赵州桥英汉双语

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1、简介Brief introduction赵州桥又称安济桥（宋哲宗赐名，意为“安渡济民 ”），在河北省省会石家庄东南约四十多公里赵县城南 2.6 公里处，它横跨洨水南北两岸，建于隋朝大业元年至十一年（605 616），由匠师李春监造。距今已有1400 年的历史。因桥体全部用石料建成，俗称“大石桥 ”。时隔约 1397 年（也有些资料为大约700 年），欧洲才建成类似的石拱桥。1Zhaozhou bridge is also called AnJi bridge (Song Zhezong given name, meaning clam people),its across Xiao north

2、 and south on both sides of the water, it was built in the sui dynasty of the first year to eleven years (605-616), by the craftsman fang hj supervisor.A history of 1400 years ago.All because of the bridge built with stone, commonly known as in.About 1397 years (some data for about 700 years), Europ

3、e to build a similar bridge.该桥是一座空腹式的圆弧形石拱桥，是世界上现存最早、保存最好的巨大石拱桥。赵州桥是入选世界纪录协会世界最早的敞肩石拱桥，创造了世界之最。 河北民间将赵州桥与沧州铁狮子、定州开元寺塔、正定隆兴寺菩萨像并称为“华北四宝 ”。The bridge is a hollow circular stone bridge, is the worlds oldest and best preserved large stone bridge.Zhaozhou bridge is to be included in the world record for

4、the association between the worlds first open shoulder arch, created the most of the world.Hebei folk called zhaozhou bridge and cangzhou iron lion, dingzhou kaiyuan temple tower ,zhengding longxing tower the statue of pusa as and referred to as the treasures of north China.桥长 50.82 米，跨径 37.02 米，券高

5、7.23 米，两端宽 9.6 米 ,桥的设计完全合乎科学原理，施工技术更是巧妙绝伦。唐朝的张嘉贞说它“制造奇特， 人不知其所以为”。这座桥的特点是：（一）全桥只有一个大拱，长达37.4 米，在当时可算是世界上最长的石拱。桥洞不是普通半圆形，而是像一张弓，因而大拱上面的道路没有陡坡，便于车马上下。（二）大拱的两肩上，各有两个小拱。这是创造性的设计，不但节约了石料，减轻了桥身的重量，而且在河水暴涨的时候，还可以增加桥洞的过水量，减轻洪水对桥身的冲击。同时，拱上加拱，桥身也更美观。（三）大拱由28 道拱圈拼成，就像这么多同样形状的弓合龙在一起，作成了一个弧形的桥洞。 每道拱圈都能独立支撑上面的重量，

6、一道坏了， 其他各道不致受到影响中央拱是由28 个薄 ,弯曲的石灰岩石板与铁相吻合。这允许拱支持适应变化,甚至可以防止桥倒塌当拱的一段休息时间。The Bridge is 50.82 meters long,stretch across 37.02 meters, the arch is 7.23 meters high, 9.6 meters wide on both ends, the design of the bridge completely Conform to the scientific principle, construction technology is more ar

7、tifice .The tang dynasty Zhang Jiazhen said it fancy, people do not know its so as.The characteristics of the bridge is : one: (a) the whole bridge only has one arch, up to 37.4 meters long, can be regarded as the worlds longest stone arch at that time. The bridge opening is not ordinary semi-circle

8、, it is like a bow, so above the great arch the road without a steep slope, is convenient for the horses and chariots went up and down.(2) on the two shoulder of the arch, The bridge has two small side arches on either side of the main arch.This is a creative design, not only save the stone, reduce

9、the weight of the bridge, and at thetime of the river flood, the design also can increase flux of the water, reduce flooding on theimpact of the bridge.At the same time, the arch with arch, the bridge become more beautiful.(3)the big arch is made by 28 arch ring , like so much bow in the same shape

10、closure together, made aarc aperture of bridgeeach arch ring can sustain the weight of the above, if one of them brokenit does not affect the others work. The central arch is made of 28 thin, curved limestone slabswhich are joined with iron dovetails. This allows the arch to adjust to shifts in its

11、supports, andprevents the bridge from collapsing even when a segment of the arch breaks.（四）全桥结构匀称，和四周景色配合得十分和谐；桥上的石栏石板也雕刻得古朴美观。赵州桥高度的技术水平和不朽的艺术价值，充分显示出了我国劳动人民的智慧和力量。桥的主要设计者李春就是一位杰出的工匠，在桥头的碑文里在拱圈两肩各设有二个跨度不等的小拱，即敞肩拱，这是世界造桥史的一个创造（没有小拱的称为满肩或实肩型），这就使其比实肩拱显得空秀灵丽，既能减轻桥身自重，节省材料，又便于人类活动、增加美观，赵州桥的设计构思和工艺的精巧，不

12、仅在我国古桥是首屈一指，据世界桥梁的考证，像这样的敞肩拱桥，欧洲到19 世纪中期才出现，比我国晚了一千二百多年。(4) the structure of the whole bridge is symmetry, is harmony with the scenery around ;The bridge carved boulder fence is simplicity and beautiful like.Zhaozhou bridge which has a high degree of technical level and great artistic value, fully s

13、hows the peoples wisdom and strength of our country.The main designer Chun Li is an outstanding craftsman, in the inscription of the bridge in the arch ring shoulders with two small arch, namely a open-spandrel bridge, this is one of the most creative design of the world bridge history (no small arc

14、h is called a full shoulder or solid shoulder type), which can not only reduce bridge weight, saving material, and convenient for human activities, increase the aesthetics, the design concept and the technology of the zhaozhou bridge is exquisite, not only is second to none in our ancient country br

15、idge , according to theworld sbridge history textual research, the worlds open shoulder arch bridge like this ,haven t appeared until the middle of the 19th century in Europe, is later than our country for over one thousand two hundred years2、结构根基1979 年 5 月，由中国科学院自然史组等四个单位组成联合调查组，对赵州桥的桥基进行了调查，自重为280

16、0 吨的赵州桥，而它的根基只是有五层石条砌成高1.56 米的桥台，直接建在自然砂石上。这么浅的桥基简直令人难以置信，梁思成先生1933 年考察时还认为这只是防水流冲刷而用的金刚墙，而不是承纳桥券全部荷载的基础。他在报告中写道：2.structurerootsIn May 1979, a investigation team which is grouped by the natural history of the Chinese academy of sciences and other three organization , they made a investigation for t

17、he zhaozhou bridge pier.The weight of the zhaozhou bridge is 2800 tons , and the foundation of it is just made of five layer stone into a 1.56 meters high abutment, built on the natural sand and stone.the bridge foundation is so shallow that is so incredible, when Sicheng Liang is investigate in 193

18、3 also think its just the wall of king kong which prevent the current scour , but not the foundation undertake the full load of the bridge .He wrote in a report:“为要实测券基，我们在北面券脚下发掘，但在现在河床下约70-81厘米，即发现承在券下平置的石壁。石共五层，共高1.58 米，每层较上 层稍出台，下面并无坚实的基础，分明只是防水流冲刷而用的金刚墙，而非承纳桥券全部荷载的基础。因再下30-40厘米便即见水，所以除非大规模的发掘，实

19、无法到达我们据学理推测的大座桥基的位置。”In order to test foundation, we excavated at the foot of the north foundation , but under the river bed now about 70-81 cm, which found that the stone walls laid under the arch. A total of five stone, a total of 1.58 meters high, each layer on - a little higher than the last, th

20、ere is no solid foundation, its just the wall of king kong which prevent the current scour , but not the foundation undertake the full load of the bridge . For the next 30 to 40 cm becomes see water again, so unless large-scale excavation, we cannot reach the big bridge foundation position according

21、 to our major knowledge .中国桥梁学家茅以升的中国石拱桥中也提到。赵州桥建于公元605 年距今 1400 多年，经历了 10 次水灾， 8 次战乱和多次地震，特别是 1966 年3 月8 日邢台发生7.6 级地震，赵州桥距离震中只有40 多公里，都没有被破坏，著名桥梁专家茅以升说，先不管桥的内部结构，仅就它能够存在1400 多年就说明了一切。1963 年的水灾大水淹到桥拱的龙嘴处，据当地的老人说，站在桥上都能感觉桥身很大的晃动。据记载，赵州桥自建成至今共修缮9 次。China bridge expert Mao Yisheng is also mentioned in

22、his bookChinese stone arch bridge. Zhaozhou bridge was built in 605 AD, 1400 years ago, has experienced 10 times floods, eight wars and earthquakes for many times, especially on March 8, 1966, a magnitude 7.6 earthquake in xingtai, the zhaozhou bridge is only 40 kilometers away from the quake epicen

23、ter, are not destroyed.Well-known bridge expert MAO yisheng said, regardless of the internal structure of the bridge, it can improve everything just by it have exist for over 1400 years.The flood in 1963 flooding to the bridge arch mouth of the dragon, according to the local old man said, ”standing

24、on the bridge can feel great shaking . ”According to the record, the zhaozhou bridge only repair for nine times since build up.拱形赵州桥的拱用于跨度比较小的桥梁比较合适，而大跨度的桥梁选用半圆形拱，就会使拱顶很高， 造成桥高坡陡、车马行人过桥非常不便。二是施工不利，半圆形拱石砌石用的脚手架就会很高，增加施工的危险性。为此，李春和工匠们一起创造性地采用了圆弧拱形式，使石拱高度大大降低。赵州桥的主孔净跨度为37.02 米，而拱高只有7.23 米，拱高和跨度之比为 1： 5

25、 左右，这样就实现了低桥面和大跨度的双重目的，桥面过渡平稳，车辆行人非常方便， 而且还具有用料省、施工方便等优点。当然圆弧形拱对两端桥基的推力相应增大，需要对桥基的施工提出更高的要求。archArch bridge is suitable for the bridge which span is small, and large span bridge is often chose semi-circle arch , makes the vault is very high, the bridge high and grade is high, so is very inconvenienc

26、e and not safe for the horses and pedestrian go on the bridge. Secondly, it isn tgood for the construction, the semicircle arch stone with a high scaffold, increase the risk of construction. Therefore, Chun Li and the craftsmen get together creatively adopted the form of circular arch, which can red

27、uced the height of the arch greatly. Zhaozhou bridge, the main hole span of 37.02 meters, and the arch is only 7.23 meters high, arch height and span ratio is about 1:5, thus to realize the low deck and the double purpose of large span, not only make the slope more gentle, traffic is very convenient

28、, but also has the advantages of save materials, convenient for construction.Of course circular arch have larger thrust on both ends of the bridge foundation, need to put forward higher requirements to the construction of bridge foundation.敞肩是李春对拱肩进行的重大改进，把以往桥梁建筑中采用的实肩拱改为敞肩拱，即在大拱两端各设两个小拱，靠近大拱脚的小拱净跨为

29、3 8 米，另一拱的净跨为2.8 米。这种大拱加小拱的敞肩拱具有优异的技术性能，首先，可以增加泄洪能力，减轻拱可洪水季节由于水量增加而产生的洪水对桥的冲击力。古代佼河每逢汛期，水势较大， 对桥的泄洪能力是个考验，四个小拱就可以分担部分洪流。据计算四个小拱增加过水面积16%左右，大大降低洪水对大桥的影响，提高大桥的安全性。Open-spandrelthe open-spandrel is a special improvement on spandrel which is Chun Li gave, change the traditional full-spandrel arch to the

30、 open-spandrel arch, is to set two small arch on the both end of the big arch ,the one which near the big arch sfoot spans 3.8 meters, another arch spans 2.8meters. The open-spandrel which is big arch plus small arch has excellent technical performance, first of all, can increase the capacity of red

31、uce the flood, reduce the force that the flood give the bridge arch in rainy season. In acient river Jiao ,during flood season, the force of the water is verybig,is a test for the bridge, four small arch can share part of the flood.it is calculated that,foursmall arch increase the water area is abou

32、t 16%, greatly reduce the effects of the flooding on the bridge, and improve the safety of the bridge.其次，敞肩拱比实肩拱可节省大量土石材料，减轻桥身的自重。据计算四个小拱可以节省石料26 立方米，减轻自身重量700 吨，从而减少桥身对桥台和桥基的垂直压力和水平推力，增加桥梁的稳固。第三、增加了造型的优美，四个小拱均衡对称，大拱与小拱构成一幅完整的图画， 显得更加轻巧秀丽，体现建筑和艺术的完整统一。第四、符合结构力学理论，敞肩拱式结构在承载时使桥梁处于有利的状况，可减少主拱圈的变形，提高了桥梁

33、的承载力和稳定性。Second, open-spandrel arch can save a lot of stone material compare to a full-spandrel arch, and also reduce the weight of a bridge. It is calculated that four small arch can save stone 26 cubic meters, reducing its weight of 700 tons, thus reducing the vertical stress and horizontal thrust

34、 to the bridge abutment and the bridge foundation , make the bridge firmer. Third, increase the beauty of the bridge, four small arch is symmetrical, the big arch and small arch form a complete picture, looks more beautiful and light, reflect associative perception of the architecture art . Fourth,

35、accord with the theory of structural mechanics, open-spandrel arch structure make the bridge in favorable conditions, can reduce the deformation of the main arch ring, can improve the bearing capacity and stability of the bridge.单孔中国古代的传统建筑方法，一般比较长的桥梁往往采用多孔形式，这样每孔的跨度小、坡度平缓，便于修建。但是多孔桥也有缺点，如桥墩多，既不利于舟船

36、航行，也妨碍洪水宣泄；桥墩长期受水流冲击、侵蚀，天长日久容易塌毁。因此，李春在设计大桥的时候，采取了单孔长跨的形式，河心不立桥墩，使石拱跨径长达37 米之多。这是中国桥梁史上的空前创举。A single bridge openingUse ancient Chinese traditional building method, generally, longer Bridges often take the form of many opening, so that each the span of each arch is small, gentle slope, convenient fo

37、r construction.But many opening bridge also has disadvantages, such as have more bridge pier, is not convenience to sailing boat, also prevent floods; Bridge pier is impacted and erosion by the water for a long time, disrepair over easily. Therefore, while Chun Li the design of the bridge, take the

38、form of single span long span, don tset a pier in the middle of the river , make stone arch span more than 37 meters .This is unprecedented design in the history of Chinese bridge.3、建筑原理赵州桥桥址选择比较合理，使桥基稳固牢靠李春根据自己多年丰富的实践经验，经过严格周密勘查、比较，选择了洨河两岸较为平直的地方建桥。这里的地层是由河水冲积而成，地层表面是久经水流冲涮的粗砂层，以下是细石、粗石、细砂和粘土层。根据现代

39、测算，这里的地层每平方厘米能够承受4.5 到6.6公斤的压力，而赵州桥对地面的压力为每平方厘米5 6 公斤，能够满足大桥的要求。选定桥址后在上面建造地基和桥台。建桥历经1400年，桥基仅下沉了5 厘米，说明这里的地层非常适合于建桥。3 construction principleThe zhaozhou bridge located in a most suitable location , make the bridge foundation solid Chun Li according to his rich practical experience of many years , ma

40、de many strict careful exploration and comparison, choose a place that relatively flat on both sides of the Xiao river .The formation is composed of the river alluvial here, the surface is the coarse sand under the water washing, the following is a fine stone, coarse stone, fine sand and clay floors

41、. According to the modern measurement, the stratum can bear 4.5-6.6kg per square centimeter , and the groundpressure of zhaozhou bridge for 5-6 kg per square centimeter, can satisfy the requirements of thebridge . After selected the bridge location, than built the foundation and abutment . After 140

42、0 years, the subsidence of the bridge foundation is only 5 cm,It is explain that the stratum of there is very suitable to built a bridge here.赵州桥的砌置方法新颖、施工修理方便李春就地取材，选用附近州县生产的质地坚硬的青灰色砂石作为建桥石料。在石拱砌置方法上，均采用了纵向（顺桥方向）砌置方法，就是整个大桥是由28 道各自独立的拱券沿宽度方向并列组合而成；拱厚皆为1.03 米，每券各自独立、单独操作，相当灵活。每券砌完全合拢后就成一道独立拼券砌完一道供券，

43、移动承担重量的“鹰架 ”，再砌另一道相邻拱。这种砌法有很多优点，它既可以节省制作“鹰架 ”所用的木材， 便于移动， 同时又利于桥的维修，一道拱券的石块损坏了，只要嵌入新石，进行局部修整就行了，而不必对整个桥进行调整。三）在保持大桥稳定性方面采取了许多严密措施为了加强各道拱券间的横向联系，使28 道拱组成一个有机整体，连接紧密牢固，李春采取了一系列技术措施。The masonry method of the Zhaozhou bridge is novel, repair, construction is convenientChun Li choose local materials, cho

44、ose hard green gray sandstone produced in nearby counties asthe bridge stone. The masonry method ofthe stone arch adopt the longitudinal masonry method(along the direction of the bridge), That is the whole bridge is composed of 28 separate arch along the width direction in parallel combination ;The

45、arch is 1.03 meters thick, every arch are independent and separate operation, each arch is quite flexible .Each arch was built by laying bricks or stones after fold it into a completely independent arch laid , move the scaffoldingwhich is use to bear weight, and moson other arch.This kind of build b

46、ymethod has manyadvantages, it can save the wood used in the making scaffolding, easy to move, and also benefitfor the maintenance of the bridge. If the stone of the archdamaged, just embedded in the newstone, trimming locally, rather than having to adjust the whole bridge.3) in keeping the stabilit

47、y of the bridge, has taken many measures in order to strengthen the horizontal linkages between arches, 28 arches that make up a whole bridge, compact connection , Chun Li has adopted a series of technical measures.1、每一拱券采用了下宽上窄、略有“收分 ”的方法，使每个拱券向里倾斜，相互挤靠，增强其横向联系，以防止拱石向外倾倒；在桥的宽度上也采用了少量“收分 ”的办法，就是从桥的两

48、端到桥顶逐渐收缩宽度，从最宽9.6 米收缩到9 米，以加强大桥的稳定性。1, each arch used wide and narrow, slightly closed method, to make every arch tilt inside, crowded on each other, enhance its lateral connection, in order to prevent the stone dumping outward; on the width of the bridge also use the method of closed, is shrink wid

49、th gradually from the ends of the bridge to the top of the bridge, from the widest 9.6 meters to the narrowest 9 meters wide ,in order to strengthen the stability of the bridge.2、在主券上均匀沿桥宽方向设置了5 个铁拉杆，穿过28 道拱券，每个拉杆的两端有半圆形杆头露在石外，以夹住28 道拱券，增强其横向联系。在4 个小拱上也各有一根铁拉杆起同样作用。2, On the main arch on width direc

50、tion along the bridge set up five iron stick symmetrically, through the 28 arch, at both ends of each stick it has the semicircular rod outside the stone, to grip the 28 arch, enhance its horizontal contact. On the four small arch also have the same iron rod effect on a same effection.3、在靠外侧的几道拱石上和两

51、端小拱上盖有护拱石一层，以保护拱石；在护拱石的两侧设有勾石 6 块，勾住主拱石使其连接牢固。3, on the outside of a few voussoir and small arch on both ends with a storey protection layerstone , in order to protect the arches; On both sides of the protection of voussoir sets 6 block of stone that has hook on it, the hook makes the arches connect

52、ion is firm.4、为了使相邻拱石紧紧贴合在一起，在两侧外券相邻拱石之间都穿有起连接作用的“腰铁”，各道券之间的相邻石块也都在拱背穿有“腰铁 ”，把拱石连锁起来。而且每块拱石的侧面都凿有细密斜纹， 以增大摩擦力， 加强各券横向联系。 这些措施的采取使整个大桥连成一个紧密整体，增强了整个大桥的稳定性和可靠性。4, In order to make the adjacent voussoir joint together tightly, between the adjacent arches outside on both sides of the arches are in conne

53、ction with the function of waist iron, the adjacent stones between every arch are also has the“ waistiron ” ontheir back arch , chain up the voussoir. And one side of each piece of voussoir have chiseled fine twill, to increase the force friction, strengthen the horizontal linkages. The measures mak

54、e the whole bridge together as a whole entirety , enhance the stability and reliability of the whole bridge.平拱即扁弧形拱的形式，既增加了桥的稳定性和承重能力，又方便了人畜在桥上通行。The form of a flat arch is flat curved arch, it can increase the stability and bearing capacity of the bridge, and convenient for people and animals walk

55、on the bridge.4 三绝“券”小于半圆Quiet 4arch less than semi-circle中国习惯上把弧形的桥洞、门洞之类的建筑叫做“券 ”。一般石桥的券，大都是半圆形。但赵州桥跨度很大， 从这一头到那一头有37.04 米。如果把券修成半圆形， 那桥洞就要高18.52米。这样车马行人过桥，就好比越过一座小山，非常费劲。 赵州桥的券是小于半圆的一段弧，这既减低了桥的高度，减少了修桥的石料与人工，又使桥体非常美观，很像天上的长虹。Chinese is use to called the arc-shaped bridge opening and door opening

56、as arch. The arch of general stone bridge, mostly are semicircle. But the zhaozhou bridge span is very big, from end to end is 37.04 meters. If the made the arch into semicircle, the bridge opening will be 18.52 mhigh .Such horses and chariots, pedestrian went through the bridge, is just like over a

57、 hill, is very difficult . The arch of the Zhaozhou bridge, is less than half of an arc, not only can reduce the height of the bridge, but also saved stone and labour, made the bridge is very beautiful, like a long rainbow in the sky.在主拱券的上边两端又各加设了二个小拱，一，可节省材料，二，减少桥身自重（减少自重 15%），而且能增加桥下河水的泄流量。三，使桥身更

58、加美观。On top of the main arch ends added two small arch, first, can save material, second, reduce the bridge weight (reducing weight of 15%), and can increase the discharge of water under the bridge.Third make the bridge is more beautiful.“撞”空而不实Bump empty and not full券的两肩叫 “撞 ”。一般石桥的撞都用石料砌实，但赵州桥的撞没有砌

59、实，而是在券的两肩各砌一两个弧形的小券。这样桥体增加了四个小券，大约节省了一百八十立方米石料，使桥的重量减轻了大约500 吨。而且， 当洨河涨水时，一部分水可以从小券往下流，既可以使水流畅通，又减少了洪水对桥的冲击，保证了桥的安全。The shoulders of arch called zhuang ”.general Stone bridge zhuang are commonly used stone build by laying bricks or stones, but the zhaozhou bridge szhuang haven tbuild by laying brick

60、s or stones, but made one or two arc arch on the arch. So the bridge increased four small arch, saved about one hundred and eighty cubic meters of stone,reduce the weight of the bridge for about 500 tons. And, when the river Xiao have tide, part of the water can be across from the small arches and ,

61、 can make the water flow, and reduce the impact of the floods to the bridge and ensure the safety of the bridge.洞砌并列式Build the hole by laying bricks or juxtaposition它用二十八道小券并列成9.6 米宽的大券。 可是用并列式砌， 各道窄券的石块间没有相互联系，不如纵列式坚固。为了弥补这个缺点，建造赵州桥时，在各道窄券的石块之间加了铁钉，使它们连成了整体。用并列式修造的窄券，即使坏了一个，也不会牵动全局，修补起来容易，而且在修桥时也不影

62、响桥上交通。It says that it was used 28 small arches tied into a 9.6 meters wide big arch . But with paratactic build by bricks or stones, the stones don thave correlation between each narrow arches, are not as solid as in line . In order to make up for this shortcoming, as built the zhaozhou bridge, added iron nail between each narrow arches, make them together as a entirety .With juxtapositionin the work of narrow arch, even if one of them broken, will not affect the