对称传动式剪板机设计-含运动仿真【三维SW模型】【包含CAD图纸】
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任务书及开题报告题 目 对称传动式剪板机 学 院专业班级学生姓名指导教师填 表 说 明1任务书中内容由指导教师本人填写,并经专业审定后,下发给学生。2开题报告中内容由学生根据任务书要求,经查阅资料、调研后填写。3开题报告一般在开始毕业设计(论文)工作的第1-2周内完成,由各专业或教研室组织安排开题。4开题报告应包括以下几个方面的内容:(1)课题的来源及选题的依据、意义,课题在理论或实际应用方面的价值以及可能达到的水平。(2)课题在国内外研究现状和水平。(3)课题研究的内容及拟采用的技术路线或研究方法(包括设计、实验、加工测试条件等)。(4)研究中的主要难点以及解决问题的方法。(5)设计(论文)的工作进度计划(以周为单位)。(6)主要参考文献。5填写不下可另加附页。6本材料装订顺序为:任务书、开题报告。13毕业设计(论文)任务书题 目对称传动式剪板机题目类型 设计 论文 其他学生姓名学 号学 院专业班级指导教师职 称系 主 任主管院长任务下达日期日任务完成日期任务要求(课题目标、主要内容、技术参数、基本要求等)一、课题目标:根据机械专业人才培养目标的要求,培养学生综合运用本专业知识解决实际工程问题的能力和科学方法。毕业设计(论文)是普通高等院校各专业教学计划的重要组成部分,是大学期间学生毕业前的最后学习阶段,是学习的深化与升华的重要过程。通过毕业设计,让学生综合运用所学的基础理论、专业知识和基本技能,通过计算分析,提高分析与解决实际问题的能力以及绘图能力。掌握机械机构的设计、检测方法、材料的性能分析和选择能力。该设计是“对称传动式剪板机”的设计。二、主要内容:1、撰写开题报告;2、完成整机方案的论证及设计;3、完成传动系统的详细设计;4、完成执行机构的详细设计;5、完成驱动系统的详细设计;6、完成控制系统的详细设计;7、完成润滑系统的详细设计;8、绘制该剪板机的零件图、装备图,运动仿真,模具设计,数控编程。三、技术参数:1、滑块行程:108mm 2、剪板机剪切力:16t3、剪板次数:60次/min 四、基本要求:1、要求学生根据毕业设计题目单独查找文献及相关资料。2、能熟练应用AutoCAD2014、solidworks等软件,对所设计的剪板机绘制装配图及主要零部件图。3、对外文资料应能进行独立翻译。4、对设计内容能根据四年中所学的知识进行合理的分析解释。5、设计说明书按齐齐哈尔大学毕业设计(论文)工作手册要求格式写。6、按齐齐哈尔大学毕业设计(论文)工作手册要求格式书写手写说明书草稿,手写版外文翻译草稿各一份。说明书成稿和译文成稿按毕业设计说明书打印要求打印。7、所设计装置应满足结构简单,制造容易、维护方便、安全、精度高。注:任务书必须由指导教师本人填写毕业设计(论文)开题报告一、选题的依据、意义和理论或实际应用方面的价值对称传动式剪板机是一种典型的对称传动的机械。主要用于剪裁各种尺寸金属板材的直线边缘。该设备应用广泛,具有结构简单,维修方便,经济实用的优点,在使用金属板材较多的工业部门,都需要根据尺寸要求对板材进行切断加工。所以剪板机就成为各个工业部门使用最为广泛的板料剪断设备。随着我国制造业的发展,剪板机机床的发展越来越成为机械制造行业的中流砥柱,剪板机广泛适用于航空、汽车、农机、五金、电机电器、仪器仪表、医疗机械等行业。我国的剪板机大都是结构繁琐、操作复杂、安全性不足、噪音大等缺点。所以设计出一台运行平稳、安全可靠、操作维修方便、廉价的剪板机,在解决原有设计缺点的基础上并且进行创新,制造出一台具有实际意义的剪板机。二、本课题在国内外的研究现状目前,剪板机在国内外研究主要用于汽车、航空航天、电子和家用电器等领域。这都需要大量的金属板壳零件,特别是汽车行业要求生产规模化、车型个性化和覆盖件体型一体化。进入21世纪,我国汽车制造业飞速发展,面对这一形势,我国板材加工工艺及相应的冲压都有了长足的进步。近年来,对剪板机的要求由原来的简单操作到实现可自动化、可靠性高、噪声小、使用寿命长的过度。在国外,特别是一些工业发达国家的剪板机水平已达到一个相当高的水平。像美国、德国、日本这样的发达国家在剪板机方面已经有了成熟的技术,其表现为:具有较好的可靠性,耐用度和精度保持性等。大大地节约了生产制造时间,在提高加工零件尺寸精度的同时,提高了劳动生产率,从而降低了产品的制造成本,增强了产品在市场上的竞争能力。其发展趋势向着平稳,高精度、高质量、节能、环保、数控、智能的方向发展。三、课题研究的内容及拟采取的方法课题研究的内容:本课题主要完成对称传动式剪板机的设计,包括:1、电动机的选择其中包括电动机的类型、功率、结构等;2、带传动的设计包括V型带的类型和带根数的选择、大带轮小带轮的设计;3、轴的设计包括轴各段长度、直径、强度校核及材料的选择的设计;4、齿轮的设计包括齿轮类型、模数齿数、精度等级、材料等的设计;5、曲柄滑块和凸轮的设计;6、离合器和减速器的设计。采用方法:1、先收集资料,确定方案,确定选材;2、再拟定结构方案,进行设计计算并校核;3、绘制装配草图,校核有关技术参数;4、运用AutoCAD2014、solidworks等软件绘制装配图和相关零件图,并通过模具设计、运动仿真、数控编程对有关零件进一步分析。 四、课题研究中的主要难点以及解决的方法:一、主要难点:1、轴的优化,关于轴在什么部位选择什么样的直径和长度是个难点。2、根据设计要求,剪切力为16t,连杆所承受的力较大,曲柄所需的驱动力矩较大。为了降低成本,使用小功率电动机,就得加上飞轮的蓄能作用,这样结构及质量又会增加。二、解决方法:1、(1)可按轴所受的扭矩初步估算轴所需的直径,将初步得出的直径作为轴段的最小直径Dm,然后按轴上零件的装配方案和定位要求,从Dm处逐一确定各段轴径;(2)轴的各段长度主要根据个零件与配合部分的轴向尺寸和相邻零件间必要的空隙来确定。2、设计使用三角带轮传动(传递能量大)。五、毕业设计(论文)工作进度计划第一周第二周(2015.3.92015.3.23)查阅资料,编写开题报告,拟订设计方案。第三周(2015.3.232015.3.30)完成外文翻译的原告和翻译。方案设计,比较各种方案,确定最终的设计方案。包括工艺方案、传动方案、结构方案、控制方案等。第四周第十二周(2015.3.312015.5.18)设计计算,根据设计方案,确定主要零件的结构形状、尺寸,进行强度校核,制作模具,完成数控编程部分,绘制零件草图。第十三周(2015.5.192015.5.25)利用AutoCAD2014、Solidworks按着GB标准绘制零件图、装配图,并进行三维建模工作。第十四周(2015.5.262015.6.1)进行整体设计,内部结构设计,模具和数控加工部分的检查校正,编写设计说明书。第十五周(2015.6.22015.6.10)设计说明书,外文资料、文献的翻译、排版、打印、装订;设计图纸的打印输出;整理毕业设计资料准备答辩。第十六周(2015.6.112015.6.25)毕业设计答辩,整理毕业设计资料。 六、主要参考文献(或资料)1 濮良贵,纪名刚机械设计S第7版北京:高等教育出版社,2004.2 宋键. 制造业与现代化机械工程学报,2002(12)3 邢建东.工程材料基础M,机械工业出版社,2004.4 孙桓,陈作模机械原理第七版北京:高等教育出版社,20115 席慧智,谷万里,高玉芳机械工程材料M. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2009.6 刘品.机械加工工艺编制手册M.北京.机械工业出版社,1993.12.7 韩进宏.互换性与技术测量M.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.8 王世刚. 机械设计实践M. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学出版社, 2007.9 刘鸿文材料力学(上、下册)M第三版北京:高等教育出版社,2008.10 大连理工大学工程画教研室机械制图第四版北京:高等教育出版社,1993.11 熊弟霖、肖正扬、孙武、梁婉莹主编自动机械机构学M北京:中国轻工业出版社,2009.512 梁应彪板材剪切力的测试.北京:锻压技术,1992,第六期13 郭芝俊,左宝山,张桂芳,张宝兴主编机械设计手册便览M天津科学技术社,200814 许震宇主编.机械零件M.北京:人民教育出版社.2009.15 九所院校合编.机械零件附册M.天津:天津大学出版社.2010.16 俞新陆,何德誉锻压手册,第3卷,锻压车间设备北京:机械工业出版社,200217 左健民液压与气压传动第四版北京:机械工业出版社,201018 崔占全,邱平善机械工程材料哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,200119 哈尔滨工业大学理论力学教研组理论力学(上、下册)第六版北京:高等教育出版社,199720 G.N.Sandor,R.E.Kaufman: Kinematics Synthesis of Geared Linkages,J.Mechanisms,Vol.5,1970.21 Strezove L, Herbertson J,Experimental studies of interfacial heat transfer and initial solidfication pertinent to strip casting J. ISIJ Inteinational,2003,38 (9).22 Shigley J E,Uicker J J.Theory of machines and mechanics.New York:MeGraw-Hill Book company,1980.23 Smit T.Thin gauge hot strip J .A report on the ISS symposium C .Toronto: steel Times International, 2000,(7).24 赵建刚,徐静,孟广兵,赵春禾,王元辉. 液压摆式剪板机的技术改进 J. 重型机械科技. 2007(01) .25 赵中华,徐新成结点偏置曲柄滑块机构的运动特性锻压装备与制造技术.2004年第3期指导教师意见指导教师_签字年 月 日专业审查意见审查人_签字年 月 日Downloaded From: http:/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 04/13/2013 Terms of Use: http:/asme.org/terms GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTION Abstract: The important position of the wheel gear and shaft cant falter in traditional machine and modern machines. The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways . Key words: Wheel gear; Shaft In the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn. Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid. The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load. Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed heli cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix Downloaded From: http:/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 04/13/2013 Terms of Use: http:/asme.org/terms angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand. Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears. Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single- enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 90- deg. Shaft angle. When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered. Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often good design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered. It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears. A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power- transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one Downloaded From: http:/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 04/13/2013 Terms of Use: http:/asme.org/terms another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time. The word “shaft” covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle. When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. Whenever possible, the power- transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress. Although the von Mises-Hencky- Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment, and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability. Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two inertias I1 and I2 traveling at the respective angular velocities W1 and W2, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for earth geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat- dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows: 1. Rim type with internally expanding shoes 2. Rim type with externally contracting shoes 3. Band type 4. Disk or axial type 5. Cone type 6. Miscellaneous type The analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general Downloaded From: http:/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 04/13/2013 Terms of Use: http:/asme.org/terms procedure. The following step are necessary: 1. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces. 2. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point 3. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions. Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others. A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet- shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements. Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required. Devices such as linear drives or motor- operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal. An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “freewheel” or “overrun” because the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth. Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained. Introduction of Machining Have a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete. Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of Downloaded From: http:/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 04/13/2013 Terms of Use: http:/asme.org/terms a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining. Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low- tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing. Primary Cutting Parameters Cutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool. Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry - to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics - for each cutting process must be correct. Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts - with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate. Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。 Depth of penetration of a cutting tool - to inches dollars - is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth. Wears of Cutting Tool We already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece Downloaded From: http:/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 04/13/2013 Terms of Use: http:/asme.org/terms and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vice-bladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts. As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross- sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen. The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of t he work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis. If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has
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