that some 18 minion adults between the ages of 20 and 34 live with their parents. Thats roughly a third of that age group.But letting the kids move back in is not the societal error were talking about. Instead,the big mistake is the loudly voiced c

8、hagrin of the boomers. Most mistakenly decry the notion of the boomerang generation. In order to fully appreciate the depth of the error being made here,we all need to step back a bit and look at the bigger picture. This epidemic of kids moving back home is first, not unprecedented, and second, its

9、not a bad thing. The precedent for this trend can be found among the other 6. 2 billion non-Americans on the planet,many of whom happily live with their adult children,often in three-generation households.Then theres the growing number of non-Anglo Americans,including many recent immigrants,who see

10、no problem in having adult kids contribute to the household. Finally,the agrarian history of this country before World War II allowed kids to live and work around the farm well into adulthood.Adult kids moving back home is merely the most noticeable symptom of a larger, fundamental transformation of

11、 American society. We are nationally beginning to recognize the costs of the independence the so-called greatest generation foisted on us. We cant blame them. They did have to grow up fast. Kids in their generation went off to World War II and grew up on the bloody beaches of distant lands.After the

12、 war, the survivors had factories to build and the wealth to buy their white-picket-fence dream out West. They designed a social and fiscal system that has served their retirement years very well. But their historically unique retirement system mistakenly celebrated independence and ignored the natu

13、ral state of human beingsthat is,interdependence.Moreover,their system breaks down with the onslaught of their kids retirement. We can already see the pension systems,both private and public,beginning to disintegrate under the weight of the baby boomers.We are now just starting to understand the sub

14、stantial fiscal and psychological costs of separating the generations into so-called single -family homes with the ideal of a mother,father and two kids. But times change and so do cultures.Regarding boomerang kids,most demographers focus on the immediate explanations for the changes,such as the gro

15、wing immigrant population, housing shortages and high prices,and out-of-wedlock childbearing.Many psychologists have noted that baby-boomer parents enjoy closer relationships with their fewer children that allow extended cohabitation. A recent survey conducted for Del Webb (a division of Pulte Homes

16、 Inc. ) reports that only about one-quarter of baby boomers are happier once the kids move out.However,all these explanations are simply symptoms of the larger,more fundamental reuniting of Americans into households that include extended familiesadult kids, grandparents, grandchildren and other rela

17、tivesrather than just nuclear families.The rate at which our American culture is adapting will accelerate as baby boomers begin retiring in waves. Creative housing arrangements are necessitating and allowing three generations to live together againunder one roof or in close proximity. Now some 6 mil

18、lion American grandparents are living under one roof with their grandchildren.Whether grandparents live in accessory apartments on the property or houses next door, these flexible housing options provide privacy and companionship at the same time. Grandparents can interact with their grandchildren w

19、hile the parents work,and ail benefit from the new togetherness. These 21st century housing arrangements are a creative way to handle the financial needs of the generation that is retiring and, yes, the adult children who are coming home.Such multigenerational households dont make sense for everyone

20、. Personality conflicts or family characteristics preclude such arrangements for some. Legal constraints such as building and zoning codes are formidable obstacles in most communities across the country.Often more room is mandated for parking your car than parking your grandmother. Home builders hav

21、e been more interested in selling houses that satisfy immediate needs rather than anticipating the needs of the growing numbers of aging Americans.The culture itself frequently gets in the way, reinforcing the perception of a stigma attaching to lack of independencethe adult child who just wont move

22、 out (and grow up) or the aging grandparent who eschews being a burden. Despite these problems,once you begin talking with your friends about three-generation households, you will begin hearing stories about how such obstacles are being overcome. You also will begin hearing stories about the wonderf

23、ul benefits of thinking about housing and family arrangements in creative ways. And youll hear stories about the fundamental satisfaction of living together again.1.What is the main idea of the passage?2.Which of the statements is true according to the passage?3.Which of the statements is NOT true a

24、bout the greatest generation?4.The factor holds back adult children moving back home is （）5.What is not the reason for adult moving back home according to researchers on US populations?问题1选项A.The trend of kids moving back home has negative effect to American culture.B.The symptom of adult kids movin

25、g back home is extraordinary.C.Back to the nest is by no means the precedent.D.The family unit and individual independence are damaging in the society.问题2选项A.The trend of adults move back home is since 2007.B.The epidemic of kids moving back home in USA is unparalleled in the world.C.The United Stat

26、es was an agriculture country before World War II.D.One-third of baby boomers are sorrowful once the kids move out.问题3选项A.They imposed the idea of independence on the successive offspring.B.They make loud complaints about their childrens prolonged staying at home.C.Their social and finance scheme fo

27、r their retirement disregard the interdependence.D.Their retirement system is collapsing with the overwhelming outpouring of their childrens retirement.问题4选项A.fiscal and psychological costsB.adults unwillingness of growing upC.the disturbing conventional ideasD.the legal constraints of multigenerati

28、onal households问题5选项A.Aging grandparents would eschew.B.Childbearing without matrimony.C.Housing shortages.D.The increasing immigrant population.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:1.文章第五段的第一句为本文中心句Adult kids moving back home is merely the most noticeable symptom of a larger,fundamental transformat

29、ion of American society.成年子女搬回家住是美国社会发生更大、更根本变革中最引人注目的现象。所以选项B正确。2.根据第三段This epidemic of kids moving back home is first, not unprecedented,.可知选项B错误; 选项C和D在文中没有提及; 根据第二段的第一句Yikes! The kids are moving back in! Thus goes the mantra of the baby boom generation,circa 2007.可知自2007年以来, 成年人开始出现搬回家住的趋势。所以选项A

30、正确。3.根据第三段的第一句But letting the kids move back in is not the societal error were talking about. Instead,the big mistake is the loudly voiced chagrin of the boomers.让孩子搬回去并不是我们所说的社会错误。相反, 最大的错误是生育高峰时期出生的人大声抱怨。所以他们抱怨的不是孩子们长时间待在家而是搬回来与父母同住, 所以选项B错误。4.根据原文倒数第四段的内容可知, 这种多代同堂的家庭模式并不是适合所有人。人格冲突或家庭特征使某些人无法作出这

31、种安排。在全国大多数社区, 建筑和分区法规等法律约束都是巨大的障碍。所以选项D正确。5.根据第九段的内容可知, 谈到回巢族, 大多数人口统计学家关注的是这些变化的直接原因, 比如移民人口的增长、住房短缺和高房价, 以及未婚生育。只有选项A没有提及, 所以本题选A。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:7. 单选题Both dogs diet and structure are_to those of the human being, and so it has been the subject of countless demonstrations and experiments.问题1选项A.co

32、mparableB.comparativeC.equalD.contrary【答案】A【解析】comparable比得上; comparative比较的, 相当的。句意：狗的饮食和结构都可以与人类相比, 因此它已经成为无数演示和实验的对象。选项A符合句意。8. 单选题Koizumis annual visits to the notorious shrine have sparked a_of condemnation and protests from China and the ROK because the shrine honours 14 Class-A war criminals.

33、问题1选项A.splashB.flurryC.particleD.stain【答案】B【解析】splash污点; flurry骚动, 慌张, a flurry of阵；particle颗粒; stain污点, 瑕疵。句意：小泉每年都要参拜臭名昭著的神社，引发了中韩人民的谴责和抗议，因为神社供奉着14名甲级战犯。选项B符合句意。9. 单选题Now they think that their views about the president and his policies on Iraq, global warming or unilateralism have all been_, so w

34、hy keep ranting?问题1选项A.treacherousB.fraudulentC.avengedD.vindicated【答案】D【解析】treacherous背叛的，奸诈的；fraudulent欺骗性的； avenged报复， 报仇；vindicate证明.正确，维护。句意：现在他们认为， 他们对总统及其在伊拉克，全球变暖或单边主义政策的问题上的看法，都被证明是正确的， 那他们为什么还这么义愤填膺呢？选项D符合句意。10. 单选题Entering the furniture store,Mr. Thompson took a few minutes to_through the

35、 catalog and got a sense of what kinds of sofa were in popular demand.问题1选项A.gazeB.stareC.shuffleD.riffle【答案】D【解析】gaze注视, 凝视; stare凝视, 盯着看; shuffle搅乱, 推诿; riffle迅速翻阅，riffle through很快地（漫不经心地）翻阅。句意：走进家具店之后, Thompson先生用了几分钟时间快速浏览了一下目录，了解了一下什么样的沙发最受欢迎。选项D符合句意。11. 单选题For the first time,we found_that allo

36、w us to connect the first phase of human evolution and the second phase.问题1选项A.theoriesB.morassesC.frescosD.fossils【答案】D【解析】theory理论, 学说; morass沼泽; fresco壁画; fossil化石。句意：我们第一次发现了化石, 它使我们能够把人类进化的第一阶段和第二阶段联系起来。选项D符合句意。12. 案例题Most of us tell one two lies a day,according to scientists who study these th

37、ings. And we rarely get caught,because the lies we tell are usually little ones: I got stuck in traffic. That color looks good on you. I was just about to call. But even the smallest fib may soon be systematically exposed,at least in the virtual World. Researchers at several universities are develop

38、ing software that can detect lies in online communications such as instant messages e-mails and chatrooms. The ability to spot digital deception, as researchers call it,has never been more crucial. Today,much of our business and social life is conducted online, making us increasingly vulnerable. Whi

39、te collar criminals,sexual predators, scammers, identity thieves and even terrorists surf the same Web as the rest of us.Conventional lie detectors look for physiological signs of anxietya bead of sweat or a racing pulse but online systems examine only the liars words. When were looking at language,

40、 were looking at the tool of the lie, says Jeff Hancock,an assistant professor of communication and a member of the faculty of computing and information science at Cornell University.Hancock,who recently received a $680,000 grant from the National Science Foundation to study digital deception, says

41、there is a growing body of evidence that the language of dishonest messages is different than that of honest ones. For example,one study led by Hancock and due to be published this spring in Discourse Processes found that deceptive e-mail messages contained 28 percent more words on average and used

42、a higher percentage of words associated with negative emotions than did truthful messages. Liars also tend to use fewer first-person references (such as the pronoun I) and more third- person references (such as he and they). This may be the liars subconscious way of distancing himself from his lie.M

43、ore surprising,Hancock and his colleagues have observed that the targets of liars also exhibit distinctive language patterns. For instance,people who are being deceived often use shorter sentences and ask more questions. Even though they may not be aware that they are being lied to,people seem to ex

44、hibit subconscious suspicions.To identify the patterns of deceit,Hancock has developed an instant-messaging system at Cornell that asks users to rate the deceptiveness of each message they send. The system has already collected 10,000 messages,of which about 6 percent qualify as patently deceptive.

45、Eventually the results will be incorporated into software that analyzes incoming messages.For now,the Cornell researchers are working only with the kinds of lies told by students and faculty. It remains to be seen whether such a system can be scaled up to handle big lies, such as messages sent by co

46、nartists and terrorists.Fortunately, the research so far suggests that people lie less often in e-mail than face-to-face or on the phone. Perhaps this is because people are reluctant to put their lies in writing. Hancock speculates. An e-mail generates multiple copies, he says.It will last longer th

47、an something carved in rock. So choose your words carefully. The internet may soon be rid not only deceit but also of lame excuses.1.The digital polygraph conducts testing based on （ ）.2.List one of the differences between false pretences and unfeigned messages,according to Hancocks study.3.The lang

48、uage patterns of those harboring suspicious perspectives would be characteristics of .4.Why does Hancock need the rating results of the message deceptiveness?5.Why do people lie less in e-mail messages than confronting with each other according to Hancocksspeculation?【答案】1.the liars words.2.Accordin

49、g to Hancocks study,deceptive e-mail messages contained 28 percent more words on average and used a higher percentage of words associated with negative emotions than did truthful messages.3.the targets of liars.4.To identify the patterns of deceit.5.Perhaps this is because people are reluctant to pu

50、t their lies in writing.【解析】1.根据第三段的第一句“Conventional lie detectors look for physiological signs of anxietya bead of sweat or a racing pulsebut online systems examine only the liars words.”传统的测谎仪寻找焦虑的生理信号, 而电子测谎仪只检测说谎者的话语。所以这里应填入“the liars words.”2.根据第四段的第二句“Processes found that deceptive e-mail mess

51、ages contained 28 percent more words on average and used a higher percentage of words associated with negative emotions than did truthful messages.”研究发现, 欺骗性的电子邮件比真实的邮件平均多包含28%的词汇, 使用的与负面情绪有关的词汇比例也更高。3.根据第五段的第一句“More surprising,Hancock and his colleagues have observed that the targets of liars also

52、exhibit distinctive language patterns.”更令人惊讶的是, Hancock和他的同事们发现, 说谎者的目标也表现出独特的语言模式。结合第五段的内容可知这里应填入“the targets of liars.”.4根据第六段的第一句“To identify the patterns of deceit,Hancock has developed an instant- messaging system at Cornell that asks users to rate the deceptiveness of each message they send.”H

53、ancock需要欺骗性信息的评级结果是为了识别欺骗的模式。5.根据最后一段的一二句“the research so far suggests that people lie less often in e-mail than face-to-face or on the phone. Perhaps this is because people are reluctant to put their lies in writing.”迄今为止的研究表明, 人们通过电子邮件说谎的频率低于面对面或电话。汉考克推测, 也许这是因为人们不愿意把谎言写下来。13. 单选题Londons Heathrow

54、airport,alongside many other major airports,is hoping that_passenger numbers will be swallowed up by a new generation of huge aircraft.问题1选项A.probateB.obsoleteC.swellingD.recapitulating【答案】C【解析】probate遗嘱认证的; obsolete荒废的, 淘汰的; swell增大; 磁胀; recapitulate 重述要点, 概述。句意：伦敦Heathrow机场和其他许多主要机场都希望，新一代的巨型飞机能够承

55、载得下数量日益增长的旅客。选项C符合句意。14. 单选题A completely new situation will_when the new examination system comes into existence.问题1选项A.riseB.raiseC.ariseD.arouse【答案】C【解析】句意：当新的考试制度出现时, 将会出现一个全新的局面。rise提高, 上升; raise筹集, 养育; arise出现, 上升; arouse引起, 唤起。只有选项C有出现, 产生的意思。所以本题选C。15. 单选题Which sport has the most expenses_tra

56、ining equipment, players personal equipment and uniforms?问题1选项A.in place ofB.by way ofC.in terms ofD.by means of【答案】C【解析】in place of代替; by way of经由; in terms of依据, 按照, 在方面; by means of通过, 依靠。句意：哪项运动在训练器材、运动员个人装备和队服等方面的开销最大?选项C符合句意。16. 单选题By 1817 the United States Confess had_all internal taxes and w

57、as relying on tariffs on imported goods to provide sufficient revenues to run the government.问题1选项A.allocatedB.distributedC.eliminatedD.collected【答案】C【解析】allocated分配; distributed分发; eliminated忽略, 除去; collected收集。句意：到1817年, 美国承认取消了所有的国内税收, 运行政府依靠进口商品的关税来提供足够的收入。选项C符合句意。17. 单选题The more time scientists

58、 spend designing computers the more they marvel at the human brain. Tasks that baffle（难住）the most advanced supercomputer recognizing a face, reading a handwritten note 一 are childs play for the 3-pound organ. Most important, unlike any conventional computer, the brain can learn from its mistakes. Re

59、searchers have tried for years to program computers to imitate the brains abilities, but without success. Now a growing number of designers believe they have the answer: if a computer is to function more like a person and less like an over-grown calculator it must be built more like a brain, which d

60、istributes information across a vast interconnected web of nerve cells, or neurons.Conventional computers function by following a chainlike sequence of detailed instructions. Although very fast, their processors can perform only one task at a time. This approach works best in solving problems that c

61、an be broken down into simpler logical pieces. The processors in a neural-network computer, by contrast, form a network much like the nerve cells in the brain. Since these artificial neurons are interconnected, they can share information and perform tasks at the same time. This two-dimensional appro

62、ach works best at recognizing patterns.Instead of programming a neural-network computer to make decisions, its maker trains it to recognize patterns in any solution to a problem by repeatedly feeding examples to the machine.Neural networks come in all shapes and sizes. Until now most existed as software simulations（模拟品）because redesigning computer chips took a lot of time and money. By experimenting with different approaches through software rather than hardware, scientists have been able to avoid costly mistak