高二写作修讲义任谦

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1、新东方优能中学高二英语写作讲义第一节 写作概述及如何审题1 写作概述英语写作实际上就是用十几个英语句子清楚、全面地表达出题目的指示与要求。从最简单也是最本质的角度来说，英语作文主要由两大因素构成。一是句子，二是结构。结构是句子排列组合的方式。这种排列组合越符合逻辑，文章就越成功。而句子涉及到的是语言的表达。无论哪类文体，写作都是万变不离其宗。保证清晰的逻辑结构在心，在遣词造句上多下功夫，就一定能写出好文章。也正因此，写作需要的是平时多积累好词好句，并且要时常进行实战演练，做到“拳不离手、曲不离口”。2 评分标准 第五档 完全完成了试题规定的任务覆盖所有内容要点应用了较多的语法结构和词汇语法结构

2、或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽量使用复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言应用能力有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑完全达到了预期的写作目的 第四档 完全完成了试题规定的任务虽漏掉1、2个次重点，但覆盖所有主要内容应用的语法结构和词汇量能满足任务的要求语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确，些许错误主要是因使用较复杂语法结构或词汇所致应用简单的语句间连接成分，使全文结构紧凑达到了预期的写作目的 第三档 基本完成了试题规定的任务虽漏掉一些内容，但覆盖所有的主要内容应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解应用简单的语句间连接成分，使全文内容连贯整体而言，基

3、本达到了预期的写作目的我们进行写作学习的目标很显然是要在第四档和第五档努力。这两档总结来看，得分点有三个：第一，文章涵盖所有内容要点；第二，应用较多高级词汇、复杂的语法结构；第三，句间逻辑清晰紧凑，文章结构合理。不难看出，做到了这三点，才能在写作的评卷过程中赢得阅卷老师的青睐。由此还要回到我们第一点所讲的，一是句子，二是结构。那么怎样安排好句子和结构，组成结构合理逻辑清晰的文章。后面都会给大家一一讲解。3 审题拿到一个道英语写作（书面表达）题，在遣词造句谋篇之前，首先是审题。2010陕西卷：假定你是李华，你们学校和美国一所学校签订了教师交换协议。在过去的一年里，你们的老师是来自这所学校的Sue

4、 Wood,。不久前，他返回美国任教。请你根据写作要点和要求给Sue写封电子邮件。写作要点：1.对他表达感谢之意。2.介绍他离开后你自己和班里发生的事情。3.希望了解他的近况。要 求：1.短文必须写在答题卡的指定区域2.短文不少于100字（不包含已经写好的部分）3.内容充实，结构完整，语意连贯4.内容中不能体现本人真实信息第一，确定文体。提示性作文注意文章三段结构，立论举证及结论。应用文要注意语态的表达。看图作文要注意故事连贯性及时态。这篇文章是要写电子邮件。第二抓住题目，确认核心内容。本篇题目的意思几句就是给一位带过课的老师写邮件，是很容易想象的生活情境。其实写作要求里的要点未列出我们也容易

5、想到要表达感谢及介绍近况，并期待下次见面等通俗内容。第三，看完题目时心中要有数：三段都写什么，大致文章结构应该是个什么样子。（主张文章的三段论，逻辑清晰，结构完整）需要说明的是，我们主张写作时要打一个简单的草稿，写下几个要点或重点句型。在时间充分的条件下，在我们平时的英语写作学习中要锻炼的是英语语言输出的质量，目标是在写作的时候心中有数，提笔成文。范文：Dear Sue,Im Li Hua, one of your students in China. Its almost a month since you left us. We all miss you and are very grat

6、eful for what you did during the past year. Thanksto you help, we are now quite interested in English study, especially oral English. Every one tries to practice English in our daily life. Last week, an English Speaking Contest was held and I got the second price, which I cant even imagine before. T

7、he public service, helping the orphans in the nearby orphan house, which was held by you at the beginning is now going on well. We decide to offer our service there once a month. How is everything with you lately? We hope to know more about you and your American students. Please keep in touch with u

8、s. We are looking forward to your return next year. With best regards, Li Hua范文分析：1. 本次考题选取了应用文中最常见的书信，所以请注意格式。2. 考题的内容延续陕西考区特点，贴近中学生生活，内容要点给出，考生需要部分发挥。前几年考的都是议论文，今年将书信和记叙相结合，所以要注意时态变化。3. 写作中的一些固定表达要注意，这是英语写作规范化的重要体现：be grateful for, be interested in, at the beginning, offer ones service, look forwa

9、rd to 等。4. 注意句子多样化丰富化的原则。We all miss you and are very grateful for what you did during the past year. 宾语从句Last week, an English Speaking Contest was held and I got the second price, which I cant even imagine before. 被动语态，定语从句。The public service, helping the orphans in the nearby orphan house, which

10、was held by you at the beginning is now going on well. 同位语，定语从句。 为什么说这是一篇好范文：第一，文章整体结构完整，内容流畅自然。第二运用较多高级词汇和复杂的语法结构。4 书写要求要注意语法，标点，拼写，格式等等，切莫小看了这些环节，避免小的失误会让阅卷者对同学们有一个好的印象，这对获得高分至关重要。满分作文是允许有轻微错误的。第一，卷面要整洁，字迹要清楚应细心书写，便于别人阅读。大写字母应稍大于也稍高于小写字母，a和o、a和cl、d和cl、 u和v、n和u要分清。在逗号后空出约一个字母的间隔，在句号后则空出约两个字母的间隔。如要划

11、去一个词，不能用括号把它括起来，因为括号中的词还是要的；而要用粗线把它涂掉，切勿把字抹黑。如要增加一个词，应加在已写的一行词上面，不要加在下面，还要用清楚的符号表明加在何处。第二 标点符号使用要正确结构完整的句子，不论长短，后面都打句号。不要用逗号连接两个并列从句；应用逗号加连词，或用分号。例如：My mother is a teacher, and my father is a lawyer.第三 专用名词的拼写要正确。人名、地名、 国名。第四 单词拼写要正确第五 格式要正确（大小写、标题、书信、日记、通知等）5 遣词：高级原则 转换原则 修饰原则高级原则：顾名思义是在作文中选择相对高级的词

12、汇，也就是说要精益求精。例如在当今社会“搜索信息”是上网的重要目的之一，在翻译这个词组的时候很多学生想到的是look for information.然而仔细思考发现有两个词组我们也学过的，就是search for和hunt for。前者是搜寻很简单，后者可直译为猎取。在这里用在“搜索信息”上恰当又生动。例如：English is an important tool for people to communicate around the world.importantcrucial, essential, significant, of importance I think-I believ

13、e, suspect, guess, From my point of view, As far as I am concerned, From my perspective, etc.例如：I like reading while my brother likes watching TV. enjoy, prefer, be fond of, care for, be interested in.例如：attract ones attentioncapture ones attention causeresult in; lead to; bring about helpfulbenefic

14、ial; 转换原则：部分考生看到他们不熟悉的表达方式就开始头晕眼花了。这时，如果考生能够想到“同义转换”即“不会说的绕着说，没把握的换着说”，你会发现原来“柳暗花明又一村”的境地离自己是如此地近。把生涩的表达转换成我们容易掌握的简单表达法。例如：编辑文本它无非就是对我们之前的文章进行修改，如果考生不会edit，马上想到近一点的change,或者是correct 甚至是perfect 都可以。例如：“时尚达人”可以说the person who is always fashionable例如：2010全国卷（二）。招聘外教，授课对象：高中生（三年英语基础） have at least three

15、 years of English learning experience.我们会在具体的作文演练中讲这种方法。修饰原则：我们知道英语中有个最简单的语法修饰规则就是：形容词+名词；副词+形容词。这是英语作文中的一大法宝。它可以用来充分的描述对象或或表达情感。例如，crowed(拥挤的)前可加rather、quite形容程度 effective(有效的)前可加most, extremely, extraordinarily等Allen is a basketball player. Allen is a good basketball player.(用形容词说明这位学生的特点) Allen i

16、s an excellent basketball player. (运用高级法则换形容词) Allen is an extremely basketball player. (运用副词extremely修饰excellent,表现出极其优秀的特质)第二节 句子词汇是文章的最基本元素，而句子是是表现文章内容的基本形式。考试作文中为学生增分添彩的很多程度上也都是在句子中体现的语法结构，所以句子的水平和质量很大程度上决定了文章的水平和成色。那么什么样句型的使用会获得加分呢？这里首先不得不提倒装句。1倒装句Not onlybut also 不仅，而且例如：He has made great prog

17、ress in his study. And he is willing to help others. - Not only has he made great progress in his study but also he is willing to help others.例如：我们不仅应该在课堂上认真听讲，而且应该经常练习说英语。 We should listen carefully/attentively at class and practice speaking English frequently. Not only should we listen attentively

18、 at class, but also practice speaking English frequently.Only状语置于句首，主句倒装 只有。（表强调）例如：He will come to see me when he is free. Only when he is free will he come to see me.只有他有空时才来看我。 We can get along (well) with each other in this way. Only in this way can we get along well with each other.只有这样我们才能好好相处

19、。So置于句首+that（这部分不变） 太。以至于这个句型是由sothat句型转变而来。并且意思并没有变，只是强调了“太。”的部分。例如：He ran so fast that I can not catch up with him. So fast did he run fast that I can not catch up with him. She is so tired recently that her parents worry about her health. So tired is she recently that her parents worry about her

20、health.我们在高考题中实际演练一下倒装句。注意在文章中运用和掌握。2010重庆卷：我搭航班回国后发现一个行李箱丢失，写信给航空公司请求寻找。这篇文章很显然可以很轻松的用到倒装句型。So在句首：I was so careless that I lost my suitcase during the flight.So careless was I that I lost my suitcase during the flight.Only在句首I found my suitcase lost when I came back to my home.Only when I came back

21、 to my home did I find my suitcase lost.2 强调句第一，do/does/did + 动词原形这个强调再简单不过了，只要记得在恰当的地方应用，就有好效果。例如：He did try his best.他确实努力过了。 I do understand your situation. 我确实理解你的情况。第二，It is/was + 被强调部分+ that/who +句子其他成分强调句使用与否对句子结构及意思没有影响，只是加上了一个基本结构，把这个基本结构去掉，句子完整，意思不变。例如：It was because he drove carelessly th

22、at he had the accident.正是因为他不小心驾驶，才发生了事故。 Tom and Peter are responsible for the failure. It is Tom and Peter who are responsible for the failure.注意：被强调部分可以是一个词，一个词组，也可以是一个从句。除了强调人时用who外，其他时候都用that 引导。2010广东卷：给学校英语墙报写一篇通讯，关于中国政府决定公共场所禁烟。在说到烟的害处的时候，我们会想到这样一个句子：It is second-hand smoke that does a lot h

23、arm to peoples health. 2010浙江卷：写一篇班级之星李越为班级体办事的事迹的报道。She dose deserve the honor and we should learn from her.3 It作形式主语为了平衡句子结构或使表达方便，我们常用It来代替真正的主语放在句首。It句型是一种很地道，也很实用的英语表达方式。第一，It + is/was +形容词/名词（短语）+ (for sb.)不定式/主语从句例如：It is necessary to use a dictionary to learn English.用辞典学英语很必要。It is importan

24、t for you to attend the meeting It is obvious that she has been lying about her identity.很显然，她隐瞒了自己的身份。It is a pity that you missed the exciting basketball ball match.第二，It is/was +形容词+ of sb to do sth. (当该形容词指代人的品质，如kind, careful, nice, stupid, clever, considerate, friendly 等，用of)例如：It is very kind

25、 of you to give me a hand in time.第三，It+be +said/announced/believed/hoped/reported/proved等+主语从句例如：It is reported that thousands of people were killed in Japans earthquake.第四，It +不及物动词（seem/appear/happen/remain等）+主语从句 注意：没有Be！例如：It remains a question whether he agrees or not. It seems that he was not

26、 surprised at all.2010江苏卷：英语学生座谈会发言稿。开篇就可以写到：It is a great pleasure for me to share my experience of learning English with you.2009全国卷（一）：给美国朋友写信介绍前门大街改建情况。提供交通情况的要点是公共汽车17、69、59，地铁二号线。显然改建好的前门大街交通很发达，于是就有了这样的句子：Its very convenient to get there by bus.4 With 结构第一， with + sb/sth +形容词/副词/介词短语例如：He is

27、used to sleeping with the windows open. She left the room with all the lights on. He walked into the dark street with a stick in his mind.第二， with + sb/sth +动词不定式（表将来）/doing(表主动、进行)/done(表被动、完成)例如：With so much work to do, I have no time for a holiday. We found the house with the boy leading the way.

28、 With all the things she needed tonight, she went home happily.5 状语从句的几个常用表达第一，表原因：在几乎各种文体中都极其常用，注意多样化的表达。例如：Because of the heavy rain, we were late.as a result of, due to, owing to, thanks to第二， as long as 只要 + 从句例如：As long as we work with a strong will, we will conquer any difficulties.第三， the +比较

29、级，the+比较级例如：The more you give, the more you get. The busier he is, the happier he feels.6非限制性定语从句的几个常用表达非限制性定语从句在意义上几乎是独立的，在形式上通过关系词与主句相连。不能用that引导。从句与主句用逗号隔开。第一， 一般用于对主句某一部分的描述。例如：I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow. Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. Xian, where he met his

30、 wife, is a city full of historical events. 第二，which 引导。这是书面表达中最好用的句式之一。句子可以解释为一种行为引起了某种后果。例如：He did well in the English speaking contest, which made his teacher very happy. She practices oral English with a foreign friend every day, which sets an excellent example for all her classmates. 第二，关系代词as

31、引导的非限制性定语从句。as引导的非限定从，指代逗号后面整个句子，常出现在固定表达中，也可看作是插入语，是很地道的表达。例如：as we all known/as is known to all 众所周知 as we expected/as is planned 正如预料、计划的那样 as is mentioned above, 正如上面所说 as is reported,据报道第三节 语句衔接和提示性作文1 提示性作文提示性作文在高考写作中较普遍。题目给出了内容要点。一般同学们只要符合逻辑去表达这些要点就可以了。提示性作文中包含了议论文.其他的基本属于应用文。我们在这里首先讨论议论文的部分。

32、它是提示性作文中比较有创造力的一类。一般分为三个部分提出中心论题；论证过程；结论、评价、建议等。引出主题： 引出讨论主题或提出自己观点。正文论证部分： 观点A，论据；观点B，论据 结论部分： 提出作者倾向与哪一个观点，总结自己的结论。（2008陕西卷书面表达）某天，你班贴出了一张通知。请根据通知、内容要点和要求写一篇英语发言稿。内容要点：1. 你对“周五读报活动”的看法：2. 陈述你的理由(可举例说明)：3. 你的具体建议。 要求：1. 短文填写在答题卡的指定区域2. 短文词数不少于80(不含已写好的部分)3. 内容充实，结构完整，语意连贯。4. 快写须清楚、工整。NoticeOur moni

33、tor suggests that we have “Friday News Hour”. But some classmates do not agree. We will have a class meeting in English tomorrow afternoon to discuss this suggestion. Please prepare your talk and take an active part. May 6th, 2008Dear fellow students, Our monitor suggests that we have “Friday New Ho

34、ur”. I think that it is a good idea. Everyone knows that we are busy all day. Seldom do we know what is happening both at home and abroad, let alone what we can do for our country. By reading newspapers we can get more information about the world outside. So I think “Friday New Hour” can broaden our

35、 mind and enrich our school life. Whats more, it will help us improve our reading skills. As for my suggestion, I think its better to have it twice a week. And we should make a choice about what well read. I am sure everyone will benefit a lot from this activity.（2009年陕西卷书面表达）在一个英文网络论坛上，一个名叫Grown-up

36、的中学生发帖觉得母亲总把自己当小孩，求助其他网友给些建议看怎样解决这个问题。请根据帖子内容，写作要点和要求回贴。写作要点：1.告诉Grown-up要理解母亲；2.给Grown-up提出解决问题的具体建议。要求：1.短文需写在答题卡的指定区域。 2.短文词数不少于80（不含已写好的部分）。 3.内容充实，结构完整，语意连贯。 4.书写须清晰、工整。Hi，Grown-up，As a student of your age. I understand your situation. The problem you are facing is common among our teenagers. H

37、owever, it should be wise not to do anything that may hurt her feelings. Here are a few suggestions.First, its advisable to talk more with your mom. Heart to heart talks help you understand each others better. They are also opportunities to let her know your ideas of and attitudes toward many things

38、.Second, you should learn to do your own things well, proving to your mom that you are already a “grown-up”, Its even better if you could share more of the housework, such as cleaning, washing and cooking.Hope my ideas will work.核心问题是母亲总把自己当小孩，求助其他网友给些建议解决这个问题。这篇文章开头需要简单引出这些建议。结尾则要送一些祝福希望他和妈妈能解决这种矛盾

39、。正文部分是主体，也是着重要讲的部分。首先要有一个brainstorming,列出有可能的建议，比如：Heart to heart talks, letting her know your ideas and attitudes toward many things； To learn to do your own things well, and share more of the housework, proving that you are already a “Grown-up” ；Makingdecisionsandovercomingdifficultiesbyyourself,

40、notdependonyourmother；Nothing can compare with the love from mother.在取舍这些建议的时候要遵循三个原则：1 重心在前2 条理清晰3 间接说明，避免打击很显然，在开篇要点中一定要写对母亲的理解。主体部分在把这些建议部分确定后，就需要用我们上面学过的遣词造句谋篇衔接了。总之，提示性下面是一篇优秀文章。Dear Grown-up , I have read about your complaint that your mother always treats you as a seven-year-old boy , which m

41、akes you feel uncomfortable because you will enter college this coming fall. As to your problem, I have several suggestions to put forward as follows. To begin with（Initially）, you should try to understand your mother, whose intention is to care for you. Just as a famous person says, “Nothing can co

42、mpare with the love from mother.” In addition (Apart from this), communicating properly with your mother contributes to solving the problem. The more you communicate with her, the better you will understand each other. Finally, it is encouraged to resort to your friends or classmates when you have q

43、uarrel with your mother. I do hope what I mentioned above can help you. Only by doing so, can you be friend with your mother soon. Do you agree with me? Yours， Li Hua议论文中除了自己观点符合题意外，最重要的就是逻辑和结构，这些体现了论证文章整体三段以及论证过程的层次性。借此我们也来学习一下篇章的语句的衔接。 2 语句衔接一个段落就是一个句群组合，由若干句子组成,句子由小句组成。句子之间的连接必须自然连贯。而要实现上下文的衔接和连贯

44、，必须采用过渡语连接句子形成句群。在一个段落中，句子的地位不同，顺序也自然不同，有先有后，自然搭配。要想写出漂亮的文章，仅仅在句子上下功夫是不够的。我们需要学习衔接与连贯的表达方法。第一，使用连词进行过渡 （连词与副词搭配可以是句子行云流水般流畅）例如：Tom had a little toy bear. He liked it very much. He went to school and took it. One day Tom lost his toy on his way back home. He didnt find it. He was very sorry. His sist

45、er knew it and bought a new toy bear for him. Tom was happy. He has a new friend. 修改： Tom had a little toy bear and he liked it very much. he always took it with him, even when he went to school. One day Tom lost his toy on his way back home and he couldnt find it. How sad he felt ! After her sister

46、 knew it, she bought him a new one. Tome felt happy and smiled, because he got a new friend.并列连词： and, as well as, both and , or, either or, nor, neither nor, not only, but (also); not only, but as well; and then. but, however, yet 从句连词： after, when, before, as, while, since, until; if, even if, whe

47、ther; because; so that/ in order that; as soon as, as long as, . that （名词从句）; 第二，使用插入语过渡 1、插入语拓展句子 例如： Tom speaks Chinese very well. Whats more / In addition/ Besides, he is good at math. Zhanghua likes sports very much. And he is good at some sports. For example/For instance, he is a football star

48、in our school team and an excellent badminton player. 2、插入语衔接上下文，形成连贯的句群 例如： Our monitor is a girl. She is responsible for her work and takes good care of classmates. She studies hard. She is good at all subjects. Her math is especially good. She likes sports. She is a key member of our volleyball t

49、eam. She has set us a good example. 修改稿: As we all know, our monitor is a good girl, who is responsible for her work and cares much of her classmates. She studies so hard that she is good at all subjects, especially math. Whats more/ In addition/ Besides, she likes sports very much and she is a key

50、member of our volleyball team. In a word, she has set us a good example.3 议论文开头：I have several suggestions to put forward as follows There are different opinions among people as to _ .Some people suggest that _. _ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are

51、right on their way. _ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.论证主体：First of all, to begin with, initially, In addition, Apart from this, moreover, besides, Some people think that_On the

52、contrary, there are some people in favor of _. There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can_ We should take a series of effective measures to_. For one thing，_For another, _ It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _. In addition_. 论文结尾：all in all, in total, in con

53、clusion, to sum up. From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that All in all, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of Only in this way can in the future. 附：必须熟练使用的插入语句首插入语 to begin with; first of all = above everything else; as you know, a

54、s we all know, as is known; 结尾插入语 （总结） therefore / thus; all in all / in a word/ to sum up ; in brief ( in short); in other words 引出细节的插入语 (on / upon) seeing . / at the sight of . ; (on/ upon) hearing .; at the thought of compared with .; from the table / chart/ pictures above we know/ see/ find . A

55、s is reported; as is believed; as is known ( to all) ; as (is/ was/ had been) expected 转折否定插入语 however; yet; on the contrary; on the other hand; conversely （相反地）; much to ones surprise ( disappointment, delight, joy); beyond ones expectation; unexpectedly; 结果插入语 as a result; therefore; hence; conseq

56、uently; accordingly （相应地）; in turn （反过来产生了结果） thus; in this way; for this reason; for these reasons; at last; finally; in the end 列举插入语 on one hand, on the other hand; for one thing, . for another; for example / for instance; that is ( that is to say); take as / for an example; . is a (case) in poin

57、t （是个恰当的例子） 递进插入语 worse still; to make things worse; especially; in particular ; what is worse ; whats more ; furthermore; in addition ( to this); besides (this/ that) . 强调插入语 what surprised us is that ; what matters/ counts is that ; what is the most important is that what interested me most is tha

58、t ; in fact; in effect; in reality; actually; as a matter of fact to tell (you) the truth; to be honest; to be frank; frankly speaking; generally speaking ; believe it or not; more importantly;第四节 应用文与看图作文1 应用文考试中的写作（书面表达）中应用文大致有这么三类：书信、通知、发言稿。书信书信首先要注意的是格式。它包括五部分，即信头、称呼、正文、结束语和签名，具体如下：1信头：寄信人的地址和写信

59、日期，写在信的右上角。注意英语中地名的写法与中文不同，要从小到大；日期的写法也与中文不同，不是写在签名之下，而是写在寄信人的地址之下。习惯上人们采用美式英语表达，即月、日、年，月，日与年之间用逗号隔开，月份尽量不要缩写，如June 8,2009；而英式英语表达则为日、月、年，中间不用逗号隔开，如8 June 2009。日期的几种写法： a. July 7, 1998 b. 1st October, 1998c. 30 Nov., 1997 d. Sep. 3 rd, 19992称呼：自成一行，顶格写。称呼语常用：Dear Sir/Madam/Manager/Editor/friends/Bob

60、，称呼之后一般用逗号。3正文：信件的主体部分即为信的正文。正文写在称呼的下一行，与Dear后第一个单词对齐。正文通常包括三部分，即开头、目的和结尾。正文的开头语常用：Thank you for your last letter asking about.；Im glad to.。正文的结尾语是正文的一部分，常常另起一行，常用的结尾语有：Im looking forward to your reply；Thanks and all the best；Best wishes；Wishing you a pleasant journey。4结束语：结束语与正文的结尾语不一样，它要写在结尾语的下一行，位于书信的右下角，后面用逗号。常用的结束语有：Yours sincerely/faithfully/truly；Sincerely/Truly yours；Yours等。5签名：签名写在结束语的下一行，与结束语对齐，也就是签上写信人的名字。March 10, 2010Dear David，Ivelearned it from the Internet that you want t