2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第56期

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1、2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题To my surprise, the house which looked rather shabby outside was luxuriously and（ ）furnished inside.问题1选项A.artificiallyB.arrogantlyC.arbitrarilyD.artistically【答案】D【解析】句意：令我吃惊的是，房子的外面看起来很破旧，内部却装饰得 （ ） 。A选项artificially人工地；B选项arrogantly傲慢地；C选项arbitrarily任意地；D选项a

2、rtistically艺术地, D选项artistically符合句意。2. 单选题The news item about the fire is followed by a detailed report made（ ）.问题1选项A.on the locationB.on the siteC.on the spotD.on the ground【答案】C【解析】短语辨析。句意：火灾的新闻之后是一份详细的现场报告。因此选C。3. 单选题Superficial differences between the special problems and techniques of the phys

3、ical sciences and those of the biological sciences are sometimes cited as evidence for the（ ）of biology and for the claim that the methods of physics are therefore not adequate to biological inquiry.问题1选项A.autonomyB.vitalityC.purposefulnessD.obsolescence【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：自然科学和生物科学的特殊问题和技术之间的表面差异有时会被用

4、来证明生物学的（ ），并且用来说明自然科学的方法对生物科学的探究是不够的。autonomy自治，自治权；vitality活力，生气，生命力；purposefulness目的性；意志坚强；obsolescence退化，荒废。A选项表示将两门学科之间的一些浅显区别用于证明生物学是独立的，符合题意。4. 单选题The original elections were declared（ ）by the former military ruler.问题1选项A.voidB.vulgarC.surplusD.extravagant【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。句意：最初的选举由前军事统治者宣布 。Void

5、 无效的；vulgar 庸俗的；surplus多余的；extravagant 奢侈的。因此，A项void符合句意。5. 翻译题Bacteria（细菌）, like people, can be divided into friend and foe. 81.Inspired by evidence that the friendly sort may help with a range of ailments（疾病）, many people consume bacteria in the form of yogurts and dietary supplements. Such a smat

6、tering of artificial additions, however, represents but a drop in the ocean. There are at least 800 types of bacteria living in the human gut. And research by Steven Gill of the Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland, and his colleagues, published in this weeks Science, suggests that

7、the collective genome of these organisms is so large that it contains 100 times as many genes as the human genome itself.Dr Gill and his team were able to come to this conclusion by extracting bacterial DNA from the faeces （粪便）of two volunteers. 82.Because of the complexity of the samples, they were

8、 not able to reconstruct the entire genomes（基因组）of each of the gut bacteria, just the individual genes. But that allowed them to make an estimate of numbers.What all these bacteria are doing is tricky to identifythe bacteria themselves are difficult to cultivate. 83.So the researchers guessed at wha

9、t they might be up to by comparing the genes they discovered with published databases of genes whose functions are already known.84.This comparison helped Dr Gill identify for the first time the probableenzymatic（酶（性）的）processes by which bacteria help humans to digest the complexcarbohydrates in pla

10、nts. The bacteria also contain a plentiful supply of genes involved in the synthesis of chemicals essential to human lifeincluding two B vitamins and certain essential amino acidsalthough the team merely showed that these metabolic pathways exist rather than proving that they are used. Nevertheless,

11、 the pathways they found leave humans looking more like ruminants: animals such as goats and sheep that use bacteria to break down otherwise indigestible matter in the plants they eat.The broader conclusion Dr Gill draws is that people are superorganisms whose metabolism represents an amalgamation o

12、f human and microbial attributes. The notion ofa superorganism has emerged before, as researchers in other fields have come to view humans as having a diverse internal ecosystem. 85.This, suggest some, will be crucial to the success of personalised medicine, as different people will have different r

13、esponses to drugs, depending on their microbial flora.（微生物群落） Accordingly, the next step, says Dr Gill, is to see how microbial populations vary between people of different ages, backgrounds and diets.Another area of research is the process by which these helpful bacteria first colonize the digestiv

14、e tract. Babies acquire their gut flora as they pass down the birth canal and take a gene-filled gulp of their mothers vaginal and faecal flora. It might not be the most delicious of first meals, but it could well be an important one.Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined

15、sentences into Chinese.【答案】81. 有益菌可以帮助人们治疗多种疾病，受此启发，很多人通过使用酸乳食品和各种补品的办法吸收细菌。然而，这种人为补充细菌的做法是极其肤浅的。82. 由于样本的复杂性，吉尔博士及其研究组人员还不能构建出肠道内细菌的完整基因组，而只能构建出单体基因。不过，这也可以使他们对整体数量作出估算。83. 因此，研究人员只能将发现的基因和那些功能已经研究清楚的基因的公开数据库进行比较，从而猜测可能得到的研究结果。84. 这种比较帮助吉尔博士第一次确定了可能存在的细菌借以帮助人体消化从植物体摄入的复杂碳水化合物的酶催化反应的过程。85. 有人认为，这一点对

16、个性化药物的成功开发是至关重要的，因为不同的人具有不同的微生物群落，对不同的药物有不同的反应。6. 单选题An analysis of the ideas in the novel compels an analysis of the form of the work, particularly when form and content are as（ ）as they are in The House of the Seven Gables.问题1选项A.symptomaticB.delineatedC.integratedD.conspicuous【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意：对小

17、说理念的分析使人不得不分析作品的形式，特别是当形式和内容像它们在凶宅七角楼里一样 （ ）的时候。symptomatic有症状的，症候的；delineated描绘；integrated综合的，相互协调的；conspicuous显著的，明显的。选项C “相互协调的”符合题意。7. 单选题This was a five-digit national coding system to（ ）each postal delivery section.问题1选项A.testifyB.countC.clarifyD.identify【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意：是一个五位数的国家译码系统，以（ ） 邮局送

18、达部门。testify 证明；count 计算；clarify 使明晰；identify 识别。故选D。8. 单选题In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play（ ）roles inraising children.问题1选项A.incapableB.indispensableC.insensibleD.infinite【答案】B【解析】句意：在中国家庭里，（外）祖父母和其他亲戚在抚养孩子的过程中充当（ ）的角色。A选项incapable无能力的；B选项indispensable不可缺少的；绝对必要的；C选项in

19、sensible无感觉的；D选项infinite无限的，B选项indispensable符合句意。9. 单选题This restaurant is frequently（ ）by tourists because of its famous cooking.问题1选项A.patronizedB.servicedC.attendedD.utilized【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意：旅客经常 这家餐馆，因为这里的烹饪很有名。patronized 光顾；serviced 为服务；attended 参加，出席；utilized 利用。故选A。10. 单选题The English language

20、contains a (an) （ ）of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.问题1选项A.altitudeB.latitudeC.multitudeD.attitude【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意：英语中的 单词，在曰常谈话中几乎用不到。altitude 高度、海拔；latitude 纬度；multitude 多数；attitude 态度。因此，C项符合句意。11. 翻译题As Apple prepares to report what (analysts project) may be

21、the companys first year-over-year quarterly earnings decline in a decade on Tuesday, it is also grappling with jittery investors and a recent share-price plunge that has wiped about $280 billion off its market capitalization since its stock reached a high of $702. 10 last September.（1） Much of the i

22、nvestor nervousness is rooted in how Wall Street is treating and valuing the Cupertino, Calif., company as a traditional hardware maker. One camp of analysts and some investors said there is strong evidence that Apple should be viewed in a different light: as a software hardware hybrid.The distincti

23、on matters. If it continues to be seen as a hardware business, Apples streak driven by products like the iPhone and iPad could run out quickly as smartphones and tablets get commoditized and consumer tastes change. （2 ） It is a lesson learned by companies like BlackBerry-maker Research In Motion Ltd

24、., whose tech hardware was quickly eclipsed by products from Apple itself.If Apple is classified as a software-hardware hybrid, the company could be valued more like Internet and software makers that have recurring revenue streams and that often trade at higher price-to-earnings ratios than hardware

25、 firms.“The market views Apple as a consumer hardware company tied to product cycles that drive volatile revenue and earnings streams, says Morgan Stanley analyst Katy Huberty. （3 ） But that view isnt complete, she says, since “Apple customers buy into a brand that offers ease of use similar to comp

26、anies like A or enterprise companies like NetApp.”An Apple spokesman declined to comment ahead of Tuesdays earning report.With Wall Street categorizing Apple as a hardware maker, investors value the company which made an astounding $13 billion in profits in the quarter ended in December at 8. 6 time

27、s expected earnings per share for the next 12 months. Investors are currently valuing Hewlett-Packard Co., which made $1.2 billion in profits during its most recent quarter, at a price-to-earnings ratio of 5. 6. Troubled PC maker Dell Inc., whose stock price inflated after signing a buyout deal earl

28、ier this year, trades at a P/E ratio of 8. 5.Apples gross margins are around 40%, an important-measure of the companys efficiency at making money. That is roughly twice as high as H-Ps and Dells. Apple has characteristics that differ from many other hardware businesses. （4） Its customers often upgra

29、de their Apple products annually, far more frequently than the four-year PC upgrade cycles typically found at tech hardware businesses including Hewlett-Packard or Dell. While H-P and Dell have tried beefing up the enterprise software side of their business, Apples operating system and iTunes softwa

30、re is already ubiquitous. （5） Apple also has more than 500 million accounts for its App Store tied to credit cards and a customer base to sell new services to giving it a recurring software and services revenue stream. Apple took in revenue of $3. 7 billion from iTunes and other software and service

31、s in its last quarter, or 7% of its total revenue.【答案】1. 大部分投资者的紧张情绪源于华尔街将加州库比蒂诺的（苹果）公司定位和评价为传统硬件制造公司。2. 很多公司例如蓝莓制造商RIM公司都受到了教训，他们的硬件技术很快就被苹果自主研发的产品淘汰。3. 但是这种观点是不全面的，她说，因为“苹果用户购买的是一个品牌，它可以为他们提供类似于亚马逊或者NetAPP这样的企业所提供的便捷服务”。4. 该公司的用户经常会每年都更新他们的苹果产品，远远超过了包括惠普或戴尔在内的技术硬件企业中普遍存在的四年更新一次个人电脑的频率。5. 在它的APP商店里

32、，苹果拥有超过5亿个绑定了信用卡的账户，以及一个可以销售新服务的客户群，这给它带来一个循环性软件和服务的收入流。12. 单选题When he realized he had been（ ）to sign the contract by intrigue, he threatened to start legal proceedings to cancel the agreement.问题1选项A.elicitedB.excitedC.deducedD.induced【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意：当他意识到自己上当欺骗，被 签约时，他威胁说要通过法律程序终止协议。elicit引出，探出；ex

33、cite为感到兴奋；deduce推论，演绎；induce引诱，诱导。A项elicited虽然语义上符合句意，但是elicited形容主语时一般为主动形式，这里是被动，所以排除。13. 单选题A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA ( deoxyribo-nucleic acid) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a metho

34、d to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which gene are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the fa- ther o

35、f a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprint- ing has potentially powerful and controversial uses.DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the

36、attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used

37、 as evidence to convict a suspect.The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population genet- icists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. , and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match betwe

38、en two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly de- termine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same

39、ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate.In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn. , argued that enough data are al

40、ready available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests an- nounced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of the

41、se questions. And, in April, a National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.1.Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects（ ）.2.DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when（ ）.3.To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current metho

42、d（ ） .4.The attitude of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shows that（） .5.National Academy of Sciences holds the stance that（ ） .问题1选项A.would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigationsB.would have to submit evidence for their innocenceC.could easily escape conviction of guiltD.cou

43、ld be convicted of guilt as well问题2选项A.the methods used for blood-cell calculation are not accurateB.two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprinting pat-ternC.a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individualsD.two d

44、ifferent individuals leave two DNA samples问题3选项A.is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never come from two individualsB.is arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNA patternC.is not based on adequate scientific theor

45、y of geneticsD.is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying问题4选项A.enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual membersB.enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DN

46、A samples from the same person can matchC.enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming from the same personD.additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNA samples are unlik

47、ely to come from the same person问题5选项A.DNA testing should be systematizedB.only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testingC.the academy only is authorized to work out standards for testingD.the academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.此句考查

48、定语从句，空格处应填入关系代词，而先行词是zoologists，因此，正确答案为“who”，C选项正确。2.句意为：牛津大学的动物学家在对信鸽进行了18个月的 后，得出了结论，选项D“study”符合句意。3.此处需要结合文章倒数第三句“The scientists concluded that pigeons use a familiar visual landmarks（科学家得出结论，鸽子使用一种熟悉的视觉标志物）。因此此处选项B“familiar”正确。4.本句句意：鸽子会通过熟悉的地标按原路返回家里， 以最短的距离直线飞回家。这里D选项“rather than”是固定搭配，表示“而不

49、是”。5.此处句意为：鸽子因其长距离的导航能力而 ，选项C“known”与“for”搭配表示“因闻名”，其他选项都不能与介词for搭配使用，故选项C正确。6.空格处句意：信鸽利用太阳和星星的 、它们的内置罗盘以及嗅觉来辨识方向。故C选项“position”符合句意。7.根据空后的 “or on a journey”判断，此处应填入与“journey”并列平行的单词。因此选项B“distance”正确。8.空格后分句句意：不同的因素会影响鸽子的航行，因此此处是一个转折关系，虽然C选项“otherwise”也有转折的意思，但其后不跟逗号，故选项B“however”正确。9.空格处句意：当信鸽被放飞

50、到离家近的地方时，它的导航能力似乎会受到不同因素的影响。因此此处应选择A项“when”，表示“当时”。10.空格处句意为：当信鸽被放飞到离 近的地方时，它的导航能力似乎会受到不同因素的影响。因此此处应填C项home。11.此处句意为：通过给信鸽安装小型全球定位装置，将它们放到离家几公里的地方做实验，动物行为学家由此得出了 。选项C“conclusion”符合句意。12.句意：给信鸽安装全球定位装置是用来 信鸽的飞行位置的，选项D“record”符合句意。13.此处表达的是：实验应该对每一只信鸽每一次飞行过程中的每一秒进行记录，并且由“every second”推断，此处为“per”。14.此处

51、句意为：在 起点进行放飞实验，选项A“same”符合句意。15.此处句意为：最初的几次放飞实验，信鸽的返回路径与放飞路径 ，选项B“varied”符合句意。16.“take off”为固定搭配，表示“起飞”。17.空格前后为转折关系。18.“flight after flight”为固定搭配，表示“成群的”。19.“a chain of”修饰后面的“landmarks”表示“一连串路标”。20.句意：在信鸽返回的途中，高速公路就是 。B项“such”正确。14. 单选题Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a chil

52、d at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick I in the thirteenth century, it may be hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the firs

53、t year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children a

54、re still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so e

55、asily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventual

56、ly turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes bowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, an

57、d at four his language differs from that of his parents in born with the capacity to speak. What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even mo

58、re incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother r

59、ecognizes the signals in the childs babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the childs non-verbal signals is essential to the gro

60、wth and development of language.1.The purpose of Frederick Is experiment was（ ）.2.The reason that some children are backward in speaking is most likely that（ ）3.What is particularly remarkable about a child is that（ ）.4.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?5.If a child starts to s

61、peak later than others, he will（ ）in future.问题1选项A.to prove that children are born with ability to speakB.to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speakC.to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speakD.to prove that a child could be damag

62、ed without learning a language问题2选项A.they are incapable of learning language rapidlyB.they are exposed to too much language at onceC.their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speakD.their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them问题3选项A.he is born with the capacity to speakB.he ha

63、s a brain more complex than an animalsC.he can produce his own sentencesD.he owes his speech ability to good nursing问题4选项A.The faculty of speech is inborn in man.B.The childs brain is highly selective.C.Most children learn their language in definite stages.D.All the above问题5选项A.have a high IQB.be less intelligentC.be insensitive to verbal signalsD.not necessarily be backward【答案】第1题:B第2题:C