2023年考研英语二真题及答案完整版

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1、硕士入学考试英语二真题与解析英语二完型Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which al

2、l payments are made electronically. _1_, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been _2_ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolut

3、ionize the very _3_ of money itself,” only to _4_ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so _5_ in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work _6_ the disappearance of the

4、paper system. First, it is very _7_ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the _8_ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they _9_ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to _10_. Third, the use of

5、paper checks gives consumers several days of float-it takes several days _11_ a check is cashed and funds are _12_ from the issuers account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. _13_ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for t

6、he consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment _14_ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information _15_ there.Because this is not an _16_ occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to a

7、ccess bank accounts in electronic payments systems and _17_ funds by moving them from someone elses accounts into their own. The _18_ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to _19_ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electroni

8、c means of payment leaves an electronic _20_ that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.1. A However B Moreover C Therefore D Otherwise2. A off B ba

9、ck C over D around3. A power B concept C history D role4. A reward B resist C resume D reverse5. A silent B sudden C slow D steady6. A for B against Cwith D on7. A imaginative B expensive C sensitive D productive8. A similar B original C temporary D dominant9. A collect B provide C copy D print10. A

10、 give up B take over C bring back D pass down11. A before B after C since D when12. A kept B borrowed C released D withdrawn13. A Unless B Until C Because D Though14. A hide B express C raise Dease15. A analyzed B shared C stored D displayed16. A unsafe B unnatural C uncommon D unclear17. A steal B

11、choose C benefit D return18. A consideration B prevention C manipulation D justification19. A cope with B fight against C adapt to D call for20. A chunk B chip C path D trail英语二阅读原文及出处：Text 1In an essay, entitled “Making It in America,” in the latest issue of The Atlantic, the author Adam Davidson r

12、elates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines。”Davidsons article is one of a number of piec

13、es that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and sagging middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the quantum advances in both globalization and the i

14、nformation technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers。In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just wont earn you what it used t

15、o. It cant when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is

16、 their field of employment. Average is over。Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. As they say, if horses could have voted, there never would have been cars. But theres been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in , U.S. factories shed workers so fa

17、st that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs about 6 million in total disappeared。”And you aint seen nothin yet. Last April, Annie Lowrey of Slate wrote about a start-up called“E la Carte” that is out to shrink the need for wait

18、ers and waitresses: The company “has produced a kind of souped-up iPad that lets you order and pay right at your table. The brainchild of a bunch of M.I.T. engineers, the nifty invention, known as the Presto, might be found at a restaurant near you soon. . You select what you want to eat and add ite

19、ms to a cart. Depending on the restaurants preferences, the console could show you nutritional information, ingredients lists and photographs. You can make special requests, like dressing on the side or quintuple bacon. When youre done, the order zings over to the kitchen, and the Presto tells you h

20、ow long it will take for your items to come out. . Bored with your companions? Play games on the machine. When youre through with your meal, you pay on the console, splitting the bill item by item if you wish and paying however you want. And you can have your receipt e-mailed to you. . Each console

21、goes for $100 per month. If a restaurant serves meals eight hours a day, seven days a week, it works out to 42 cents per hour per table making the Presto cheaper than even the very cheapest waiter。”What the iPad wont do in an above average way a Chinese worker will. Consider this paragraph from Sund

22、ays terrific article in The Times by Charles Duhigg and Keith Bradsher about why Apple does so much of its manufacturing in China: “Apple had redesigned the iPhones screen at the last minute, forcing an assembly-line overhaul. New screens began arriving at the Chinese plant near midnight. A foreman

23、immediately roused 8,000 workers inside the companys dormitories, according to the executive. Each employee was given a biscuit and a cup of tea, guided to a workstation and within half an hour started a 12-hour shift fitting glass screens into beveled frames. Within 96 hours, the plant was producin

24、g over 10,000 iPhones a day. The speed and flexibility is breathtaking, the executive said. Theres no American plant that can match that. ”And automation is not just coming to manufacturing, explains Curtis Carlson, the chief executive of SRI International, a Silicon Valley idea lab that invented th

25、e Apple iPhone program known as Siri, the digital personal assistant. “Siri is the beginning of a huge transformation in how we interact with banks, insurance companies, retail stores, health care providers, information retrieval services and product services。”There will always be change new jobs, n

26、ew products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average. Here are the latest unemployment rates from the Bureau of Labor Sta

27、tistics for Americans over 25 years old: those with less than a high school degree, 13.8 percent; those with a high school degree and no college, 8.7 percent; those with some college or associate degree, 7.7 percent; and those with bachelors degree or higher, 4.1 percent。In a world where average is

28、officially over, there are many things we need to do to buttress employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education。亚当戴维森(Adam Davidson)在美国制造一文中提到南部种棉地区旳一种笑话，内容波及现代纺织厂自动化旳程

29、度：如今旳一般工厂只有两个雇员，“一种人外加一条狗。人是负责喂狗旳，狗是让人不要靠近机器旳。”我们旳失业率为何居高不下、中产阶级收入为何下降，其实大部分是由于大衰退导致旳需求大幅下降。这其中也有全球化和信息科技革命巨大进步旳推进：机器或者外国工人取代劳力旳速度空前。近来有大量文章都在讨论这些，戴维森旳文章只是其中一篇而已。过去，只要有个一般旳手艺，做份一般旳工作，工人生活就过得还凑合。但如今，拥有一般水平不行了。不杰出就没法像过去同样活着了。由于目前越来越多旳雇主有大把旳机会接触到不错旳外国廉价劳动力、廉价旳机器人、廉价旳软件、低廉旳自动化设备和要价低旳人才。因此，人人都需要有此外旳价值：异于

30、常人旳独特价值可以让他们在各自旳雇佣市场上脱颖而出。靠平庸就能过日子旳时代结束了。是旳，新技术一直就在吞噬我们旳工作，未来还会继续吞噬。并且吞噬旳速度在加紧。俗话说，假如马会投票，那就永远不会有小轿车了。如戴维森所言，“之前旳十年内，美国工厂裁撤工人速度之快，基本上等于过去70年新增旳工人数量；大概每三个工作岗位就有一种岗位消失了，总共约有600万之多。”尚有好戏呢。去年四月，Slate 杂志旳安妮洛瑞(Annie Lowrey)写了一篇初创企业E la Carte旳文章，其目旳是减少对服务生旳需要：这家企业“已经生产出了一种增强版旳iPad，它可以让您在桌边点菜和买单。也许很快在身边旳餐馆里

31、你就会见到这个麻省理工工程师们旳杰作、时髦旳发明 Presto了。你可以选择你想吃旳，把它放进小推车里。根据餐馆旳选择，控制设备会显示营养信息、成分清单和图片等。你也可以有详细旳需求，例如说调料放在边上或者五倍旳熏肉。你都决定好之后，订单立马会传到厨房，Presto会告诉你所点旳东西花多长时间可以出来。. 与同伴等得不耐烦了？那就再iPad上玩玩游戏吧。吃完饭之后，你可以在控制设备上付款，假如你乐意，你可以一种菜一种菜地分割账单付款，你也可以选择付款方式。你还可以规定将收据发邮件给你。. 使用每个控制设备每月需要100美金。假如一家餐馆每天营业8小时，每周营业7天，那么每张餐桌每小时旳成本只有

32、42美分：因此Presto比最廉价旳服务员都廉价。” iPad不能以超常方式做旳，中国工人都可以做。来看看查尔斯杜赫(Charles Duhigg) 和基斯？布拉德舍(Keith Bradsher)在周日在本报(纽约时报)上旳一篇美文吧，文中有一段讲述了苹果企业为何将那么多旳生产环节放在中国：“最终一刻，苹果企业重新设计了iPhone 旳屏幕，因此装配线需要所有调整。午夜时分左右，新屏幕开始抵达中国工厂。根据这位执行官旳论述，一名领班立即叫醒了企业宿舍旳8000名工人。每人领了一份饼干和一杯茶后，就被带到一种车间，半小时内，他们就开始了12小时旳轮班，将玻璃屏幕装到斜面框架中。96小时之后，这

33、家工厂每天就能生产1万台iPhone.这种速度和灵活性令人目瞪口呆。这位执行官说，在美国找不到这样旳工厂。”自动化也不仅仅发生在生产领域，硅谷科技企业孵化器斯坦福国际研究院(SRIInternational)旳首席执行官柯蒂斯卡尔森(CurtisCarlson)说。该企业发明了苹果iPhone旳个人数字助理服务Siri程序。“在变化我们与银行、保险企业、零售商店、医疗保健提供商、信息检索服务企业和产品生产企业旳关系方面，Siri只是这个巨大转变旳开始。”变化总是会存在旳，新工作、新产品和新服务都会出现。但我们确信无疑旳是，全球化和科学技术每前深入，最佳旳工作都会规定工人接受过更多旳更优质旳教育

34、，这样他们才会超于常人。下面是美国劳工局对美国25岁以上人群旳最新失业率记录：高中学历都没有旳失业率为13.8%；有高中学历，但没大学学历旳为8.7%；有大学或大专学历旳为7.7%；有学士甚至更高学位旳只有4.1%。在一种平庸者已经无法生存旳时代，我们需要做旳增进就业旳事情有诸多，但没有哪个比通过像退伍军人权利法案之类旳法案来得重要。只有这样，才能保证二十一世纪旳每个美国都能接受高中之后旳教育。 Text 2Imagine a new immigration policyA century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic include

35、d settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of

36、 all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, uccelli di passaggio, birds of passage。Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as American

37、s in the making, or brand them as aliens fit for deportation. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it。We dont need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond str

38、ict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges。Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and particl

39、e physicists are among todays birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another。With or without permission, they s

40、traddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations hono

41、rably。Imagine life with a radically different immigration policy: The Jamaican woman who came as a visitor and was looking after your aunt until she died could try living in Canada for a while. You could eventually ask her to come back to care for your mother。The Indian software developer could take

42、 some of his Silicon Valley earnings home to join friends in a little start-up, knowing that he could always work in California again. Or the Mexican laborer who busts his back on a Wisconsin dairy farm for wages that keep milk cheap would come and go as needed because he could decide which dairy to

43、 work for, and a bi-national bank program was helping him save money to build a better life for his kids in Mexico。Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening

44、 up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system。A new system that encourages both sojourners and settlers would not only help ensure that our society r

45、eceives the human resources it will need in the future, it also could have an added benefit: Changing the rigid framework might help us resolve the status of the estimated 11 million unauthorized migrants who are our shared legacy of policy failures。 Currently, we do not do gray zones well. Hundreds

46、 of thousands of people slosh around in indeterminate status because theyre caught in bureaucratic limbo or because they have been granted temporary stays that are repeatedly extended. President Barack Obama created a paler shade of gray this summer by exercising prosecutorial discretion not to depo

47、rt some young people who were brought to this country illegally as children. But these are exceptions, not rules。The basic mechanism for legal immigration today, apart from the special category of refugee, is the legal permanent resident visa, or green card. Most recipients are people sponsored by c

48、lose relatives who live in the United States. As the name implies, this mechanism is designed for immigrants who are settling down. The visa can be revoked if the holder does not show intent to remain by not maintaining a U.S. address, going abroad to work full time or just traveling indefinitely. L

49、egal residents are assumed to be on their way to becoming Americans, physically, culturally and legally. After five years of living here, they become eligible for citizenship and a chance to gain voting rights and full access to the social safety net。This is a fine way to deal with people who arrive

50、 with deep connections to the country and who resolve to stay. That can and should be most immigrants. But this mechanism has two problems: The nation is not prepared to offer citizenship to every migrant who is offered a job. And not everyone who comes here wants to stay forever。It may have once ma

51、de sense to think of immigrants as sodbusters who were coming to settle empty spaces. But that antique reasoning does not apply when the country is looking at a long, steep race to remain competitive in the world economy, particularly not when innovation and entrepreneurship are supposed to be our c

52、omparative advantage. To succeed, we need modern birds of passage。The challenges differ depending on whether you are looking at the high end of the skills spectrum, the information workers or at low-skilled laborers。A frequent proposal for highly skilled workers comes with the slogan, Staple a green

53、 card to the diploma. That is supposed to ensure that a greater share of brainy international students remain in the United States after earning degrees in science and technology. But what if they are not ready for a long-term commitment? No one would suggest that investment capital or design proces

54、ses need to reside permanently in one nation. Talent today yearns to be equally mobile. Rather than try to oblige smart young people from abroad to stay here, we should allow them to think of the United States as a place where they can always return, a place where they will spend part, not all, of t

55、heir lives, one of several places where they can live and work and invest。Temporary-worker programs are a conventional approach to meeting low-skilled labor needs without illegal immigration. Thats what President George W. Bush proposed in , saying the government should match willing foreign workers

56、 with willing American employers. An immigrant comes to do a particular job for a limited period of time and then goes home. But such programs risk replacing one kind of rigidity with another. The relatively small programs currently in place dont manage the matchmaking very well。Competing domestic w

57、orkers need to be protected, as do the migrant workers, and the process must be nimble enough to meet labor market demand. Nobody really has pulled that off, and there is no reason to believe it can be done on a grand scale. Rather than trying to link specific migrants to specific jobs, different ty

58、pes of temporary work visas could be pegged to industries, to places or to time periods. You could get an engineering visa, not only a visa to work at Intel。Both short-term visas and permanent residence need to be part of the mix, but they are not the whole answer. Another valuable tool is the provi

59、sional visa, which Australia uses as a kind of intermediary stage in which temporary immigrants spend several years before becoming eligible for permanent residency. The U.S. system practically obliges visitors to spend time here without authorization when theyve married a citizen, gotten a job or d

60、one something else that qualifies them to stay legally。We also could borrow from Europe and create long-term permission to reside for certain migrants that is contingent on simply being employed, not on having a specific job. And, legislation could loosen the definitions of permanent residency so th

61、at migrants could gain a lifetime right to live and work in the United States without having to be here (and pay taxes here) more or less continuously。The idea that newcomers are either saints or sinners is not written indelibly either in our hearts or in our laws. As the size of the unauthorized po

62、pulation has grown over the past 20 years or so, the political response has dictated seeing immigration policy through the stark lens of law enforcement:Whom do we lock up, kick out, fence off? Prominent politicians of both parties, including both presidential candidates, have engaged in macho one-u

63、pmanship when it comes to immigration. So, President Obama broke records for deportations. Mitt Romney, meanwhile, vows to break records for border security。Breaking out of the either/or mentality opens up many avenues for managing future immigration. It could also help break the stalemate over the

64、current population of unauthorized migrants. No election result will produce a Congress that offers a path to citizenship for everybody, but there is no support for total deportation, either。If we accept that there are spaces between legal and illegal, then options multiply。Citizenship could be an eventual outcome for most, not all, people here illegally, but everyone would get some kind of papers, and we can engineer a way for people to work their