中英饮茶文化之间的差异英语毕业论文.doc

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1、毕业论文(设计)论文（设计）题目：中英饮茶文化之间的差异 （英文） The Differences of Tea-drinking Culture betweenChina and Britain 姓 名： 学 号： 院 （系）： 外语学部 专 业： 英语（旅游） 指导老师： 2010年5月The Differences of Tea-drinking Culture between China and Britain Student： Tutor: College of Arts and science of Jianghan UniversityMay, 2010 AbstractChin

2、a is the native place of tea, and it is the first country in the world to plant, drink and export tea. In China, people not only formed a special way of tea drinking, but also developed an art form called tea drinking. This kind of tea culture spreads to other countries, so tea export can be regarde

3、d as carrying forward the tradition, or as spreading the culture, and It has great importance. Britain began to drink tea in the seventeenth century， comparing with other European countries, the tea culture of Britain is the most famous and typical, and it has formed its own special tea culture, for

4、 example, the world's famous Afternoon Tea, however, what is different with Chinas tea culture? The paper aims to illustrate the different of tea-drinking culture between Britain and China from the four points, the manner of tea drinking, the spirit of tea ceremony, the culture of tea house, and

5、 the impact of tea drinking. At last, according to the comparison, the writer suggests two points to develop our own tea culture, establishing the national day of tea drinking and creating our own international tea brand.Key words: Tea-drinking culture Difference China Britain Suggestion摘要中国是茶的本产地,

6、它是世界上第一个种茶,饮茶和出口茶叶的国家。 在中国，人们不仅形成了特殊的饮茶方式，而且也发展到了一种艺术形式-饮茶，这种茶文化很快传到了其它国家，因此，茶叶出口能够被视为传统地携带，或者文化的传播，它产生了很大的影响。英国开始饮茶是在十七世纪，与其它欧洲国家相比，它的茶文化在欧洲国家中是最著名和最典型的，而且它已形成了自己独特的饮茶文化。例如，世界上著名的下午茶。但是，它与中国的茶文化有什么不同呢？本文主要是从四点来探讨中英饮茶文化的区别：饮茶方式的不同，茶道精神的不同，茶室文化的不同以及影响的不同。最后，通过比较，提出了两点建议，即中国应该倡导“国饮日”和打造茶文化的国际品牌。关键词：饮茶

7、文化 区别 中国 英国 建议 ContentsI. Introduction.1II. Brief Review of Tea Drinking2 2.1 The history of tea drinking in China.2 2.2 The export of tea from China to Britain.3 2.3 The development of tea drinking in Britain4III. Comparison of Tea-drinking Culture between China and Britain5 3.1 The different manne

8、rs of tea drinking 5 3.1.1 The different spirits of tea ceremony.7 3.1.2 The different cultures of tea house 9 3.2 The different impacts of tea drinking. 103.3 The suggestions for tea drinking. 12 3.3.1 Establishing the national day of tea drinking .123.3.2 Creating our own international brand.13IV.

9、 Conclusion.14References 16Acknowledgements.17I. IntroductionChina is the homeland of tea, dating back to about five to six thousand years. And human cultivation of tea plants dates back three thousand years. The role of tea in the world history is fascinating. Tea from China along with her silk and

10、 porcelain, began to be known by the world over more than a thousand years ago and has since always been an important Chinese export. Geological and botanical evidence suggests the tea plant originated in the dense forest of the present province Yunnan, China. Yunnan is the worlds center of the spec

11、ies of the camellia genus of which tea (Camellia family) is a member, and other places of China were also found tea plants, such as Guizhou and Sichuang. As for their humid and warm climate, they are the ideal places for tea plants bringing up. The origin tea plant belongs to arboraceous type with b

12、ig leaves, and whatever its shape and habit, it is different from the most of the worldwide tea plant. That is caused by soil, climate, and the amount of rain during the long time transplantation of tea. In total, all the types with big leaves vegetate in subtropical areas which have a cold winter.

13、The phenomenon observes the rule of biological evolution: from junior to senior, from simplicity to complexity, from lower resistance to higher resistance. Nowadays, some wildly big plants of tea can be found in these places, basing on incompletely statistics, there are ten provinces and one hundred

14、 and ninety-eight places finding these wild tea plants.In the modern multi-culture, for the sake of achieving cross-cultural communication, we must properly evaluate our own culture and have a correct view of other peoples culture. In the same time, we should retain our own cultural characteristics

15、and learn from others advantages for updating our own cultural deficiencies. In this thesis, the writer will mainly analyze one branch of culturetea-drinking culture. China is the earliest country to discover and use tea. It has a long and profound history about the tea culture. However, the native

16、land of Britain does not product tea, and it is the worlds largest country of per capita consumption of tea. Using this exotic product, the British shapes their own unique culture of the black tea, for example, the worlds famous Afternoon Tea. Whats the difference between the two? The writers intent

17、ion of this thesis is to discuss the problem.The writer will depart the thesis into four parts: the introduction, brief review of tea-drinking, comparison of tea-drinking culture between China and Britain, and the conclusion. And hoping this thesis will arouse more peoples interests in tea culture,

18、also helping them further understanding of the different tea culture between China and Britain.II. Brief Review of Tea Drinking With a long history, tea is drunk with a beverage. Each year more than 80 percent of all China tea is made into green tea. The ancient Chinese had lost the track of tea'

19、;s true advent and were forced to imagine its beginning. With the development of history, myths and legends have been handed down from generation to generation. Although they are inadmissible as historical evidence, myths and legends do have historical importance because they provide the only accoun

20、t of tea's origin. According to Chinese mythology, in 2737 B.C, the Chinese Emperor, Shen Nong, known as the father of agriculture and medicine, suddenly tasted boiling water which was added leaves of wild tea tree. When Shen Nong drank the infusion, he marveled at its delicious taste and felt v

21、igorous. There is another account about this legend, it was said that Shen Nong risked his life to taste hundred kinds of herbs for the subject. Unfortunately, he was poisoned by some of them. It was the young leaves of tea that rescued him from danger. Later, tea drinking had been invented, and the

22、 emperor drank it from that day forward, recommending this health herb to other people. Today, not only Chinese, but also foreigners love to drink tea. Drinking tea has become a part of their life, especially in China and Britain. The following part will be talked about tea-drinking's developmen

23、t in these two countries. 2.1 The history of tea drinking in China It was recorded that tea was drunk in the western Han Dynasty, during the period of the Three Kingdom Period, drinking tea was very popular at least in the southern China, according to the history, the king Sun Hao of Wu state (the o

24、ffspring of Sun Quan) firstly created tea to take place of wine in banquet, at the same time, tea had an equal position to wine in the palace affairs. During the Wei Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasty, drinking tea already became a fashion for those people with high socia

25、l status to enjoy life, and the literators use tea drinking to improve their thought for writing a good works. The Tang Dynasty was the mature period of Chinese tea culture, and drinking tea had become a common thing for ordinary people, and they were fastidious about not only the tea production pla

26、ce, the picking and making of tea but also the drinking appliance, and the way of drinking tea. The first book on TeaTea Classic, circa 780A.D, which was written by the Chinese author Lu Yu, came into being during this period, it comprises three volumes and covers tea from its growth to its drinking

27、 and making, as well as historical summary and the famous early tea plantation. In the 805A.D, the Buddhist monk, Zui Cheng of Japan brought the tea and seeds to his country, this was the earliest record that tea transported to Japan and later the world famous tea ceremony got to be formed. Drinking

28、 tea was also very popular in the Song Dynasty, and the technique for making tea greatly improved. By the Yuan Dynasty, drinking tea was very common in everyday life, and making tea was one of the seven chores for the pool housewives of that time. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people drank tea in

29、almost the same way as do today, and loose tea took place of compressed tea(before this period, people usually drank compressed tea.) besides , Chinas tea was exported to Britain during this period, I will addressed in the following part.2.2 The export of tea from China to Britain At the beginning o

30、f the seventeenth century, tea was spread to West Europe and became the favorite drink of European people. It is not exactly certain time when tea was first coming to Britain, there are a lot of points on it, the writer agrees with the point that Chinas tea was appeared in Britain in 1657, and there

31、 Chinas tea was come from Holland. In 1607A.D, the ship of Holland which came from Java transported tea from Macao to Europe, and this was the earliest record that Chinas tea was directly sold to Europe. Later, the Chinas tea was sold from Holland to Britain. Most of scholars consider that tea was a

32、ppeared in Britain in the mid-seventeenth century, but they dont ascertain the exact year that Chinas tea comes to Britain. It can be only confirmed that tea was sold in Britain in1657, according to the book, A Social History of Tea written by Pettigrew Jane, she said that Chinas tea was transported

33、 to the landing of London by the Eastern India Company in the mid-seventeenth century, assuring the selling time of Chinas tea was in 1657, furthermore, the advertisement about tea was appeared in the next year. On the other hand, Chinese scholar Chen Yuan also expressed the same view in his book of

34、 The History of Tea (茶叶通史), and he said that a coffee shop of Britain sold Chinas tea from Holland during the fourteen reign of emperor Shun Zhi of Qing Dynasty(1657). Later, in 1662, the princess of Portugal Catherine married CharlesII, and brought with her the preference for tea, which had already

35、 become common in Europe. As tea was her drink of choice, it gained social acceptance among aristocracies as it replaced wine ale and spirits with tea as the court drink. In an attempt to please CharlesII, the Britain East India Company brought small gifts of tea from Europe for Catherine in 1664 an

36、d in 1666, other than these gifts, the Britain East India Company did not consider tea to be worth importing from China until in 1668. From that time, tea was selling in markets, and the East India Company treated it as a part of their regular trade. It was no longer only a special item brought back

37、 by a ships captain for special use.2.3 The development of tea drinking in BritainAbove all is that tea is just a fashion pursued by upper class. Until the end of eighteenth century, tea drinking was become prevailing in populace due to the great fall of priceTransformations of the custom policy in

38、China and changed of the demand of tea drinking in Britain, both caused a great tea import of the East India Company, that made the tea price play down. Before that time, tea was very expensive for ordinary people, for example, in 1658, the fifth Earl of Beford county, Woburn Abbey paid all staff in

39、 manor a total of only 600 pounds, and these staff included temporary and full time maid, cook, butler, doorman, gardeners, lawyers etc, at that time, an annual income of an estate lawyer was only 20 pounds, and the salary of butler was 26 pounds, if a butler buys a pound of tea, he would have paid

40、a whole years salary, so it is impossible for populaces to have it.Besides, a great number of smuggling tea from other European countries before 1785 also made the tea price play down, and the performance of the Commutation Act after 1785 declined the tea price too, then, some private trade decrease

41、d the price. The other main reason is that British love tea very much, and another interesting evidence pointed out by an Italian who was travelling to Britain in1755 illustrates the last reason, he said that even if a common maid must drink tea twice each day, showing her status, and she must write

42、 the condition to her bond. In addition, the characters in the famous British novel, Pride and Prejudice, written by Jane Austen often take a cup of tea and drink. As time is going, Britain has formed its own culture of tea drinking, and the following part will discuss the different tea-drinking cul

43、ture between China and Britain. III. Comparison of Tea-drinking Culture between China and Britain China is the homeland of tea. Of the three major beverages of the worldtea, coffee, and cocoa, tea is consumed by the large number of people in the world, especially in Britain. China had tea plants as

44、early as five to six thousand year ago, and human drinking of tea dates back to two thousand year. British have and drink tea for three to four hundred year, that is far more behind us, however, it has already shaped its own special culture and habit of tea drinking. It is said that Britain averagel

45、y drink eight cups of beverage everyday, and among them, tea possesses five cups. That is to say, about two thousand cups of tea will be drunk by British in a whole year. According to the report of newspaper of Times in London, one percent of British do not drink tea, twenty-three percent of British

46、 who are called Heavy drinker drink above six cups of tea, thirty-eight percent of British named Middle drinker drink four to five cups of tea, and the rest of thirty-nine percent called Light drinker drink below three cups of tea. A typical English man, at least, has six times to drink tea everyday

47、. Apart from three times of drinking tea at breakfast, lunch, and supper, first, when he wakes up in the morning and leans against the bed, he usually drinks a cup of teaearly morning tea. The second is the Elevenses, which drinks tea at 11a.m. At this time, he has gone through long time of hard wor

48、king, and he needs to have a break and relax himself. At last, it is the Afternoon tea at 4-5p.m.3.1 The different manners of tea drinking Before discussing the manner of tea drinking, the types of tea are analysed first. Tea comes in more varieties than you may suspect. However, based on the way th

49、e leaves are processed, all teas are divided into four basic types: green, black, oolong, and the very rare white. Green tea is the variety which keeps the original color of the tea leaves without fermentation during processing. It is quickly dried, preserving the healthful flavonoids and grassy fla

50、vors. This category of Chinese green tea is longing of Zhejiang province, Maofeng of Huanshang, mountain in Anhui province, and Biluochun produced in Jiangsu. The British green teas include Lung Ching Bancha and Sencha. Black tea undergoes a full fermentation process, which darkens the leaves and pr

51、oduces a robust tea with higher caffeine content. It is a later variety developed on the base of green tea. The best brands of Chinese black tea are Qihong of Anhui, Dianhong of Yunnan, Suhong of Jiangsu, Chuanhong of Sichuan, and Huhong of Hunan. The Earl Grey, English Breakfast, and Darjeeling are

52、 some examples of English black teas. Oolong tea represents a variety half way between the green and the black tea, retaining the healthful qualities of green tea and robustness of black tea. It is a speciality from Chinas southern coast: Fujian, Guangdong, and Taiwan. Tieguanyin and Rougui of Fujia

53、n are this type of Chinese oolong teas. And Black Dragon and Orange Blossom are a couple of British oolong tea. White tea is produced from young leaves that are steamed and sun-dried rather than fermented, creating a subtle and sweet quality with minimal caffeine content, Snowflakes and Noble Beauty

54、 are a type of English white teas. Next, the Chinese tea drinking can be classified into mixed drinking and non-mixed drinking, and the first one is categorized by the personal favor with salt, sugar, milk, green onion, orange peel, mint and longan etc. It derives from the method of boiling tea in t

55、he mid Tang Dynasty: from the point of eatable aspect, people cook with fresh leaves or dried leaves into a soup or drink, often adding salt to modulate the flavor; from the point of medicinal aspect, fresh leaves and dried leaves accompanied by ginger, pepper, orange peel and mint boil down into a

56、soup for people drinking. And now this way was mainly concentrated in ethnic minority areas, for instance, Tibetans Suyoucha(酥油茶) is brick tea with salt, butter, milk, and so on, and the Ganwancha(盖碗茶) of Hui nationality is tea brewed with longan and rock sugar, commonly known as “ Sanxiangcha(三香茶)”

57、. The second one is non- mixed drinking, known as “Qingyin(清饮)” in Han nationality, that is the tea does not include any ingredients destroyed the fragrance and the flavor of tea, just making tea soup with boiling water. It inherits the tradition of Ming and Qing Dynasties.Initially, British were dr

58、inking green tea. Later, they changed it for drinking robust black tea with nutrient content. It was said that green teas were not easy to store and mutable to mildew, but the black teas which were full fermentation just compensated its shortage, besides, the more credible reason was that green teas

59、 were habitual to grow in cold climate, but the black teas grew in warm climate. The British Isles surrounded by the sea are cold and humid throughout the year. So weather determines peoples choice and lets more time for people staying home to enjoy tea. British imports black tea from China, India,

60、Sri Lanka etc, were added by milk and sugar in order to get rid of there bitter flavor, similarly changing the bitter coffee from equatorial countries into the sweet arome of coffee. In addition, they also add honey, whiskey, egg, butter, and whatever they want to join into the tea, this is quite di

61、fferent from the flavor of Chinese tea. On the other hand, British invent the tea bag instead of the end piece of tea leaves, known as instant tea. Putting the bag into the cup, a bag is only for a cup of tea. Home teapot has filter to separate tea bag from water, and it is dissimilar from the way o

62、f putting whole leaves into the boiling water in China.3.1.1 The different spirits of tea ceremony Genuine Chinese art is respectfully called Cha Tao (tea ceremony), meaning the Way of Tea. Tea is the only gastronomic art to attain the title of Dao in Chinese culture. Dao refers to the source of uni

63、verse, the process of change, and the path to achieve harmony, virtue and enlightenment. When the tea ceremony is understood and practiced to foster harmony in humanity, promote harmony with nature, discipline the mind, quiet the heart, and attain the purity of enlightenment, the art of tea becomes the Way of Tea. China tea drinking pays attention to tea ceremony, that is called the “Four essences”: purity, respect, joy, and truth. Purity means quiet, pure and uncluttered. The