2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷19

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 不定项选择题The country in which I live has laws forbidding discrimination on the grounds of ethnicity, religion, sexuality or sex. Weve come a long way since the days when the reverse was truewhen homosexuality was illegal, for instance, or when women were barred from

2、voting. But this doesnt mean that prejudice is over, of course. Nowadays we need to be as concerned about subtler strains of prejudice as the kind of loud-mouthed racism and sexism that makes us ashamed of the past.Subtle prejudice is the domain of unjustified assumptions, dog-whistles, and plain fa

3、ilure to make the effort to include people who are different from ourselves, or who dont fit our expectations. One word for the expressions of subtle prejudice is microaggression”. These are things such as repeating a thoughtless stereotype, or too readily dismissing someones viewpointactions that m

4、ay seem unworthy of comment, but can nevertheless marginalise an individual.The people perpetrating these microaggressions may be completely unaware that they hold a prejudiced view. Psychologists distinguish between our explicit attitudeswhich are the beliefs and feelings well admit toand our impli

5、cit attitudeswhich are our beliefs and feelings which are revealed by our actions. So, for example, you might say that you are not a sexist, you might even say that you are anti-sexist, but if you interrupt women more than men in meetings you would be displaying a sexist implicit attitudeone which i

6、s very different from that non-sexist explicit attitude you profess.The thing about subtle prejudice is that it is by definition subtlelots of small differences in how people are treated, small asides, little jibes, ambiguous differences in how we treat one person compared to another. This makes it

7、hard to measure, and hard to address, andfor some peoplehard to take seriously.This is the skeptical line of thought: when people complain about being treated differently in small ways they are being overly sensitive, trying to lay claim to a culture of victimhood. Small differences are just thatsma

8、ll.Now you will have your own intuitions about that view, but my interest is in how you could test the idea that a thousand small cuts do add up. A classic experiment on the way race affects our interactions shows not only the myriad ways in which race can affect how we treat people, but shows in a

9、clever way that even the most privileged of us would suffer if we were all subjected to subtle discrimination.54. The first paragraph implied that prejudices _.55. “marginalise an individual” in Paragraph 2 probably means _.56. Someone would deny his true feelings and beliefs but _.57. In Paragraph

10、4, the author implies that subtle prejudice _.58. According to Paragraph 5, sufferers of subtle discrimination _.59. In the last paragraph, the author stresses that _.问题1选项A.have vanishedB.have been implicitC.have been noticeableD.have been understandable问题2选项A.forcing someone to workB.stopping offe

11、nding someoneC.firing someone from work placeD.stopping associating with someone问题3选项A.his attitude could be hidden in his deedB.his prejudice might be conveyed consciouslyC.his prejudice might be displayed when talking to womenD.his viewpoint could be revealed from his aggression towards others问题4选

12、项A.tends to be neglectedB.causes a lot of argumentC.is sure to be scoffed atD.makes people compete with each other问题5选项A.should get more attentionB.fall victim to their cultureC.exaggerate their sufferingsD.have the right to complain问题6选项A.racial discrimination is clearly provedB.subtle discriminati

13、on inflicts serious damageC.people with high status get more protectionD.people do not know how to test subtle discrimination【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C第6题:B【解析】54. 【选项释义】The first paragraph implied that prejudices _. 第一段暗示，歧视_。A. have vanished A. 已经消失了B. have been implicit B. 一直是微妙的C. have been n

14、oticeable C. 一直被注意到D. have been understandable D. 一直可以理解【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词first paragraph可以定位到文章第1段，由本段第3、4句“当然，这并不意味着歧视已经结束。如今，我们不仅需要关注那些让我们为过去感到羞愧的大吼大叫的种族主义和性别歧视，还需要关注那些更微妙的歧视（subtler strains of prejudice）。”可知，歧视一直都存在，而且有些歧视是更加微妙的，需要更多的关注。因此B选项“一直是微妙的”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“已经消失了”，文章中说的是歧视没有结束，属于反向干扰

15、；C选项“一直被注意到”，文章中说的是需要关注那些更微妙的歧视，属于反向干扰；D选项“一直可以理解”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。55. 【选项释义】“marginalise an individual” in Paragraph 2 probably means _. 第2段中的“marginalise an individual”可能意味着_。A. forcing someone to work A. 强迫某人工作B. stopping offending someone B. 停止得罪某人C. firing someone from work place C. 将某人从工作场所开除D.

16、 stopping associating with someone D. 停止与某人交往【考查点】词汇推断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词marginalise an individual可以定位到文章第2段最后1句“这些微歧视包括重复一种轻率的刻板印象，或过于轻易地否定某人的观点这些行为可能看起来不值一提，但却会marginalise an individual。”，上文说到微妙的歧视即不接纳与我们不同或不符合我们期望的人，也就是不和这些人交往，将他们边缘化，具体体现在轻易否定他们观点等行为上。因此D选项“停止与某人交往”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“强迫某人工作”，B选项“停止得罪某人”和C

17、选项“将某人从工作场所开除”在文章中均没有提及。属于无中生有。56. 【选项释义】Someone would deny his true feelings and beliefs but _. 有人会否认他的真实感觉和信念，但_。A. his attitude could be hidden in his deed A. 他的态度可能隐藏在他的行为中B. his prejudice might be conveyed consciously B. 他的歧视可能会有意识地表达出来C. his prejudice might be displayed when talking to women C

18、. 他的歧视可能会在与女性交谈时表现出来D. his viewpoint could be revealed from his aggression towards others D. 他的观点可以从他对别人的攻击性中显示出来【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词feelings and beliefs可以定位到文章第3段第2句“心理学家区分了外显态度和内隐态度，外显态度是指我们承认的信念和感觉，内隐态度是指我们的行为揭示的（revealed by our actions）信念和感觉。”，说明即使有人否认了自己的信念和感觉，但他的态度会从他的行为中揭示出来。因此A选项“他的态度可能隐

19、藏在他的行为中”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他的歧视可能会有意识地表达出来”，文章说的是犯下这些微歧视的人可能完全没有意识到他们持有歧视的观点，说明他们不会有意识地表达歧视，属于反向干扰；C选项“他的歧视可能会在与女性交谈时表现出来”，文章只是用与女性交谈作为例子，并不是说他们都会在与女性交谈时表达歧视，属于曲解原文；D选项“他的观点可以从他对别人的攻击性中显示出来”，文章中没有提到攻击性，属于无中生有。57. 【选项释义】In Paragraph 4, the author implies that subtle prejudice _. 在第4段中，作者暗示微妙的歧视_。A. tends

20、to be neglected A. 往往被忽视B. causes a lot of argument B. 引起大量的争论C. is sure to be scoffed at C. 肯定会被嘲笑D. makes people compete with each other D. 使人们相互竞争【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Paragraph 4可以定位到文章第4段，由本段第2句“这使得它难以衡量，难以解决，对一些人来说，也难以认真对待（hard to take seriously）。”可知，作者认为人们很难重视这些微妙的歧视。因此A选项“往往被忽视”正确。【干扰项排除】B

21、选项“引起大量的争论”，C选项“肯定会被嘲笑”和D选项“使人们相互竞争”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。58. 【选项释义】According to Paragraph 5, sufferers of subtle discrimination _. 根据第5段，遭受微妙歧视的人_。A. should get more attention A. 应该得到更多的关注B. fall victim to their culture B. 成为他们文化的受害者C. exaggerate their sufferings C. 夸大他们的痛苦D. have the right to complain D

22、. 有权投诉【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Paragraph 5可以定位到文章第5段第1句“当人们抱怨在小的方面受到区别对待时，他们是过度敏感（overly sensitive）”，说明遭受微妙歧视的人会放大自己所受到的歧视。因此C选项“夸大他们的痛苦”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“应该得到更多的关注”在第5段中没有体现，属于无中生有；B选项“成为他们文化的受害者”，文章中说的是“试图宣称一种受害者文化（culture of victimhood）”，而不是真的成为了受害者，属于曲解原文；D选项“有权投诉”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。59. 【选项释义】In the las

23、t paragraph, the author stresses that _. 在最后一段中，作者强调_。A. racial discrimination is clearly proved A. 种族歧视被明确证明B. subtle discrimination inflicts serious damage B. 微妙歧视造成了严重的伤害C. people with high status get more protection C. 地位高的人得到更多的保护D. people do not know how to test subtle discrimination D. 人们不知道如

24、何测试微妙歧视【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词last paragraph可以定位到文章最后1段，由本段第1句“一千个小伤口累加起来”可知，微妙歧视造成的伤害是日积月累的，同时第2句说到“如果我们都受到微妙歧视，即使是我们中拥有最多特权的人也会遭受痛苦（would suffer）。”，由此可知微妙歧视会对所有人都造成伤害。综合理解，微妙歧视造成的伤害是十分严重的。因此B选项“微妙歧视造成了严重的伤害”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“种族歧视被明确证明”，文章中说的是显示了种族如何影响我们对待他人的方式，而不是证明种族歧视的存在，属于曲解原文；C选项“地位高的人得到更多的保护”，文章

25、中说的是拥有最多特权的人也会遭受痛苦，由此可知地位高的人也不会得到更多保护，属于反向干扰；D选项“人们不知道如何测试微妙歧视”，第2句中提到的关于种族的实验就论证了第2句中的“如何测试”，说明人们知道测试的方法，属于反向干扰。2. 单选题Attempts to use sophisticated IT-based systems to help to solve the problem often seem merely to _ it.问题1选项A.aggravateB.deviateC.emphasizeD.simplify【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. aggravate 加重，使恶

26、化 B. deviate 偏离，违背C. emphasize 强调，着重 D. simplify 简化，使简易【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】本句主语为“试图（Attempts）使用基于信息技术的复杂系统”，使用这种系统的目的为“来帮助解决问题（solve the problem）”。空格处与下文的it构成动宾逻辑，it指代的是“problem（问题）”，表示这种尝试会对问题的解决造成什么结果。“merely（只是，只不过）”说明使用复杂系统并不能帮助解决问题，可进一步推断出反而会导致问题加重。aggravate指使糟糕或不愉快的情况恶化，因此A选项aggravate“加重，使恶化”最符合题意

27、。【干扰项排除】B选项deviate“偏离，违背”指以不同于通常或预期的方式做某事，题干说的是“使问题恶化”，而不是“偏离原来的做法”；C选项emphasize“强调，着重”指表示某事特别重要或特别引人注目，不能和“解决问题（solve the problem）”相对应；D选项simplify“简化，使简易”指使某事更容易做或简单易懂，与题干语义相矛盾，应该是“更严重”而不是“更简单”。【句意】使用基于信息技术的复杂系统来帮助解决问题的尝试，往往似乎只会使问题恶化。3. 翻译题The only advice, indeed, that one person can give another a

28、bout reading is to take no advice to follow your own instincts, to use your own reason, to come to your own conclusions. If this is agreed between us，then I feel at liberty to put forward a few ideas and suggestions because you will not allow them to fetter (禁锢)that independence which is the most im

29、portant quality that a reader can possess. After all, what laws can be laid down about books? The battle of Waterloo was certainly fought on a certain day； but is Hamlet a better play than Lear? Nobody can say. Each must decide that question for himself.Everywhere else we may be bound by laws and co

30、nventionsthere we have none. Then, how are we to bring order into this multitudinous chaos and get the deepest and widest pleasure from what we read?It is simple enough to say that since books have classesfiction，biography，poetrywe should separate them and take from each what it is right that each s

31、hould give us.Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices.

32、 If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author； try to become him, Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. If you hang back，and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible va

33、lue from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible，the signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other.“We have only to compare” with those words the cat is out o

34、f the bag, and the true complexity of reading is admitted. The first process, to receive impressions with the utmost understanding, is only half the process of reading； it must be completed, if we are to get the whole pleasure from a book, by another.We must pass judgment upon these multitudinous im

35、pressions; we must make of these fleeting shapes one that is hard and lasting.【答案】如果我们对此达成共识，我就可以无拘束地提出一些看法和建议，因为你不会让这些看法和建议禁锢你的独立见解，而独立见解正是读者应该具备的最重要的品质。在其他任何一个地方，我们都会受到法律和习俗的约束，唯独在读书方面没有。毋庸讳言，既然书籍有类别之分比如小说、传记、诗歌等，我们就应该将它们加以区分，并从各种不同类别的图书中获取有益的内容。倘若你从未开卷便先行犹豫退缩、有所保留、批评苛求，那么你就在妨碍自己从阅读中最大限度地获取有用价值。我们

36、必须对各种感受进行梳理和鉴别：把变幻不定的印象固化为明确和持久的感受。4. 单选题The Santa Ana appeals court upheld an earlier jury verdict awarding $ 3. 2 million in damages to Alexis Sarti who suffered serious nerve damage after a food poisoning episode at a restaurant. （1）In April 2005, Sarti ate raw tuna at the Salt Creek Grille resta

37、urant. Afterwards, she suffered from sudden paralysis and double vision. She spent the next 49 days in the hospital, and had to drop out of college for more than a year and a half after the food poisoning incident, for medical care and therapy.（2）Muscles and spasms bother her on a daily basis, altho

38、ugh she says shes used to these now. She has recovered somewhat since then. But strenuous activity is out of the question, and whats worse, she expects her situation to deteriorate as she gets older.Sarti filed a lawsuit against the restaurant, and claimed cross contamination of the tuna with a form

39、 of bacteria that exists in raw poultry.（3）The verdict was set aside by Superior Court Judge Derek W. Hunt. The 4th District Court of Appeal in Santa Ana has now overturned Judge Hunts ruling.In delivering his decision, Judge Hunt said he was constrained by a 35-year-old appellate decision that proh

40、ibits juries from assuming that cross contamination in the restaurants was the result of faulty practices of handling.The Santa Ana appeals court seems to have disregarded that older appellate decision.（4）It has been cited for in roper food storage, cross contamination and incorrect handling on thre

41、e separate instances.It was clear that the negligent food handling practices at this restaurant were responsible for a deadly cross contamination that resulted in Sards food poisoning.（5）Still, she has incurred more than a million dollars worth of medical bills, and expects to need more medical care

42、 in the future.问题1选项A.At the trial , Sards attorneys argued that Salt Creek Grille has a record of poor handling practices in its kitchens.B.Sarti said medical bills totaled about $ 1 million and she wants to put aside another $ 1 million for future expenses.C.Sarti insists that the victory is a mor

43、al, rather than monetary one.D.Once a high school cross country runner, Sarti today is unable to take part in sports like running, or other forms of extreme physical activity.E.Its a milestone decision that can now be cited across other food poisoning lawsuits.F.A jury handed down a verdict for $ 3.

44、 2 million, and Salt Creek Grille, which also has branches inNew York and New Jersey, appealed.问题2选项A.At the trial , Sards attorneys argued that Salt Creek Grille has a record of poor handling practices in its kitchens.B.Sarti said medical bills totaled about $ 1 million and she wants to put aside a

45、nother $ 1 million for future expenses.C.Sarti insists that the victory is a moral, rather than monetary one.D.Once a high school cross country runner, Sarti today is unable to take part in sports like running, or other forms of extreme physical activity.E.Its a milestone decision that can now be ci

46、ted across other food poisoning lawsuits.F.A jury handed down a verdict for $ 3. 2 million, and Salt Creek Grille, which also has branches inNew York and New Jersey, appealed.问题3选项A.At the trial , Sards attorneys argued that Salt Creek Grille has a record of poor handling practices in its kitchens.B

47、.Sarti said medical bills totaled about $ 1 million and she wants to put aside another $ 1 million for future expenses.C.Sarti insists that the victory is a moral, rather than monetary one.D.Once a high school cross country runner, Sarti today is unable to take part in sports like running, or other

48、forms of extreme physical activity.E.Its a milestone decision that can now be cited across other food poisoning lawsuits.F.A jury handed down a verdict for $ 3. 2 million, and Salt Creek Grille, which also has branches inNew York and New Jersey, appealed.问题4选项A.At the trial , Sards attorneys argued

49、that Salt Creek Grille has a record of poor handling practices in its kitchens.B.Sarti said medical bills totaled about $ 1 million and she wants to put aside another $ 1 million for future expenses.C.Sarti insists that the victory is a moral, rather than monetary one.D.Once a high school cross coun

50、try runner, Sarti today is unable to take part in sports like running, or other forms of extreme physical activity.E.Its a milestone decision that can now be cited across other food poisoning lawsuits.F.A jury handed down a verdict for $ 3. 2 million, and Salt Creek Grille, which also has branches i

51、nNew York and New Jersey, appealed.问题5选项A.At the trial , Sards attorneys argued that Salt Creek Grille has a record of poor handling practices in its kitchens.B.Sarti said medical bills totaled about $ 1 million and she wants to put aside another $ 1 million for future expenses.C.Sarti insists that

52、the victory is a moral, rather than monetary one.D.Once a high school cross country runner, Sarti today is unable to take part in sports like running, or other forms of extreme physical activity.E.Its a milestone decision that can now be cited across other food poisoning lawsuits.F.A jury handed dow

53、n a verdict for $ 3. 2 million, and Salt Creek Grille, which also has branches inNew York and New Jersey, appealed.【答案】第1题:E第2题:D第3题:F第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.联系上下文。本文第一段第一句概述了 Santa Ana案件的审判结果。而选项中只有E是总结这一审判结果的历史意义。2.联系上下文。本文第二段主要介绍了 Sarti在食品中毒后所受到的身体机能方面的损伤。选项中只有D是关于她身体所受的伤害。3.联系上下文。此空格下文的中心词“verdict”前面的定冠

54、词the使用，提示读者该词不是第一次出现在此处，而选项中只有F选项里出现了 “a verdict”。4.联系上下文。本空格下文中用到指代词“it”，而且是做“cite”的宾语，所以该代词可能指“供词”、“记录”等文件。5.联系上下文。本题空白后的句子大意为：不包括今后的治疗，受害者Sarti目前已经承受了 100多万美元的医疗费用。这句话暗指她这次胜诉与其说是金钱方面的胜诉，不如说是道义上的胜诉。5. 单选题I am prepared to make some（ ） on minor details, but I cannot compromise on fundamentals.问题1选项A

55、.confessionB.concessionC.concordD.consent【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。confession “忏悔；告解”；concession “让步；特许（权）”；concord “和谐；和睦；一致”；consent “准许；同意”。句意：在一些细节上我准备做出一些_，但是在原则上我不会妥协。根据句意可知选项B符合题意。6. 单选题She was keen to _ a cause, and has become an advocate against child obesity.问题1选项A.make upB.give upC.take upD.raise

56、 up【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. make up 组成，编造 B. give up 放弃，让出C. take up 从事，开始工作 D. raise up 举起，抬起【考查点】动词词组辨析。【解题思路】空格处和下文的“a cause（事业）”构成动宾逻辑，be keen to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“热衷于做某事”，表示她热衷于怎么样这项事业。后半句说到“已经成为反对儿童肥胖的倡导者（become an advocate）”，由此可知，这项事业指的是反对儿童肥胖，她应该是从事着反对儿童肥胖的工作并热衷于此。take up指从事某项工作，因此C选项take up“从事，开始工作”

57、最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项make up“组成，编造”指将不同的部分组合在一起或为了欺骗和娱乐而编造故事，不能和“cause（事业）”进行搭配；B选项give up“放弃，让出”指停止尝试做某事或拥有某物，与题干语义相矛盾，应该是“从事工作”而不是“放弃工作”；D选项raise up“举起，抬起”指把某物举起或移动到更高的水平，侧重于物理意义上的抬高，不能和“cause（事业）”进行搭配。【句意】她热衷于从事这项事业，并且已经成为反对儿童肥胖的倡导者。7. 单选题In 2004 and again in 2006, women told pollsters that the concer

58、ns that motivated them to decide whether and for whom to vote were centered on nontraditional “Womens issues”. Women are not single-issue voters, either. （1） In reality, womens voting patterns indicate quite the opposite.Women are not monolithic in their attitudes about, or votes within, the politic

59、al system. （2 ） .In the end, women voters ask themselves two core questions when deciding whom to support for president: “Do I like that person?” and “Is that person like me?” The first question is the classic “living room” test. The second is a more complex inquiry that probes whether women believe

60、 a candidate cars about, values, confronts, and feats he same things they do.Party loyalty trumps gender, as indicated by a July 2007 Newsweek survey, which found that 88 percent of men and 85 percent of women say that if their party nominated a woman candidate that they would vote for her if she we

61、re qualified for the job. （3）: Only 60 percent of men and 56 percent of women believe that the country is ready for a woman president. With regard to race, voters are less hesitant to vote for a qualified African-American candidate of their party，as 92 percent of whites and 93 percent of nonwhites s

62、ay that they would endorse such a candidate. （4） : Only 59 percent of white voters and 58 percent of nonwhite voters believe that the country would elect a black president.Whereas the contest for president is the most wide-open in decades, one thing is certain:（5） .问题1选项A.The medias focus on the con

63、tentious ones makes it seem as if women only care about one issue on Election Day and that it takes special attention to that issue to compel women to voteB.Traditionally, women are thought to gravitate more toward the “SHE” cluster of issues, Social Security, health care, and education, while men are considered more interested in the “WE” issues, war and the economyC.Like gender, fewer voters doubt that the coun