高职高专计算机网络专业人才培养和课程体系综合改革与实践

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1、 高职高专计算机网络专业人才培养和课程体系综合改革与实践    摘要：高职高专计算机网络专业人才培养应从分析岗位群入手，确定人才培养方向与课程体系结构。其课程体系结构由基础素质性课程、专业能力性课程和专业发展性课程等构成，而且需要对应的课程群来支持，还需要教师、计划、环境、考评等方面的支持。    关键词：高职高专；计算机网络专业；人才培养；岗位群；课程体系；课程群；教学计划       随着网络技术的发展和广泛应用，计算机网络技术专业应运而生，成为高职高专院校计算机专业新的

2、生长点。现以开封大学信息工程学院计算机网络专业为例，探讨其人才培养方向、课程体系及课程群的改革与实践。    一、计算机网络专业人才培养方向的确立学院计算机网络技术专业从1998年开始筹建， 2000年招生，至今已有3届毕业生，历年招生人数逐年上升。近几年，学院调查了计算机网络专业在企业、机关、公司、学校等部门的应用情况，特别注意对分布在长三角和珠三角的毕业生就业岗位进行跟踪调查，根据反馈情况和调查整理，总结出网络专业的职业岗位群，提炼出了较为热门的数个岗位，并作了相关分析 (见表1)，作为专业和课程建设的依据。    &n

3、bsp; 通过以上主要岗位就业率的分析，计算网络专业人才培养方向基本可确定为：网络工程、网站建设与发布、网络编程等。其专业特色既区别于研究生、本科教育培养的网络软件技术开发师、网络系统集成师，更不同于中技类学校培养的网络操作员、网络维护员，培养面向中小型企业；公司、学校、行政事业单位的网络管理员、网站开发设计员、网络安全与维护员，同时具备一定的网络工程设计能力、网络软件的阅读能力和初步的开发能力，经过几年的实践锻炼将成为面向应用领域的网络工程师。网络工程重在网络技术原理、网络互联技术、网络产品与技术的销售、培训、网络管理与安全以及工程设计与实施等知识的应用；网站建设重在网页制作技术、网络数据库

4、技术、网络编程技术、网站管理与安全、信息发布等知识的应用；网络编程重在程序的阅读、程序调试与简单程序开发等知识的运用。    二、人才培养与课程体系结构分析    计算机网络专业必须围绕岗位群设置课程群支撑体系，课程改革也必须围绕岗位群以知识建构和应用能力培养为重点。对网络专业课程体系来说，按由低年级到高年级的顺序，其结构应该由基础素质性课程、专业能力性课程和专业发展性课程等构成，而且各阶段需有对应的课程群来支撑。基础素质性课程是专业能力性课程和应用性课程的 基础，重点是培养学生的知识、智力基础；专业能力性课程是基础素质性课

5、程的延升，是发展性课程的有力支撑，侧重于学生对专业基础知识构建能力的培养；专业发展性课程是前两者的目的，注重学生的发展性能力和创造性能力的培养，它直接面对就业岗位群。网络专业课程体系结构如图1所示。      不同阶段课程群之间存在着相互嵌套、融合、渗透的关系，有些不能截然划分。专业能力性课程群中，前期有几门课程也可看成基础素质性课程，有些后期开设的课程可看成专业发展性课程，这时就要参考岗位群的需要，将共性的部分归人能力性课程群。比如有些课程偏重于网络工程方向，又是学习网站建设必要的准备；有些课程偏重于网站建设，又是网络工程和网络编程所必需的。

6、图中网络编程用虚线表示，主要是考虑到该方向对高职高专的目标培养来说要求较高，适合个别有发展潜力的学生对象，暂不作为专业人才培养的主要方向。    三、课程体系与课程群关联分析    在较为科学的课程体系结构指导下，按照专业人才培养目标和方向，围绕职业岗位群所需，计算机网络专业课程体系与各阶段课程群分布如图2所示。      为突出应用、强化能力，从传统的计算机网络基础中分离出数据通信与网络、TCPIP基础两门课；为紧盯网络技术应用，开设了Linux用户管理、Linux网络管理、网络安全

7、技术等课程。由于加大了专业课程的开设比例，本着够用的原则，对许多基础性课程进行了整合，如将高等数学改为计算机数学，将微机原理、接口电路和汇编语言整合为微机原理与接口等。     C语言程序设计是程序设计的基础，该课程的开设，不仅是让学生掌握C语言本身的特点，更重要是学会程序设计的思想，为此后续学期中又有针对性地开设了程序阅读，结合学过的原理与接口汇编语言、操作系统原理等，主要以应用案例形式授课，引领学生在专业课程中学会应用，比如结合源代码开放Linux系统进行内和程序段的阅读理解等。同时，要把握能力课要学好，对内容讲深讲透、掌握牢固，发展性课程要学活，精讲多练，以

8、实验实训和课程设计为主，让学生主动去发展、创造。    考虑到高职计算机网络专业网络管理的岗位群占有较大比例，网络服务器的配置与管理，包括网站的建设与维护大都在Linux网络服务器上进行，所以从2004年开始学院把操作系统平台及应用软件向Linux+Apache+php+mysql的“黄金组合”转移，收到良好的效果。    网络安全这门课程应用性很强，涉及的专业知识比较宽泛，是网络专业能力课和主干课程的深入发展，数据库、Web编程、网络工程等都涉及网络安全问题，不仅要从网络工程角度去规划网络安全内容，还要针对硬件和软件具体去配置安全的

9、细节，甚至要去编程调试。    按照职业岗位群的3个大的分布情况，所有课程最终自然落实到3门课程上来，它们是网络工程、PHP与Mysql、网络安全，每门课程都安排了大量的实训案例，具体安排上可以按每周68个课时来组织，让学生学以致用。    整个课程体系中还有一个辅助性课程群，即选修课，合理设置的选修课成为专业课的必要补充。    四、课程体系的重要支撑    (一)高素质的教师队伍    一批高素质的“双师型”专业教师队伍是支撑课程体系实施的基

10、本前提。学院部分教师曾经在研究所、公司、企业干过工程或项目，所有任课教师经过专业培训，均获取了多个厂方如华为、思科及神州数码等的IT认证证书、网络高级讲师证书等。    (二)科学的课程与教学计划    围绕岗位群科学制定专业教学计划、课程理论教学计划、实验实训计划以及毕业实习与毕业设计计划。特别是实验实训计划要针对岗位群，其内容要详尽，计划要有可操作性。实践(实验、实1训、实习)是条主线，它贯穿教学计划的始终，要围绕这条主线展开课程的设置与实施。学院聘请企事业单位的领导和技术骨干组建了专业指导委员会，不定期召开会议，讨论和指导专业建

11、设、教学计划、课程改革、实践教学等，为人才培养制定“规格”。    分析、研究近些年来高职高专有关“就业导向”、 “订单式”培养、“平台+方向”、“能力目标、岗位群所需”等成功经验，融合这些特色，最终都要归结到教学计划上来。计划要体现“静”与“动”的结合。所谓“静”是指相对静止，具体来说对那些专业基础课是基础平台，对于基本操作、基础理论、原理、程序设计思想等内容，在3年中除了对之进行调整、更新外，课程的本质性质不变；  “动”是绝对的，指的是专业发展性课程群随岗位群需求而动，随行业技术的新发展而动，它设计得好与坏也是体现高职高专特色的一个主要因

12、素。学院教学计划每年一大动，主要是指每年春季为新一届学生制定3年教学计划；每学期一小动，又称为对教学计划的修订，根据行业技术发展、市场用人及毕业生就业反馈情况调整部分或个别课程。    科学设置课程，进一步整合教学内容。课程群各组成课程之间应关系密切、逻辑性强，知识应具有递进性，内容切块相对科学，便于组织教学。教学内容应具有明显的时代性、先进性；大量使用CAI改善教学效果，增大教学内容的容量和技术信息量。对专业发展性课程应保证理论教学和实践教学总学时数之比接近1：1.2，体现以应用技能为主的思想，技能和素质培养体系更趋完善。在2000年的培养方案中，实践、实训环节

13、占总学时的比例为384，2002年调整为402，2004年调整为445。    (三)完善的实验设备与实验实训环境    不仅要购置高中低档不同规格的网络设备，更要动手搭建实验实训的真实环境。学院主要是通过与神州数码网络公司合作，紧密结合教师培训和学生的专业认证考试，收效明显。    (四)考评制度不拘一格    学生成绩的评定主要包括：课程考核总评：平时成绩(出勤+理论作业+实验)+实践成绩(实训或课程设计)+期末考试成绩，最后再折合为所修学分。另外，学院推出多证书、以证代

14、考、免修免考等政策，鼓励学生多拿证书，以证代考，坚持成绩评估持证者优的原则，实行近4年时间，效果很好。另外，职业素质教育3年不断线，主要以企业、公司领导、有成就的往届毕业生代表以及实习带队教师等作报告的形式，让学生走出校门之前在心理上和职业素质上作好充分准备，力争做到“零距离”对接。    五、结束语多年来，学院致力于围绕职业岗位群进行课程体系构建与实施，但在具体实践中仍存在一些问题和不足。如职业岗位群的确定是一个长期、复杂、细致而又专业的工作，需要专业教师去调研，但骨干教师身肩繁重的授课任务，往往很难抽出专门的时间去做这项工作；网络技术本身具有“高、精、尖、快”

15、的特点，如何保持教材和课程群建设相协调是课程群建设所面临的两难问题；实践实训环境如何满足培养方案以及学生个性化培养的需要也应进一步研究；课程群是由内容相关的若干课程组成，任何课程内容的变化都需要课程群内其他课程内容的调整与之对应，否则体现不出针对性、先进性和应用性等特点；岗位群的确定、课程群建设特别是支撑体系的建设等都面临着一系列问题，如果经费解决不了，课程体系的构建和实施则很难切实完成。 参考文献1张胤基于Intemet的课程抉择与实施模式之初步探讨J教育理论与实践，2001，(9) 2顾志良，刘智高职教育教学基本建设的探索与实践J北京联合大学学报，2001，(7) 3李冬等网络技

16、术及工程课程群建设改革与探索J职业技术教育(教科版)，2002，(31) 4杨进中国职业教育教学改革与课程建设挑战与对策J职业技术教育(教科版)，2004，(2) 5王兴辉对现代教育技术学专业课程体系的探讨 J教育技术研究，2001(3)organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations

17、 advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots

18、 League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the st

19、rengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department

20、working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in

21、municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all l

22、evels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously i

23、mplement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the coun

24、ty grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist country

25、side, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promot

26、e grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time

27、, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) t

28、o strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committ

29、ee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengt

30、hen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot

31、 and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and

32、increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give ful

33、l play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. T

34、he association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification manageme

35、nt, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations t

36、hree young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strength

37、en the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do st

38、atistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of

39、theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Com

40、munist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session o

41、f the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, eman

42、cipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majori

43、ty of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide th

44、e youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and bread

45、th. To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out educa

46、tion as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook o

47、n Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought,

48、inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch c

49、lub, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the s

50、tudy and implementation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic a

51、nd social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, actively join the construction of socialist harmonious society.(two) to strengthen the ideological and mora

52、l construction of teenagers. Thoroughly implement the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Improving Civic Morality to minors and students as focus groups, to strengthen and improve the ideological and moral construction of minors and the ideological and political educati

53、on of college students. Make full use of the spirit and the spirit of the Three Gorges migrants Hongyan XX unique the use of educational resources, school, into the team, the league, to join the party, adult occasions, extensive Hongyan spirit generation theme education activities. Use of holidays a

54、nd leisure time, youth organizations three rural areas, four communities, four and moral practice, guide the youth Youth to enhance national pride, self-esteem and self-confidence, to establish the trend of the times and adapt to the trend of thinking, value orientation and behavior.(three) innovati

55、ve ways and means of ideological education. Grasp the new trend of the development of the times, the new hot new features and social ideological status of young people, to further explore the methods of ideological education using modern technology and communication mode of education make lively and

56、 vivid, fully embodies the close to reality, close to life, close to the young principle through the cultivation and selection. Hongyan demonstration group, good boy, Hongyan Hongyan Youth and other forms of more scientific use of advanced typical influence and promote youth, and strive to create ad

57、vocating advanced, learning advanced, striving to advance a good atmosphere.Two, in order to forge ahead with the motherland, and XX with the development as its theme, guide the youth to build a common ideological basis for the construction of a socialist harmonious society(a) grasp the theme of the

58、 purpose of the activity. The go ahead with the motherland in the youth, and XX with the development of theme educational activities. Vigorously promote patriotism as the core of the national spirit and reform and innovation as the core spirit of the times, the combination of youth with common ideal

59、s and beliefs, with great achievements in socialist modernization the motivation of youth, the youth to enhance self-confidence, sense of mission and responsibility to educate and guide the youth to personal pursuit into the common pursuit of all people, their personal struggle into the great practi

60、ce of building socialism China characteristics, further firmly follow the party China characteristics The confidence and determination of the socialist road, and build the common ideological foundation of the young people to build a socialist harmonious society.(two) rich theme activities. By carryi

61、ng out the two generation dialogue , in my eyes, the charm of XX situation and policy through activities such as lectures, report, seminars, theatrical performances, mass cultural activities, to help young people understand Chinas reform and opening up the extraordinary journey and brilliant achieve

62、ments achieved fruitful results, to understand the citys economic and social development since the new XX, so that young people understand, love the new XX, and then to the construction of the new XX, a firm with the party on the road to socialism with China characteristics of faith; make full use o

63、f the 54, 61, National Day and the commemoration of the 85 anniversary of the founding of the red In the 70 anniversary of the victory of the long march and other major activities, the favorable opportunity of major events and major festivals, to carry out educational activities, promote the theme e

64、ducation activities continue to create momentum, the rise of high tide, popular. Further study, promotion of Scientific Outlook on Development, to carry out a wide range of situation and policy education, the development prospect of the future of the motherland and XX, guiding the youth to continue

65、enhance the sense of mission and responsibility, in the implementation of the 11th Five-Year planning and building a well-off society in the historical process of contributions. Be enthusiastic and press on.Three, to lead the trend of youth service, cultural city youth culture is taking action, and promote new progress in the construction of youth 11 / 11organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovatio