2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第52期

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1、2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题There is no doubt _ the company has made the right decision on the sale project.问题1选项A.whyB.thatC.whetherD.when【答案】B【解析】考查固定句型。A项why为疑问副词，表示“为什么”；B项that为关系代词，可指代某人或某物；C项whether为疑问副词，表示“是否”；D项when为疑问副词，表示“何时”。根据句子可知，there is no doubt that为固定句型，表示“毫无疑问”。句意：毫无

2、疑问，公司在销售项目上做出了正确的决定。因此，该题选择B项正确。2. 单选题Bladder wrack, a tough, leathery brown seaweed, clings to rocks tenaciously.问题1选项A.grows underB.hides underC.sticks toD.yields to【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A项grow under“在下成长”，B项hide under“在掩盖之下”，C项stick to“坚持，粘住”，D项yield to“屈服，让步”。句意：一种坚韧的棕色海藻，顽强地附着在岩石上。clings to在句中表示“附着”。

3、因此，该题选择C项。3. 单选题Never trying his hand at haiku or rhyming verse, Tanner is a dedicated writer of _ who prefers paragraphs, plot lines, and fully-developed characterization.问题1选项A.metaphorB.proseC.euphemismD.catharsis【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A项“暗喻；隐喻”，B项“散文”，C项“委婉语”，D项“宣泄”，根据句意：坦纳从不尝试俳句或押韵诗，他是一位专注的 作家，喜欢段落、情节

4、和充分发展的人物塑造。因此只有B项符合。4. 单选题Every U.S. President must take an oath to uphold the constitution.问题1选项A.ritualB.pledgeC.optionD.position【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A项ritual“仪式，惯例”，B项pledge“保证，誓言”，C项option“选项，选择权”，D项position“位置，姿态，处境”。句意：每一位美国总统都必须宣誓维护宪法。oath在句中表示“誓言”。因此，该题选择B项。5. 单选题Student: How long can I keep the

5、book?Librarian: _问题1选项A.Any period longer than four weeks, you will be fined.B.You can check it on the computer over there.C.Four weeks, but you can renew it if you need it longer.D.At most four weeks if you dont mind.【答案】C【解析】考查句意理解。这是发生在学生与图书管理员之问的对话，学生问及“图书能保留多长时间”，只有C选项最合适：“四周，但如果需要的话可以续借”故选C。A项

6、“任何超过四周的时间，你都将被罚款”，B项“你可以在那边的电脑上查一下”，D项“如果你不介意的话最多四个星期”，均不符合。6. 单选题Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor?Of course. What is it?I _ if you could tell me how to fill out this form.问题1选项A.had wonderedB.was wonderingC.would wonderD.had been wondering【答案】B【解析】考查语法。wonder表示“想知道，感到疑惑”，后面接if或者whether可以引导宾

7、语从句，常用来表示一种委婉的请求或者疑问。这个句子表达的是一种委婉的请求，根据之前的语境可知，这里表达的是“我刚刚一直在想”，所以要用过去进行时，B项符合。A项是过去完成时，D项是过去完成进行时，但是句子并不是基于事情发生在过去的一个状态，所以A、D选项排除。C选项表示将来。句意：我想知道您能否告诉我如何填写这张表格。因此，该题选择B项。7. 单选题Aided by the recent ability to analyze samples of air trapped glaciers, scientists now have a clearer idea of the relationsh

8、ip between atmospheric composition and global temperature change over the past 160,000 years. In particular, determination of atmospheric composition during periods of glacial expansion and retreat (cooling and warming) is possible using data from the 2,000-meter Vostok ice core drilled in Antarctic

9、a. The technique involved is similar to that used in analyzing cores of marine sediments, where the ratio of the two common isotopes of oxygen, 180 and 160, accurately reflects past temperature changes. Isotopic analysis of oxygen in the Vostok core suggests main global temperature fluctuations of u

10、p to 10 degrees centigrade over the past 160,000 years. Data from the Vostok core also indicate that the amount of Carbon dioxide has fluctuated with temperature over the same period: the higher the temperature, the higher the concentration of carbon dioxide and the lower the temperature, the lower

11、the concentration. Although change in carbon dioxide content closely follows change in temperature during periods of deglaciation, it apparently lags behind temperature during periods of cooling. The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atm

12、ospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by them. The correlation between carbon dioxide and temperature throughout the Vostok record is consistent and predictable. The absolute temperature changes, however, are from 5 to 14 times greater than would be expected on th

13、e basis of carbon dioxides own ability to absorb infrared radiation, or radiant heat. This reaction suggests that, quite aside from changes in heat-trapping gases, commonly known as greenhouse gases, certain positive feedbacks are also amplifying the temperature change. Such feedbacks might involve

14、ice on land and sea, clouds, or water vapor, which also absorb radiant heat. Other data from the Vostok core show that methane gas also correlates closely with temperature and carbon dioxide. The methane concentration nearly doubled, for example, between the peak of the penultimate glacial period an

15、d the follwing interglacial period. Within the present interglacial period it has more than doubled in just the past 300 years and is rising rapidly. Although the concentration of atmospheric methane is more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of carbon dioxide, it cannot be ignored: the ra

16、diative properties of methane make it 20 times more effective, molecule for molecule, than carbon dioxide in absorbing radiant heat. On the basis of a simulation model that climatological researchers have developed, methane appears to have been about 25 percent as important as carbon dioxide in the

17、warming that took place during the most recent glacial retreat 8,000 to 10,000 years ago.50. The passage provides information to support which of the following statements about methane?51. According to the passage, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between carbon diox

18、ide and global temperature?52. It can be inferred from the passage that a long-term decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earths atmosphere would _.53. The passage suggests that when the methane concentration in the Earths atmosphere decreases, which of the following also happens?问题

19、1选项A.Methane is more effective than carbon dioxide in absorbing radiant heat.B.The less the methane concentration, the more the clouds formed in the Earths atmosphere.C.The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earths atmosphere; the lower the concentration of methane.D.Most of the globa

20、l warming that has occurred during the past 10 years has been associated with increased methane concentration.问题2选项A.Carbon dioxide levels change immediately in response to changes in temperature.B.Carbon dioxide levels correlate with global temperature during cooling periods only.C.Once carbon diox

21、ide levels increase, they remain high regardless of changes in global temperature.D.During cooling periods, carbon dioxide levels initially remain high and then decline.问题3选项A.increase methane concentration in the Earths atmosphereB.accompany a period of glaciationC.encourage the formation of more o

22、xygen isotopes in the Earths atmosphereD.promote the formation of more water in the Earths global environment问题4选项A.Glaciers melt faster.B.The concentration of carbon dioxide increases.C.The global temperature decreases.D.Carbon dioxide absorbs more radiant heat.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C【解析】50.【试题答案】

23、A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“这篇文章提供了信息来支持下面关于甲烷的哪个陈述？”。根据倒数第二句Although the concentration of atmospheric methane is more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of carbon dioxide, it cannot be ignored: the radiative properties of methane make it 20 times more effective, molecule for molecule, than carbon

24、dioxide in absorbing radiant heat.（尽管大气中甲烷浓度的数量级，比二氧化碳低两个量级还多，但不能忽略：单个分子比较来看，甲烷的辐射特性，导致它吸收辐射热的效率是二氧化碳的20倍。）可知，A项“甲烷在吸收辐射热方面比二氧化碳更有效”正确；B项“甲烷浓度越少，地球大气中形成的云就越多”、C项“地球大气中二氧化碳的浓度越高，甲烷的浓度越低”和D项“过去10年发生的大部分全球变暖都与甲烷浓度增加有关”都没有提到。因此，该题选择A项正确。51.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据文章，下面哪个陈述最好地描述了二氧化碳和全球温度之间的关系？”。根据文中的

25、Data from the Vostok core also indicate that the amount of Carbon dioxide has fluctuated with temperature over the same period: the higher the temperature, the higher the concentration of carbon dioxide and the lower the temperature, the lower the concentration. Although change in carbon dioxide con

26、tent closely follows change in temperature during periods of deglaciation, it apparently lags behind temperature during periods of cooling.（Vostok岩心的数据还表明，同一时期二氧化碳的含量随温度波动：温度越高，二氧化碳浓度越高，温度越低，二氧化碳浓度越低。尽管二氧化碳含量的变化紧跟在冰川消退时期的温度变化之后，但在冷却时期，二氧化碳含量的变化明显滞后于温度。）可知，在冷却期间，二氧化碳的水平先是保持之前的高水平，随后下降，D项“在冷却期间，二氧化碳水平

27、最初保持在高位，然后下降”正确；A项“二氧化碳水平会随着温度的变化而立即变化”错误，在冷却时期二氧化碳水平明显滞后于温度；B项“只有在冷却期间，二氧化碳水平才与全球温度相关”和C项“一旦二氧化碳水平增加，无论全球温度如何变化，它们都保持高水平”均不符合原文。因此，该题选择D项正确。52.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从这篇文章中可以推断出，地球大气中二氧化碳浓度的长期下降将会”。根据Although change in carbon dioxide content closely follows change in temperature during periods of

28、 deglaciation, it apparently lags behind temperature during periods of cooling.（尽管二氧化碳含量的变化紧跟在冰川消退时期的温度变化之后，但在冷却时期，二氧化碳含量的变化明显滞后于温度。）来推断，在冰消时期，二氧化碳的含量变化是紧跟冰消时期的温度变化而变化，冰消时期温度是升高的，所以二氧化碳含量会增高；而在冷却时期，即冰川时期，温度下降二氧化碳含量也会下降，只是滞后于温度的变化；由此可以推断，如果二氧化碳的含量长期下降，温度肯定是比二氧化碳的含量下降的更明显，所以将会伴随着冰川时期，故B项“伴随冰川时期”正确；根据最

29、后一句methane appears to have been about 25 percent as important as carbon dioxide in the warming that took place during the most recent glacial retreat 8,000 to 10,000 years ago.（在8000到10000年前的最近一次冰川消退中，甲烷大约提供了相当于二氧化碳25%的贡献。）可知，甲烷和二氧化碳一样，二氧化碳浓度的长期下降，甲烷可能也会下降，A项“增加地球大气中的甲烷浓度”错误；文中并没有阐述氧同位素和温度的关系，C项“鼓励地

30、球大气中更多氧同位素的形成”错误；文中没有提到二氧化碳的含量和水有直接关系，D项“促进地球环境中更多水的形成”不选。因此，该题选择B项正确。53.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“文章指出，当地球大气中的甲烷浓度降低时，下列哪一种情况也会发生？”。根据文中的Other data from the Vostok core show that methane gas also correlates closely with temperature and carbon dioxide.（Vostok核的其他数据显示，甲烷气体也与温度和二氧化碳密切相关。），以及最后一句methane

31、 appears to have been about 25 percent as important as carbon dioxide in the warming that took place during the most recent glacial retreat 8,000 to 10,000 years ago.（在8000到10000年前的最近一次冰川消退中，甲烷大约提供了相当于二氧化碳25%的贡献。）可推断，当大气中甲烷浓度降低时，二氧化碳含量可能同样的下降了，那么可能会伴随冰川时期，所以温度会下降，C项“全球气温下降”正确；由此也知A项“冰川融化得更快”和B项“二氧化碳

32、浓度增加”错误；二氧化碳吸收辐射热的多少和甲烷浓度没有直接关系，D项“二氧化碳吸收更多的辐射热”不选。因此，该题选择C项正确。8. 单选题Tucker is a _ eater. Every day he polishes off a half-dozen hamburgers, a pound of potato salad, and a giant bowl of chocolate mousse.问题1选项A.savoryB.palatableC.culinaryD.voracious【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项savory“咸味的，好吃的，好闻的”，B项palatable“（

33、食物或饮料）可口的，味美的”，C项culinary“烹饪的，食物的”，D项voracious“饭量大的，贪吃的，狼吞虎咽的”。由后面的句意“吃掉六个汉堡包、一磅土豆沙拉和一大碗巧克力慕斯”可知，D项符合。句意：塔克食量很大，他每天要吃掉六个汉堡包、一磅土豆沙拉和一大碗巧克力慕斯。因此，该题选择D项。9. 单选题We rarely perceive more than a minute _ of the sights and sounds that fall upon our sense organs; the great majority pass us by.问题1选项A.frictionB

34、.functionC.fractionD.fiction【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A项friction“摩擦”，B项function“功能，职责”，C项fraction“分数，部分，小部分”，D项fiction“小说，虚构，编造”。空格处需要填入一个of所属关系的名词，与the sights and sounds（视觉和听觉）搭配，B、D可排除。由后面的the great majority（大多数）可知，这里形成了对比，所以前面表示“一小部分”，C项符合。句意：我们很少能够感知到那些极其微小的落在我们感觉器官上的视觉或听觉片断，（这些片断中的）大部分从我们身边溜走了。因此，该题选择C项。

35、10. 单选题No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything _ going on in the world.问题1选项A.it isB.there isC.as isD.what is【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知everything为定语从句的先行词，everything后面所接部分是修饰everything的定语从句；there is结构作“目前有的”解时，可引导限定性定语从句，置于被修饰的名词后面，作该从句主语的关系代词that常常省略。11. 单选题Their opinions

36、 about the weekend plans were _, and the two began quarreling into the wee hours of the morning.问题1选项A.complementaryB.disputedC.eclecticD.excerpted【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项complementary“补足的，（基因序列等）互补的”，B项disputed“有争议的”，C项eclectic“兼收并蓄的，不拘一格的”，D项excerpted是动词excerpt的过去分词，表“引用，摘录”。由quarreling into the wee ho

37、urs（争吵到凌晨）可知，B项符合语境。句意：他们对周末计划的意见发生了争论，两人开始争吵到凌晨。因此，该题选择B项。12. 单选题It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been sugge

38、sted that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up

39、their femininity. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry.” Observers thus differed concerning

40、the social desirability of mechanizations effects, but they agreed that it would transform womens lives.Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the s

41、pinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in womens economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of womens work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an ext

42、ension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880s created a new class of “dea

43、d-end” jobs, thenceforth considered “womens work.” The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with

44、 high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.Womens work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar inste

45、ad of blue-collar work. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportun

46、ity for advancement all persist, while womens household labor remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional po

47、sition of women both in the labor market and in the home.46. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?47. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would consider which of the following to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions

48、of womens work?48. Which of the following statements about many employers before the twentieth century is NOT implied in the passage?49. Which of the following best describes the function of the concluding sentence of the passage?问题1选项A.The effects of the mechanization of womens work have not borne

49、out the frequently held assumption that new technology is inherently revolutionary.B.Recent studies have shown that mechanization revolutionizes a societys traditional values and the customary roles of its members.C.Mechanization has caused the nature of womens work to change since the Industrial Re

50、volution.D.The mechanization of womens work, while extremely revolutionary in its effects, has not, on the whole, had the deleterious effects that some critics had feared.问题2选项A.Statistics showing that the majority of women now occupy white-collar positions.B.Interviews with married men indicating t

51、hat they are now doing some household tasks.C.Surveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a new class of jobs in electronics in which women workers outnumber men four to one.D.Census results showing that working womens wages and salaries are, on the average, as high as those of wo

52、rking men.问题3选项A.They did employ women in factories 200 years ago.B.They tended to employ single rather than married women.C.They hired women only when qualified men were not available to fill the open positions.D.They hired women to do most of the white-collar work.问题4选项A.It sums up the general poi

53、nts concerning the mechanization of work made in the passage as a whole.B.It draws a conclusion concerning the effects of the mechanization of work which goes beyond the evidence presented in the passage as a whole.C.It restates the point concerning technology made in the sentence immediately preced

54、ing it.D.It qualifies the authors agreement with scholars who argue for a major revision in the assessment of the impact of mechanization on society.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B【解析】46. 【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。文章第一句It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives

55、 of the people.（人们常常认为，工作的机械化对操作新机器的人们的生活以及机器被引入的社会有着革命性的影响），提出了人们普遍认同的一种观点，认为mechanization为人们的生活和社会带来了revolutionary effect，而该段最后一句提出许多观察者不同意这种见解；之后，文章以妇女所从事工作的转变为例，进一步论证最后得出结论：Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home

56、.（机械化甚至可能延缓了女性在劳动力市场和家庭中的传统地位的变化进程）因此，选项A“现代化对妇女工作的影响证明，普遍认同的新技术具有与生俱来的创新性这一说法站不住脚”最能概括文章的大意。B“最近的研究表明，机械化彻底改变了一个社会的传统价值观及其成员的习惯角色”和C“自工业革命以来，机械化使妇女工作的性质发生了变化”两项均与文章所持的观点相左，而D项“妇女工作的机械化虽然在其效果上极为革命性，但总体上并没有产生一些评论家所担心的有害影响”只是文章提到的一个细节，不能概括大意。47. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意为：根据文章可推断作者把下列哪个看作是妇女工作条件发生根本转变的一个

57、标志。文章第三段前半部分是说：在过去的200年里，妇女的工作发生了很大的变化，从家庭转移到办公室或工厂，后来主要成为白领而不是蓝领。然而，从根本上说，自工业革命前以来，妇女工作的条件几乎没有改变：按性别划分职业、妇女作为一个群体的工资较低、要求相对较低的技能水平和很少为妇女提供晋升机会的工作都持续存在，而妇女的家务劳动仍然要求很高。据此，只有D项“人口普查结果显示，职业妇女的工资和薪金平均与职业男子一样高”，符合作者的意图。A项“统计数据显示，现在大多数女性担任白领职位”，B项“对已婚男性的采访表明他们现在正在做一些家务”，C项“对劳动力市场的调查，记录了最近在电子行业创造了一类新的工作岗位，

58、其中女性工人的数量比男性多4:1”，均是对文意的曲解。48. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】判断推理题。题干：以下关于二十世纪以前许多雇主的陈述中，哪一个不是在文章中暗示的？C项“只有当合格的男性无法填补空缺职位时，他们才雇用女性”，文中并未体现，当选。第一段第三句In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories（十九世纪，妇女开始进入工厂），可知A项“在十九世纪，妇女开始进入工厂”是正确的，不符合题意要求，排除；从第二段最后一句previously, in many cases, the only women emplo

59、yers would hire（在这之前，在大多数情况下，单身女性是雇主唯一想雇佣的），可知B项“他们倾向于雇用单身妇女而不是已婚妇女”是正确的，排除；从第三段第一句Womens work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-collar work（在过去的200年里，妇女的工作发生了很大的变化，后来主要成为白领而不是蓝领），由此可知，D项“他们雇用妇女来做大部分的白领工作”与文章内容相符，排除。49. 【试题答案】B【试题解

60、析】主旨大意题。题干：以下哪一项最能描述文章结尾句的功能？找到文章结尾句Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.（机械化甚至可能延缓了妇女在劳动力市场和家庭中传统地位变化的进程）。我们从第一段第一句就已经知道关于劳动机械化的一般观点是：工作的机械化对操作新机器的人们的生活以及机器被引入的社会有着革命性的影响，所以结尾句与一般观点不一致，因此A项“从整体上总结了文章中关于劳动机械化的一般观点

61、”，错误。B项“得出了一个结论，即工作机械化的影响超出了本文所提出的整体证据”，符合结尾句所要表达的意思；C项“它重申了它前面一句话中关于技术的观点”，定位到它前一句话Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society（最近的历史调查导致了一个重大的修正，即技术在其对社会的影响上总是具有内在的革命性），此句是对主题句的复述，与末句不一致；D项“这证

62、明了作者同意那些主张在机械化对社会影响的评估中进行重大修订的学者的观点”，并不能从这一句话就知道作者同意那些学者的观点。13. 翻译题Whether they are male or female, adolescents feel like deciding on everything themselves in spite of parents instruction, especially when they face problems like sex, mental stress, etc., which make them feel ashamed and embarrassed.

63、 Thus they often automatically get into troubles due to their imperfect comprehension and judgment. Some are addicted to cigarettes, only several packets of which will hurt their lings and make them breathless quickly. Other cant quit drinking alcohol, whose harmful effects includes causing young pregnant women to abort or give birth to abnormal babies. The worst is drug abuse, for the withdrawal is tough once their bodies are accustomed to the drugs. Meanwhile, those who share needles bought from illegal chemists are at great risk of being infected wit