电大环境水利学备考材料整理参考小抄

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1、专业好文档名词解释：第一章环境水力学是研究水资源的开发利用和兴建水利工程过程中出现的环境问题和环境变化对水环境、水利工程以及水资源开发利用等影响的学科。第二章生态系统是自然界一定空间的生物与环境之间相互作用、相互影响、不断演变、不断进行着物质和能量的交换，并在一定时间内达到动态平衡，所形成的相对稳定的统一整体，是具有一定结构和功能的单位。生物富集 生物个体或处于同一营养级的许多生物种群从周围环境中吸收氧和积累某种元素或难分解的化合物，导致生物体内的平衡浓度超过环境中浓度的现象就是生物富集。第三章重金属污染物的危害 1.汞：有很强的脂溶性，易透过细胞膜进入生物组织，可在脑中积蓄，损害脑组织，破坏

2、中枢神经系统；2.镉：毒性很大，蓄积性强。以腐殖土壤吸附能力最强，也极易被作物吸收，进入人体后，可积蓄于肝脏和肾脏中；3.铬：易被生物体吸收和积蓄，具有强氧化性，对皮肤、黏膜具有强烈的腐蚀性；4.铅：可在人体内积累，引起贫血、神经炎、肾炎；5.砷：主要通过消化道、呼吸道及皮肤进入人体，影响生物新陈代谢，还可引起神经系统、毛细血管和其他系统功能性和器质性病变。水体富营养化 氮磷等植物养料一旦进入水体，会使水中藻类等浮游生物迅速过量繁殖，水中溶解氧含量相应急剧减少，从而使水体富营养化。生物自净作用 它属于天然水体当中，存在着各种各样的细菌、真菌、藻类、贝类、水草、原生动物、鱼类等水生生物，通过生物

3、的新陈代谢作用，使水中的污染物数量减少、浓度下降、毒性减轻甚至消失。河流水体的自净特点第五章污染物排放标准 直接控制污染源，体现末端治理要求。污染物排放标准以水环境质量标准和水质规划目标为依据，结合我国具体技术经济条件制定。城市水体污染的控制和治理技术 （物理法、化学法、生物法）一级处理只去除废水中较大的悬浮物质（过滤、沉淀），也称机械处理；二级处理的主要任务是去除废水中呈溶解和胶体状态的有机物质，也称为生物处理和化学处理；三级处理也称为高级处理或深度处理，进一步去除废水中的营养物质（氮和磷）、生物难降解的有机物质和溶解盐等。工业废水处理程序：澄清、回收、毒物处理、一般处理、再用或排放。农业水

4、体污染的控制和治理一、发展节水型农业：1.将漫灌改为喷灌、微喷灌、滴灌等各种节水灌溉技术；2.大力推行畦灌、沟灌；3.合理灌溉定额；4.减少输水损失。二、合理利用化肥和农药：1.普遍施改集中施；2.测土培方施肥；3.新型施肥、控释肥；4.绿肥、生物肥；5.减少地表径流。三、加强对畜禽排泄物、乡镇企业废水及村镇生活污水的有效处理：1.合理布局；2.控制发展规模，企业建设统筹规划；3.制定实施各项环境管理制度和政策；4.兴建简易污水处理设施。农业污染源特点：分散、无组织的排放废水及污水：如农村大面积的地表径流，往往夹带着大量的化肥农药；农村人畜排放的粪尿，大多没有管道收集，而是任意排泄，随雨水径流

5、进入天然水体。水功能区划定义：就是根据流域区域水资源状况，水资源开发利用现状以及一定时期社会经济在不同地区、不同用水部门对水资源的不同需求，同时考虑水资源的可持续利用，在江河胡库等水域划定具有特定功能的水域，并提出不同的水质目标。一级区划步骤 先易后难：首先划定保护区，然后划定缓冲区和开发利用区，最后划定保留区。第六章水利建设对环境的正效应 1.提高抵御自然灾害的能力：防洪、治涝、灌溉、排水等水利建设可以提高抗御洪、涝、旱、碱等自然灾害的能力；2.减轻能源污染：水电作为一种清洁易控制的能源在很大程度上可以代替火电、核电，而且水电还具有平衡电力系统负荷的“调峰”作用；3.提供改善航运环境：通过控

6、制河势改善河道，使本不能通航或短期通航的河道，通过渠划增加新的航线，提供良好的航运条件；4.改善生态环境，提高生态系统的生产力与自我恢复能力：改善局部地区气候（平均气温改变、最高气温降低、相对湿度提高） 改善湿地生态环境（增强湿地生态系统的生产能力 改造某些虫害发生基地） 改善沙漠生态环境 减少地区流行病 改善水质及供水条件 改善扩大水生生态环境；5.创造或改善旅游环境水利建设对环境的负效应 1.蓄水淹没影响 2.水库移民影响 3.改变地下水状况影响 4.影响环境系统平衡（河流、生态系统） 5.水库水温分层形成的泄水影响 6.环境地质问题 7.疾病介水传染 8.其他影响（干扰水体自净、影响泄洪

7、航运、影响水库水体、河道滩区功能发挥）水库诱发条件 1.特定的构造应力场 2.处于区域的大构造和活动构造带 3.库区地下水深部循环的水文地质条件 4.库区地壳介质特征（断裂的脆弱岩体、破碎的渗透性地层）第七章多层次模糊综合评判方法基本思路 1.根据水利水电工程对环境影响的特征，将不同层次建立环境因素集，即评价树 2.将各层次环境因子划分评价等级，构成评价集，得到各层次模糊关系矩阵 3.由低层次向高层次进行模糊综合评判与矩阵运算 4.最终获得水利水电工程对环境总体影响的综合评价结果第八章环境监理的目标 1.以适当的环境保护投资充分的发挥工程潜在的效益 2.使环境影响报告书中所确认的不利影响得到缓

8、解或者消除 3.落实招标文件中环境保护条款及与环境有关的合同条款 4.施工区和移民安置区没有大规模的传染病爆发和流行 5.实现工程建设的环境、社会与经济效益的统一。环境监理内容 1.生活供水（确保生活供水的安全可靠，环境监理工程师要监督承包商做好预防、加氯消毒和水质监测等工作） 2.生产废水、生活污水处理（对处理措施进行监督检查） 3.固体废弃物处理（包括生产、生活垃圾和生产废渣处理，要求合理存放工程材料、器械及工程建设所生产的废料，督促进行必须的现场处理以达到合同要求） 4.大气污染防治（要求装运车辆覆盖封闭、道路定期洒水、拌合工序防尘除尘） 5.噪声防治（要求采取减噪弱振设备和工艺） 6.

9、健康与安全（要求为工人提供有安全保障和卫生保障的作息环境，另外还需要与卫生部门合作，提前采取可能存在的疾病、传染病的预防措施，并保证急救设施、救护设施的完善性）Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury

10、 aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by

11、 Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cu

12、p in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for t

13、he Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what h

14、is experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and dis

15、appointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, c

16、onditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount

17、Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of s

18、pace at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the fin

19、al and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been

20、concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their en

21、tire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.