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1、冰山理论与老人与海摘 要作为20世纪最有影响力的作家，海明威开创了新一代的写作风格，他以其独特的创作风格而誉满全球。因此，冰山理论吸引了许多读者和评论家的眼球。言及老人与海，纵人皆知老人是个硬汉子，但人们有时忽略作者是如何表达他的特点的。在本文中,我将首先介绍老人与与海作者海明威和小说的情节和简单的背景介绍，然后探讨冰山理论的定义，再者从四个观点论述其隐藏的深刻思想和丰富的人物感情及其部分情节的隐含意义,包括精妙的叙事技巧，简洁含蓄的语言，电报式的对话和象征手法。海明威行文看似相当简单，但是，另一方面,海明威的作品的主题是象征性的意义,并且提供充足的余地赋予他的作品与象征意义,基督教象征意义在

2、他的作品中应用比较明显。通过讨论,读者可以更加从细节上了解冰山理论和作品老人与海。关键词: 冰山理论； 老人；隐含意义；直接；象征主义The Iceberg Theory in The Old Man and the SeaAbstractAs one of the most influential American writers in the 20th century, Hemingway pioneered a generation of writing style. He is famous for his unique writing style-iceberg theory whi

3、ch interestsmanyreadersandcriticsintheworld. Talked about The Old Man and the Sea many people know the old man is a tough guy, but they sometimes neglect how the writer describe it In this paper, the author firstly introduces the writer and background and the plot of the famous novel The Old Man and

4、 the Sea and then the definition of Hemingways iceberg theory. Later, I will discuss the theory from the implicit theme and characters deep passion; it is obvious that Hemingways style is seemingly rather simple and direct from four points: narrative technique, concise language style, telegraphic di

5、alogue and symbolism. On the other hand, the theme of Hemingways works is symbolic and provides much room for thinkingHemingway endowed his works with symbolic meanings by using the metaphorsAlso ,meanings of Christian symbolism are obvious in his works Through discussion, reader can understand the

6、old man in detail from deeper towards iceberg theory and the novelKey words：Iceberg theory, Old man, Implicit meaning, Direct, SymbolismContentsChapter1 Introduction11.1 About the writer11.2 About the plot of the story1Chapter2 Definition of the iceberg theory3Chapter3 Iceberg usage in The Old Man a

7、nd the Sea53.1 The analysis of Connotation of iceberg theory53.2 Hidden the rich emotional world73.3 How to reach implicit meaning83.3.1 The subtle narrative techniques93.3.2 The subtle narrative techniques93.3.3 Concise language skills113.3.4 Deep symbolic meaning12Chapter4 Conclusion15Notes16Bibli

8、ography17Acknowledgements18Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 About the Writer Ernest Hemingway(l899 1961) ,one of outstanding American novelist, is a modern legend writer. He was born on July 21st, 1899 at Oak Park, Illinois, near Chicago in American. In his childhood, influenced by his father he was fond o

9、f hunting, fishing, outdoors and so on.His variety of interests especially the love fishing almost followed all his life and had important influences on his writing inspiration and helps to develop his special personality. He loved to take adventures. During World War I he joined a volunteer ambulan

10、ce unit in France suffered serious injuries but had survived. He was also affected by the Second World War, who replaced former ideals and values only by despair or a cynical hedonism, formed the background of his first major novelThe Sun Also Rises published in 1926, when he was only 26years old. T

11、he book deals with the living attitude of the postwar generation especially those who thought that life was nothing and meaningless and as one of the representative of the “Lost Generation”, Hemingways writing career began in high school and continued until his death in 1961 and beyond, with several

12、 of his works published posthumously when The Old Man and the Sea appeared in 1952, he had been an international literary celebrity for more than a quarter of a century. His writing experience proved so shattering and horrible that his whole life and his writings were permanently affected. As a resu

13、lt, throughout his life he lived with it emotionally and continued to relieve and forget about it.1.2 About the Plot of the StoryThe Old Man and the Sea, for which Hemingway was awarded the Novel Prizes for literature, is one of the most influential novels of the literary treasure of the world. It i

14、s so widely read that people consider that wherever there is an intellectual, people know Hemingway without knowing his work The Old Man and the Sea. This very simple written novel has described as one of Ernest Hemingways best classical book. Be famous for his taut and short sentences, Hemingway cr

15、eated an interesting and unique style of writing that still fascinates readers today. This novel is very short, about an old Cuban fisherman Santiagos battle with a giant marlin. Even hasnt catch fish for 84 days. Closed friend young Mandolin still tries to help him on his small boat called a skiff.

16、 Although parents dont allow to fish together with the old man, Mandolin didnt lose heart. He thought the old man will succeed at last, so he continues to help the man. Even though lacks of food and money, Mandolin makes sure that Santiago has food and blankets to sleep on. This novel explores man v

17、ersus nature, internal conflict and, as is evident in other of Hemingways literature wars, the theme of being courageous. With struggle Santiago manages to catch the marlin and return home, leaving only a skeleton. It can be seen that facing obstacles, Santiago never give up and even though he feels

18、 he has been very unlucky, there is hope instilled within him to keep going on. He is destroyed but not defeated. This paper aims to discuss the implicit meaning of the article which is known as iceberg theory; writing style and techniques in The Old Man and the Sea. Of course, Hemingway has used ma

19、ny techniques in this novel, such as realism, the creation of suspense, monologue, etc. And this paper focuses especially on the language style and one of the important techniques-the way to use facts in this novel. All we know is that Hemingway is famous for his language. With much care and effort,

20、 he created a very influential and immediately recognizable style. “The style he created in his early work, such as In Our Time and the Sun also Rises was almost too good. Like the style of certain painters, it tended to become a manner, rather than a flexible way of responding to experience and con

21、veying fresh insights through words.” And iceberg theory is still applied in many areas, for example, in the administrative and economical areas. Chapter2 DefinitionThe iceberg principle is a writing theory stated by a famous American writer, Ernest Hemingway, as follows: If a writer of prose knows

22、enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg means only one-eighth of it being above water. In 1932, in Death in the afternoon, Hemingway used an effective met

23、aphor to describe his writing style for the first time: “a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. If it is of any use to know it, I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eighths of it underwater for every part that shows. Anything you

24、 know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesnt show. If a writer omits something because he does not know it then there is a hole in the story1. It means in this style of writing, the writer omits something that the readers can find out by reading the work c

25、arefully. As a productive writer, in his lifetime, he finished six long pieces of fictions and more than fifty medium and short storiesAmong them, A farewell to arms, the representative work of the Lost Generation, is the symbol of the formation of iceberg theoryAnd The Old man and the Sea is consid

26、ered to be the climax of his special writing style This writing style is also commonly adopted by many writers today. Now this principle has been applied in various fields. We could regard the small part which can be easily noticed as the 1/8 of an iceberg, and the part cant be easily noticed as the

27、 part under the surface. What cant be seen is the most important, because its the base of an iceberg, what it to the part above water is what the root of a tree to the trunk. We may admire a famous person very much because of his wealth and fame, but how many people know the struggle and sufferings

28、behind it? Are they dispensable? We can use the model of “iceberg principle”. His wealth and fame is the small part we can see, and his sufferings and struggle is the part under water, without it, the person wouldnt have acquired the fame and wealth he owns today.This principle also could be used in

29、 teaching. The amount of material that teachers could present to their students is a small portion of the sum total of knowledge and skills that they possess. Like an iceberg, the level of expertise that is visible to the public is dependent upon a larger body of knowledge that is submerged out of s

30、ight. So, it is particularly important for instructors to continually increase their knowledge and skill level because only a portion of the total body of knowledge will appear to be available; the same goes to learning. What the teacher could teach us is very limited, so if we want enrich our knowl

31、edge; we have to learn to use what we have learned to explore the unknown things. While in the whole story, the author only adopts the narrative way of telling the story. And he only uses very simple words. Still it conveys his idea effectively, even more effectively than those flashy and flowery on

32、es. It is a typical example of the appliance of the Iceberg Theory.Some criticize him for being excessively succinct, because there are just two main characters in The old man and the sea and both the language and structure look very simpleThe author completely does not agree with the viewpoints abo

33、veObviously ,Hemingway here stressed on omission, claiming that the “7/8” under the surface should be left for the readers themselvesAccording to his explanation, a rough outline of the “iceberg theory” can be made：the so-called iceberg theory ,is molding a distinct image with the succinct and direc

34、t writing, the feeling and thought of the writer himself are hidden in the image to the largest extentThus, the emotion is plentiful, though included but not exposed；the thought is profound, though deeply concealed but not obscureOn account of this, the sensibility and perceptibility of literature a

35、re combined skillfully, leaving the readers to explore the emotion and thought of the work through the feeling of these distinct imagesChapter3 Iceberg Usage in The Old Man and the Sea Just as I have mentioned the details The Old Man and the Sea, be read on more than one level of meaning. You should

36、 make clear that the “Iceberg Theory” of Hemingway is not only a craft of simplification and abstraction, but also, and more important, a courage to omit the expression of personal passion and the revelation of theme. The article reveals the characteristics of stressing on the display of procedure o

37、f events, omitting the development of characters feeling. In 1932, in Death in the afternoon, Hemingway used an effective metaphor to describe his writing style for the first time: a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. If it is of any use to know it, I always t

38、ry to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eighths of it underwater for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesnt show. If a writer omits something because he does not know it then there is a hole in t

39、he story.The Old Man and the Sea is the most typical one to his unique language style. Its language is simple and natural, and has the effect of directness, clarity and freshness. This is because Hemingway always managesto choose words “concrete, specific, more commonly found, more Anglo-Saxon, casu

40、al and conversational.” He seldom uses adjectives and abstract nouns, and avoids complicated syntax. Hemingways strength lies in his short sentences and very specific details. His short sentences are powerfully loaded with the tension, which he sees in life. Where he does not use a simple and short

41、sentence, he connects the various parts of the sentence in a straightforward and sequential way, often linked by “and”.In his task of creating real people, Hemingway uses dialogue as an effective device. It is presented in a form “as close to the dramatic as possible, with a minimum of explanatory c

42、omment.”3.1 The Analysis of Connotation of Iceberg TheoryTo analysis Hemingways iceberg principle, one must make clear the 7/8 underwater, because this part is the foundation of the iceberg. And it is the 7/8 underwater that is the crucial power of a novel. Though these contents are not in vision bu

43、t can be found out by readers by their experience and imagination. Therefore in the old man and sea what is hidden under the 7/8 underwater? First it is the profound theme of the novel in the 7/8 underwater. : hiding the theme of his works with analyzing Hemingways short novels. The contribution of

44、Hemingway to the novel creation is shown in it.We all know the details of the old man and the sea, simple plot. Here is an example chosen from The Old Man and the Sea. To the leading character, fishing is not simply of contest in life. It contains profound philosophic meaning. But this simple story

45、hide a abound philosophical theme of people in the nature: Santiago express also is exactly a kind of Hemingways life attitude, morals and ideal meant never lower the head toward any thing refused to concede defeat. The old man will not lower the head toward any thing of, cant avoid the fate of fail

46、ure, face failure, people who still want to keep their dignity in bad luck, and display courage and grace of the winner manner. The Old Man and the Sea full performance this spirit, as the novel viewpoints heroine of Santiagos a famous saying: “A man is not made for defeat, a man can be destroyed bu

47、t not defeated.” This is the philosophy of The Old Man and the Sea. Everyone has his weakness. When you are facing your weakness and trying to overcome it instead of denying it, whatever the weakness is, you are a winner. By the hidden theme writer attract readers to detect. The connotation of the h

48、idden means readers should dig things underwater, the deeper you dig, the more you will know. The novel shows a struggle of the outlook on life, even if the face is invincible nature, but human beings still can get a moral victory. The results may fail, but in the struggle of the process, we can see

49、 a person how to become a heroic. The Santiago completes the novel undefeated and still in possession of his dignity, so he is the true winner of his spirit. Hemingway draws a distinction between two different types of success: outer-material and inner-spiritual. What this spirit of tough guy encour

50、ages not only one generation, but the human beings civilization. It is mankinds spirit all the time. Even at our modern time that there is abundant material condition. This kind of spirit still should be the character of the ages very much. Tough guy spirit can encourage us to face the social pressu

51、res and overcome it.From all above we can find the old man and sea to be an extremely keen and lovely art exquisite story. The writing of the novel is very simple and direct but again reserved. The entire story materializes Hemingways “iceberg theory. Then we can see how the short story indicates th

52、e powerful deep theme. 3.2 Hidden the Rich Emotional World Literature is the primary task of the performance figures, the feelings of the world. We can say the whole a western literary history is a history of heart; astronomers have been the hero reveals the inner world of the rich, the performance

53、of the thoughts and feelings of the characters as the first priority, often use section of the brush to portray feelings of the characters, the psychological description. And in Ernest Hemingways novel, all this was down to the minimum even is completely omitted. In his works, Hemingway often contai

54、ns rich subtext. The feelings of the characters, both excited, disappointed, or grief, contempt, never exaggerated, and almost no psychological descriptive to give the reader a feeling of the largest space. His inner world of characters, not by the author tells the reader, but let the reader imagine

55、 your feelings. Hemingway advocated the aesthetic principles. It is said that any works of literature, is in effect from a reader, arouse Kind of certain emotional. The ending part of The Old Man and the Sea, the old man with the children has a dialogue: Finally the old man woke. Dont sit up, the bo

56、y said. Drink this. He poured some of the coffee in a glass. Lie down, old man, and I will bring you your clean shirt. And something to eat. Then “He put the Coffee poured some in the glass.2 They beat me, Mandolin”, he said. “They truly beat me.” “He didnt beat you. Not the fish. No. Truly. It was

57、afterwards. The ocean is very big and a skiff is small and hard to see, The old man said. He noticed how pleasant it was to have someone to talk to instead of speaking only to himself and to the sea. I missed you, he said. What did you catch3? The old man alone, offshore, place himself, a whole thre

58、e days and three nights soul-stirring battle of life and death, tired, eventually. Drag the big marlin at home but only left a pair of huge fish bones. In the process, the old man must experience subtle, complex feelings: panic, nervous, patience and pain, etc, but Hemmingway just said they beat me;

59、 the old man fishing when a shark has five times said to himself, I wish the boy was here! Show that old man to Children in the greatest to full of attachment, looking forward to, ask for help, and miss him. Visible to children only said: this a few days I miss you. The author hides many rich, chang

60、eful emotions. He just let the reader imagine and understand the old man through action and simple language, and make it perfect.3.3 How to Reach Implicit Meaning and Rich PassionThe Old Man and the Sea means the theme of the deep, rich affection etc, are hidden in the underwater of seven 8 iceberg.

61、 But, how Hemingway accomplishes that hidden process? Through the analysis of the works, we can find that, it is through the subtle narrative skills, concise language, cable type dialogue and profound meaning of symbolism to finish.3.3.1 The Subtle Narrative TechniquesHemingway wrote in short, decla

62、rative sentences and was known for his tough, terse prose. Just as someone says the more Hemingway describe a thing, fewer words he will use. He talks about objects and communion directly toward readers, determined to let the readers to learn from faithfully, and impression not crowded to the object

63、 and the way of readers to. This is we usually say of Hemingways narrative skills-not from the Angle of the narrative and Smith to describe, but a real, dont take the author to describe the objective of subjective emotional thing. However, attempts to give readers a vast space for imagination and th

64、inking. Besides, this skill fully employs the free direct speech, and makes use of the common vocabulary and a good number of simple declarative sentences and compound sentence with “and” connected in depicting the character, and revealing his indomitable tough guy image to readers. Furthermore, you

65、 can notice that the local fish man believed that the old man was unlucky. This is of superstition. Besides, the old man also has a belief in fortune from the word he used such as luck, gamble, take your chance, and the detail that he bought lottery tickets. Just a few words express so deep meaning of the traditional opinions of that place， not tell a story to prove it. The author provides about peoples appearance, action, psychological and the surrounding environment to readers