目---录(高考英语语法)(共90页)

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上目 录 一.主谓一致 1 二.含否定式的比较 4 三.定语从句 5 四.名词性从句 10 五.情态动词 14 六.虚拟语气 20 七.倒装 25 八.反意疑问句 29 九.反意疑问句疑难 31 十.名词的用法 34 十一.名词的疑难问题 0 十二.数词 41 十三.时态 43 十四.冠词的用法 51 十五.代词 56 十六.现在分词 62 十七.过去分词 66 十八.动名词 69 十九.不定式 73 二十.非谓语动词小结 81 廿一.独立结构 84 廿二.更正 87主 谓 一 致一、语法形式上的一致关系 （一）and(conj）连接两个并列的主语： 小结：(1)and

2、(conj)连接两个并列主语时，一般应视为复数。 （2）当两个并列主语指同一种（类）东西或同一身份的人时， 且and 后的名词 前通常无冠词，此时谓语动词应选单数。 （3）并列主语前被 no，every，each ，many a 修饰时，谓语用单数。 （4）如并列主语指成双成对的物品时，谓语动词用单数形式。 （二）句中含附加成份（或插入语），就远原则 小结：主语是单数形式，后面跟有(together)with, as well as , rather than,except,besides, along with. 等插入语，无论这些插入语后是带复数形式还是单数形式，谓语动词选用单数. （三）

3、就近原则 （1）两个主语用or,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also等连接，谓语应与相邻的主语保持人称和数的一致。 （2）在there is ,here is或其它状语提前的倒装句中，谓语动词形式亦应体现就近原则。二、意义上的一致 (一)表示时间、价格、距离、长度、重量、等复数和名词（词组）作主语可视为整体概念，谓语动词可用单数。例如： (1) Five years is needed to realize the plan. (2) A million pounds is a large sum of money. (3) Twenty miles was

4、 covered in a single night.(二)作主语用的集体名词:class,family,team,group,village,crew,crowd,committee 等若将其看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数，若看作若干个体,谓语则可用复数， 例如： (1) The committee is made up of seven members. (2) The committee were unanimous (全体一致的) in their opinion. (3) There is (are) a crowd of people in the park. （三）一些形式上是单数

5、，意义上是复数的名词如: people,public,police,cattle,militia(民兵)等作主语时，谓语一般用复数。例如： (1) There were many people present at the gathering. (2) The police are looking for the criminal (罪犯). (3) The cattle (牛群) are grazing in the fields. 注： 当public 强调整体时，police指警方时，谓语动词也可用单数。 (1) The public is the best judge. (2) The

6、 police is offering a reward to anyone who can give information about the lost boy. （四）一些形式上是复数，意义上是单数的名词 作主语，如 physics, news, means,politics, mathematics, the United States, the United Nations 等，谓语应视为单数，而另一组如 trousers, glasses, clothes, scissors (剪刀),shoes等形式上是复数，意义上是单数的名词 作主语时，谓语则用复数。 （注：当这些名词前有 a

7、 pair of 时，谓语用单数）如： (1) Every means has been tried. (2) The United States is one of the largest countries in the world. (3) My trousers are being washed. 注：means 被all 所修饰时，动词用复数。三、其它情况的主谓一致：（一）动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语，谓语动词可用单数。（二）what 和 all 引导的从句的数往往取决于后面的成份。如： (1) What I bought was leather. (2) What he

8、has are the books on the table. (3) All I need is knowledge. (4) All she has got are those gifts. 注：当从句表示所说的话、所做的事这一概念时，谓语动词应视为单数。如： (1) What he said is true. (2) What he said has left us much to think about .（三）all,some,most,percent,half,part,none,及分数做主语，要根据它们后面所修饰的词决定谓语的数，如修饰的是可数名词复数，则谓语动词用复数，如是不可

9、数名词 谓语动词用单数。(四)something,anything,nothing,somebody,nobody,everybody,either, neither,each等不定代词作主语时，谓语动词应用单数。（五）“定冠词the+某些形容词（或过去分词），表示一类人时，动词要用复数，若指东西或思维活动时，通常被看作单数：（六）“the number of”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，“a number of”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 含否定式的比较no more than = onlynot more than = at mostno more. than = not any m

10、ore than 和一样不 not more.than = not so as 没有到程度 no less than = as much / many as 多达not less than = at least 最少no less. than = asas 和一样not less.than = 至少不比差, 也许更He has no more than 10 dollars.=onlyHe has not more than 10 dollars.= at mostHe is no more mad than I am.=He is not mad , nor am I.= He is not

11、 mad any more than I.He is not more mad than I am.= He is not so mad as I.(I比He更)He has no less than 10 dollars. 多达=as much asHe has not less than 10 dollars.= He has at least 10 dollar. 最少He is no less rich than his sister.=as rich asHe is not less rich than his sister.= He is as rich as, or richer

12、 than, his sister.定 语 从 句（形容词从句）一、定语从句的概念： 1、中文的定语通常放在名词 前，由的表示，一本好的书 （有时“的”可省略） 2、英语的定语则有好几种： （1）前置定语： 由形容词 、名词、现在分词、过去分词 、动名词构成。 例如： a good book ; a chemistry book ; a sleeping boy a broken car ; a sleeping car(共同点： 一个词 ) (2）后置定语： 由介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词 、构成。 例如： the book on the desk ;the pipes to car

13、ry water the boy talking to him;the window broken yesterday这种定语通常由好几个词构成，放前面会造成混乱。 （3） 定语从句-后置定语the book which is red is my brothers.用一个句子来修饰前面的一个名词或代词 ，这个句子称为定语从句，而这一名词或代词称为先行词. 二、先行词 与定词 从句的连接： 1、先行词与从句之间用关系代词that, which, who ,whom, whose 及关系副词when, where, why , how 连接。 2、 关系代词及副词代替先行词，同时在定语从句中充当一

14、个语法成分。 例如： The place which I visited last year is Shanghai . 这里 which 代替 place, 做 visit 的宾语 三、具体用法：1、(1) that 代替人或物 a. A bus is a machine that can run. b. Do you know the boy that is speaking at the meeting? (2) 当that在句子中充当宾语时可省略。 Is this the driver (that) you talked about. (3) 下列情况 一定要用 that 做关系代词。

15、 a. 序数词、最高级修饰先行词及only。 例： The first novel that I read was an interesting one. This is the best book that I have ever read. The only pen that I have is an old one. b. 不定式代词 做先行词 ：all , everything , nothing , anything All that you said is right. He told me everything that was interesting. c.先行词有两个分别表示

16、人或物。 The old man and the dog that you are taking care of are in the room. 注：关系代词在从句中做主词时，从句谓语与人称先行词要一致。 例： They are workers that are working hard.2. which (1)指物（可用that 代替） The shop which (that)sells apples is over there. (2)一定要用which 的情况。 a.在介词后做宾语 This is the room in which they live. b.引导非限制定语从句 Th

17、e stems of bamboo are hollow, which make them very light.3. who, whom, whose 的用法： (1) who 代替人，做主语、现代英语也可代whom做宾语 a.This is the doctor who (that) saved the boys life. b.The comrade who(whom) they asked a question was Zhang Hong. 注：whose pen is this ? whose 为疑问形容词。 whose is this pen? whose 为疑问代词。 (2)

18、whose + 名词可代人，也可代物的所有格（ whose 为关系形容词） a.He is the boy whose father is a teacher. b.This is the house whose windows were broken yesterday.4. 从句中含有介词时的处理方法： (1)可接自然方式放在动词后，可用which/that代物；whothatwhom代人 This is the classroom which that we are studying in now. (2) 一般把介词提前，这时只能用which 代物，whom 代人 a. This is

19、 the classroom in which we are studying now b. The man about whom you are talking is my teacher. (3) 某些动词短语（固定词组）的介词不能提前： 如：work on , look after , take care of , look for 例：This is the pen which that you are looking for.5. whose + 名词，指物时的难点：转换形式 whose book =the book of which=of which the book It was

20、 a meeting.Its importance I didntt understand at that time. It was a meeting whose importance I didnt understand at that time. It was a meeting the importance of which I didnt understand at that time. It was a meeting of which the importance I didnt understand at that time. 6. 关系副词：when , where , wh

21、y 的用法： (1)a. He cant forget the day when he joined the army. b. This is the place where I worked two years ago. c. Do you know the reason why he was late yesterday? 注：the reason 常 与why 连用 (2)when,where是关系副词，不能充当主语、宾语，如遇这种情况，则改用which或 that代替。 a. We visited a factory that makes toys for children. b. T

22、his is the time that I cant forget.(3) when,where,why是副代，它们用来代替时间、地点、原因，在句中做状语，而这些状语通常由介词短语构成，因此可把when看成in on at，把where看成inon at which 把why 看成 for which 。 a. I still remember the day when on which Nanjing was liberated. when = on which = on the day b. This is the year when in which I went to college

23、. when = in which = in the year c. This is the place where in which I worked two years ago. where = in which = in the place d. Is there any reason for which why you should have a holiday? why = for which = for the reason 7. 定语从句的特殊用法：(1) such + 名词 +as +从句 =名词 + such as + 从句(复数名词)a. Such people as yo

24、u talked about just now are workers in the factory. = People such as you talked about just now are workers in the factory. =The people that / who when /whom you talked about just now are workers in the factory.(单数名词) b. Lets read such a book as was published last year . 注：as 为关系代词。 注：suchas such+a+a

25、dj+名词+that从句(如此以致)so+adj+a+名词+that 从句则是结果目和状语从句。that 为连接词，无语法作用。 He is such a strong a boy that he can carry box. He is so strong a boy that he can carry the heavy box.(2) the same 名词 as 从句 I have the same trouble as you (do).(3) 在the way 后，关系代词 that 常省略： This is the way (that ) I smiles.8. 限制性定语从句与

26、非限制 定语从句 (1)限制性定语从句紧跟着先行词 ，中间不用逗号隔开，如果去掉，主句意思不完整。 I was the only person who was invited. (2)非限制性定语从句与主句关系 不密切，只是对先行词 或对前面整句的修饰。如果去掉，意思不会有多大改变。 主句与从句之间用逗号隔开。 (3)限制性定语从句的关系代词做宾语时，可省略。但非限制定语从句则不能省略。 a . The man (whom) you talked about is here. b. He gave me a book, which I left in the room. (4) 非限制性定语从

27、句，物用which不用that，人主语用who，宾语用whom不能替换。 a . The house , which I bought last year , has a lovely garden. b. The small man, whom nobody knew , is his father. (5) 在some(any, none, all, both, several, many, few)+ of+ which whom的用法： a. Its a family of eight children , all of whom are studying music. (人) b.

28、We have tested three hundred pairs of boots, none of which is good.(物) (6) in which + 名词的用法 He may be late, in which case we should wait for him.9. as 与 which 的区别 （1）前置用as,不用which As anyone can see, an elephant is like a big fan. (2) 后置时，as 修饰整句，which 可修饰主句的某词或整句。 I have bought a pen, which is very

29、expensive. 注：下面情况用as 多： a. 表“正如这一点”；b.含情态动词 c.含感官及理解性动词，如see, know, expect, hear, understand 。名词性从句（一）一、名词的概念及作用： 1、名词的概念，人、物或抽象事物的总称。 2、作用：主语、表语、宾语、同位语等。二、名词性从句： 1、当主语、宾语、表语、同位语分别用句子来表达时，称为名词性从句。 2、类型：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句 3、特点：名词性从句本身具有名词特点，虽有关联词，但决没有先行词， 而定语从句则具有形容词特点，一定要有先行词(名词或代词)。三、具体用法： 1、主语从句

30、 (1)that 用来引导主从句的陈述句 That he will come has been heard. 注： (1) that 不能省略，(2)that 在从句中不充当语法成分。 请比较，The room that is bright is our classroom. 定语从句做that主语 (2) whether-是否 引导带一般疑问句的主从句。 Whether he will come is still unknown. (3) why 的用法： 引导特殊疑问句的主从句。 Why he didnt come is clear now. 对比：The reason why he di

31、dnt come is clear now. （定语从句） (4) what 的用法： 常译成“所” What he needs is money. （主从） All that he needs is money . （定从） The thing that he needs is money. He told me all (that) he knew.（that 可省咯） what =all that= the thing(s) that 注：(1)定语从句没有what的用法(2)all that的that做主语时that不能省略 (5) which 的用法： Which team will

32、 win the match is hard to say. （主从） The book which you like best is on sale.（定从） (6) who 的用法： Who will be chosen is clear now.（主从） The man who will help you is my brother.（定从） (7) where 的用法： Where he went last night is not known yet.（主从） The place where he lives is a high building.（定从） (8) when 的用法：

33、 When the meeting will be held has been decided.（主从） The day when the meeting will be held has been decided.（定从） (9) How he got there was a secret .（主从） (10) 主语从句的类型： A. 以what 引导 B. 以that 引导C. 由其余关联词 引导 注： (1) 凡以that 引导的主从句， 通常改为“It that”的结构。 That she is ill is a problem. - It is a problem that she

34、is ill. (2) what 引导的主从句，不能改成“Itthat”的结构 (3)由其余关联词 引导 的句子可改为it的结构，也可以不改但若为问句时，则要改。如 Is it a question when he shall have the meeting? (11) 主从句与强调句的区别： A.主从句结构：It is (was)whether (when ,that , where ) 强调句：It is (was)that (who) (主语为人 时，可用 that 或who ，主语为物时只能用that) 例：(主从)(1) It has been decided when the m

35、eeting will begin. (强调)(2) It was yesterday that he joined the army. B.主从句实际上是两句，而强调 句本来是一句。所以当我们把It is (was ) that 去掉后，有多余的部分为主从句，无多余部分为强调句。 如：He likes the book. 例:(1)It is he that likes the book.( He likes the book.) (2)It is true that he likes the book.( he likes the book ) C.主从句的that只是一个引导词,在句中不

36、做语法成分,而强调句则可做语法成分。 (1) It is I that am a student. (强调句 that 做主语） (2) It was true that he was honest .（that 无语法成份）2、宾语从句、凡可带宾语的词 ，都可带宾语从句通常 有动宾、介宾。 (1) a.I think he will be back in two days . b.Hearing that his son was hadly wounded,he hurried to the hospital to see him. c.He is interested in what yo

37、u have said. (2)在be sure,be happy,be glad,be certain,be pleased,be afraid 后也可接宾语从句。 We are very glad that many old friends will attend our meeting. 注:that前此词组中的介词可省略. (3)suggest,demand,order,insist衙的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用Should原形动词或只用原形动词。 My father suggested that I (should) study harder.3、表语从句，在系动词后做表语的从句。(1

38、) that 引导陈述句： The problem is that we have no time do so. 注:(1) that 在从句中不充当语法成分，不可省略。 (2) the reason why+从句+be+从句时,表语人句不可用because,而应用that: The reason why he died was that he worked too hard .(2) whether 的用法： The question is whether he can be trusted. 注： 表从句不能用if 代替whether(3) as if, as though It look

39、s as if it is going to rain. 注： 当前为动词look 时，后不接虚拟语气(4) which 的用法： The question is which film is the most interesting.(5) what : This is what I want . （表从） = This is all that I want . （定从）(6) why : That was why she got an A in English. (表从） That was the reason why she got an A in English. (定从）(7) how

40、 : That is how he works. 4、同位语从句：1) 同位语从句是用一个句子来说明前面那个抽象名词的内容 。 同位语从句秘明的抽象名词的内容一样。2) 同位语从句与定语从句有点相似。所不同的是定语从句是对前面那个名 词的修饰。译成“的”3) 用于构成同位语从句的抽象名词常用的有： fact ,news , idea , thought , promise , hope , message , doubt.4) 同位语用that , how , when , where 引导that 不能省略。5) 同位语的引导词 that 在从句中不充当语成分。 a. I had no id

41、ea that you were here . （不能充当语成分） b. I heard the news that our team had won . c. I had no idea where he had gone . 注： 下面这个句子不是同位语从句。 This is the fact (that)you told me yesterday. （定语从句） that 代替 fact，同时为tell (sb. sth) 的宾语 。 注：(1）在名词性从句中，只有宾语从句的 that 可以省略。 (2) 在宾语从句中，引导一般问句可用whether或if，其余只用whether。(3)

42、 if 在宾语从句中表“是否”，而在条件句中表“如果”。 情 态 动 词一、can的用法：1、表示能力：He can dance.2、表示惊异：What on earth can this mean?3、can 与 be able to 的区别及共同点：共同点：有时可替换：He can dance = He is able to dance.He could dance = He was able to dance.He can be here tomorrow = He will be able to be here.注：将来时用will be able to较正规，can 较口语化。不同点

43、：(1) can 只有现在时及过去时两种，be able to 则可用多种时态。 He hasnt been able to find his bike.(2) be able to 只表示能力，不可表“允许”而can 可以： You are able to go now. (错） You can go now. （对）(3) be able to 的主语一定要人，而 can 则都可以： The work could be done by everyone. （对） We were able to do the work. (对） The work was able to be done. （

44、错） 表示过去的具体能力用be able to 不用can（肯定句）否定句中无区别： He said he was able to get through the exam yesterday. （对） He said he could get through the exam yesterday. （错） He said he couldnt get through the exam yesterday. （对）(5)be able to 可做宾语 (be-being) He regretted not being able to pursuade him to do so.(6) coul

45、d 的用法： (1)could 为can 的过去时： He told me he could do it by himself. (2)在“请求”的问句中,用could代替can更委婉客气,此时与can时态相同。 Could (can) you tell me who the boy is ?(3) 虚拟语气中用could 不用can ，表无法实现： I would help you , if I could.二、may 的用法：1、表示请求： 下级请求上级，或想得到对方的东西时，常用 May Ia. May I go out tonight , Mum?b. May I use your r

46、ubber?注：（1）有时用might 代替may 表更客气 （2）有时用can 代替may 较不客气。 （3）肯定回答 Yes, you may.或 Yes ,please 或 Certainly。 否定回答No, you may not.或Please, not.或No, youd better not.2、表示允许，用于陈述句，通常为上级允许下级：You may go now.三、might的用法：1、为may 过去式时，常用于宾语从句。 She asked if she might go .2、代替代may 用于问句中，较客气。 Might I close the door?四、 mu

47、st的用法1、义务、必须Every student must do his homework.You mustnt lend the book to others.2、肯定回答：Yes, you must. 否定回答：No, you neednt. No, you dont have to.3、must与have to 的区别： (1)must表示强调主观,have to强调客观,常用于找理由说明某事不是出于自己的愿望： My mother is ill,I must (have to) look after her.该句用 have to 较好，因这种句子通常是用来寻找理由拒绝某人邀请。（2

48、）have to 的时态范围较广，而must 较窄：注：任何时态，must 都没有变化。He said he must go then.He said he had to go then.He had to go then.单独句用had to，不用must。五、ought to 的用法：ought to = should 前者口气较重， 后者较一般：1、表示应该做总该 He ought to know my address.2、ought to 的各种结构否定句：He ought not (oughtnt) to talk like that.问句：Ought he to talk like

49、 that?回答：Yes, he ought. No, he oughtnt.3、被动：The work oughtnt to be done.4、oughy to 无过去时，宾语从句仍用ought toHe told me he ought to go.5、反意问句：He ought not to do it ,should he (ought he)?六、need 与 dare1. need (1) 用于否定句与疑问句中：You neednt go now. (2) 用于must 的否定回答： Must I go now? No, you neednt. (3) 问句的特殊形式： Need

50、 you go now? Yes, I must. No, I neednt.2. dare 常于否定句、疑问句、条件从句：(1) He dare not say so.(2)Dare he say so?(3) He dare not go out if his father doesnt agree.3. need 与dare 做行为动词接不定式，有动词的各种变化：He needs to work hard.Who dares to say so ? He does.I dont dare to say so.Does he dare to say so?Yes, he does . No

51、, he doesnt.注：dare to do在否定句中，to可以省略。七、shall 与 should 1.shall做情态动词,用于(you,he,she,they)的肯定句中,表示命令,警告,不客气。You shall do as I say.2. 用于I, we, he, she (征求意见)的问句中。Shall I get some chalk ?Shall he come soon?3. should 表示应该，建议，用于各种人称You should do your homework now .注： I should like to do sth. 我想八、will与 would

52、 1. will (1) 表示愿意，用于各种人称We will help you if you ask us .(2) 表示请求，询问：Will you please have a cup of tea?2. would 表示过去的意愿(1) They said they would help us.(2) 用于Would you like sth to (to do sth )?与 Would you mind doing sth?Would you like a cup of tea (to have a cup of tea) ?Would you mind my opening the

53、 door? 回答 Yes, Id like to .Thanks , I wont be able to . (3) 表示过去习惯 would 与 used to do , be used to doing都可表示过去做某吉，但有已有区别：a.I was used to swimming in winter.b.I used to swim in winter.c.I would swim in winter.a.强调过去的习惯，没说明现在b强调过去常做,但现在不再这样。c与a相同。九、情态动词表推测：1、对现在及将来的推测：肯定句：（不用can）It may (might , must )

54、 rain tomorrow . 注：现代英语用can代替may(少用)可能性：might may must否定句： may not 与 can not 意思不一样It may not rain tomorrow.（可能不）It can not rain tomorrow. （不可能）注：must 表推测，只用于肯定句，表否定时改用cantIt must （一定）be true. It cant（不可能）be true.问句只用 can Who can it be ? Can it be Xiao Wang?十、情态动词接完成时表示对过去某事的看法：1. should (not) + have

55、 +p.p 本来应该 （不应该） ought (not) to +have + p.p neednt + have +p.p 本来不必 注： p.p 表过去分词 (1) We should (ought to ) have read Lesson Nine last night. 昨晚我本应该读第九课。(2) She neednt have hurried last night. 她昨晚本不必那么匆忙。2、must +have+p.p 想必已经may + have +p.p 可能已经might + have + p.p 可能已经(1) Where is my pen? I may have lost it.(2) I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep.注： 反意问句：He must have done it last night, didnt he?3. can + have + p.p 常 用于否定句 、疑问句，表示