TPO词汇题总结(下

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1、1 The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Romes early development. The phrase “obsession with” in the passage is closest in meaning tothinking aboutfixation oninterest inattitude toward2 In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability w

2、hich rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.The word “fostered” in the passage is closest in meaning toacceptedcombinedintroducedencouraged3 The Roman genius

3、was projected into new spheresespecially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. .The word “spheres” in the passage is closest in meaning toabilitiesareascombinationsmodels4 Once the idea of planting diffused, Africans began to develop their own crops, such as cert

4、ain varieties of rice, and they demonstrated a continued receptiveness to new imports. The word “diffused” in the passage is closest in meaning toemergedwas understoodspreaddeveloped5 This technological shift cause profound changes in the complexity of African societies. The word “profound” in the p

5、assage is closest in meaning tofascinatingfar-reachingnecessarytemporary6 Those who knew the secrets of making iron gained ritual and sometimes political power.The word “ritual” in the passage is closest in meaning tomilitaryphysicalceremonialpermanent7 Their migration may have been set in motion by

6、 an increase in population caused b a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. The word “fleeing” in the passage is closest in meaning toafraid ofdisplaced byrunning away fromresponding to8 It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of indu

7、strial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. The word massive in the passage is closest in meaning toancientcarefullyvery largecarefully protected9 The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pi

8、npointfor instance, Teotihuacns religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacns elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eru

9、ptions of the late first millennium B.C The word pinpoint in the passage is closest in meaning toidentify preciselymake an argument fordescribeunderstand10.The word ingenuity in the passage is closest in meaning toambitionsincerityfaithcleverness11 The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, thou

10、gh, that Teotiluacan was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.The word predominant in the passage is closest in meaning tomost aggressivemost productiveprincipalearliest12 Its hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were

11、 left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded. The word cope in the passage is closest in meaning toadaptmovecontinuecompete13 Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during

12、the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one?The word fluctuations in the passage is closest in meaning toextremesretreatsperiodsvariations14 Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on

13、 both land and sea. The word bombard in the passage is closest in meaning toapproachstrikepasscircle15 This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms in less than fifty years. The word disruption in the passage is closest in meaning toexhaustiondist

14、urbancemodificationdisappearance16 These flow features are extensive systemssometimes hundreds of kilometers in total lengthof interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. The word merge in the passage is closest in meaning toexpandseparatestraighten outcombine1

15、7 Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. The word relics in the passage is closest in meaning toremainssitesrequirementssources18 The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniatur

16、e versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. The word miniature in the passage is closest in meaning totemporarysmallmultiplefamiliar19 Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent

17、 of the past. The word hints in the passage is closest in meaning tocluesfeaturesargumentseffects20 He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat. The word persuasively in the passage is closest in meaning to ag

18、gressivelyinflexiblyconvincinglycarefully21 This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americans prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. The phrase prior to is closest in meaning to beforeimmediately afterduringin spite of 22 Vast areas along the coast may have bee

19、n deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago. The word Vast in the passage is closest in meaning to Frozen Various IsolatedHuge23 This is the time period in which mo

20、st scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. The word inhospitable in the passage is closest in meaning to not familiarnot suitablenot dangerousnot reachable24 Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there

21、 may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction. The word impetus in the passage is closest in meaning to chanceprotectionpossibilityincentive25 Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This wa

22、s justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching. The word justified in the passage i

23、s closest in meaning to supportedshapedstimulatedsuggested26 Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish-a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature. The word flourish in the passage is closest in meaning to c

24、ontinueoccursucceedapply27 Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner.The word objective in the passage is closest in meaning to unbiasedpositivesystematicthorough28 Wildman and Niles make a summary

25、 comment: Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea.The word compelling in the passage is closest in meaning to commonly heldpersuasiveoriginalpractical29 Spores light enough t

26、o float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. The phrase at random in the passage is closest in meaning to finallyover a long period of timesuccessfullywithout a definite pattern30 Lichens helped to speed the d

27、ecomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. The word abundantly in the passage is closest in meaning to occasionallyplentifullyusefullyfortunately31 These plants pro

28、pagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spores are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. The word propagate in the passage is closest in meaning to multiplyemergelive evolve32 They could travel thro

29、ugh the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months. The word dormant in the passage is closest in meaning to hiddeninactiveundergroundpreserved33 The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors, or even ritua

30、l objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The word status in the passage is closest in meaning to origin importance quality design34 Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of

31、the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry.The word evolve in the passage is closest in meaning to divided extended developed vanished35 So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in im

32、itation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. The word instigate in the passage is closest in meaning to improved investigated narrowed caused36 Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and

33、precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. The word whereas in the passage is closest in meaning to while previously surprisingly because37 Equally striking, however, is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10.000 years (the Holocene p

34、eriod).The word striking in the passage is closest in meaning to noticeable confusing true unlikely38 These include the chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere, the slower but equally erratic behavior of the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and snow. The word erratic in the

35、 passage is closest in meaning to dramatic important unpredictable common39 There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. The word deliberations in the passage is closest

36、in meaning to records discussions results variations40 Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centurys, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the r

37、apid warming in recent decades.The word invoked in the passage is closest in meaning to demonstrated called upon supported expected41 Among the key factors behind this growth were increased agricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to histo

38、rical many important hidden42 Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income.The word meager in the passage is closest in meaning to very necessary very low traditional primary43 Moreover an increased cre

39、dit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships - an English innovation (the first major company began in 1600).The phrase an English innovation in the passage is closest in meaning to a new development introduced by the En

40、glish an arrangement found only in England a type of agreement negotiated in English a type of partnership based on English law44 In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art pr

41、oduced for them.The word vital in the passage is closest in attractive essential usual practical45 When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for thre

42、e thousand years. The word context in the passage is closest in meaning to connection influence environment requirement46 By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet meta

43、l around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process. The word core in the passage is closest in meaning to material layer center frame47 Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representa

44、tions that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. The word depicts in the passage is closest in meaning to imagines classifies elevates portrays48 The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some

45、answers and. in the process, raised new questions.The word perplexed in the passage is closest in meaning to defeated interested puzzled occupied49 They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction. At the time, this idea seemed preposterous. The word preposterous in the passage is

46、 closest in meaning to unbelievable inadequate limited creative50 There is accumulating evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of environmental cues. The word accumulating in the passage is closest in meaning to new increasing convincing extensive51 Many signals that animals

47、 make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. The phrase impose on in the passage is closest in meaning to increase for remove from place on distribute to52 David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played

48、the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers.The word artificial in the passage is closest in meaning to attractive not real short-term well designed53 The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a pr

49、ediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators. The word prediction in the passage is closest in meaning to surprise discovery explanation e

50、xpectation54 This prediction was supported by data collected in one survey of 24 species from an Arizona forest, more evidence that predator pressure favors the evolution of begging calls that are hard to detect and pinpoint.The word pinpoint in the passage is closest in meaning to observe locate ex

51、actly copy accurately recognize55 Given that predators can make it costly to beg for food, what benefit do begging nestlings derive from their communications?The word derive in the passage is closest in meaning to require gain use produce56 Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one ca

52、n assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. The phrase assisted in in the passage is closest in meaning to initiated dominated helped with setup57 In the few cases where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something, it is mostly, though not always, in the right hand.The phrase depi

53、cted in the passage is closest in meaning to identified revealed pictured imagined58 A left-handed toolmaker would produce the opposite pattern Toth has applied these criteria to the similarly made pebble tools from a number of early sites (before 1.5 million years) at Koobi For a, Kenya, probably m

54、ade by Homo habilis.The word criteria in the passage is closest in meaning to standards findings ideas techniques59 Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has c

55、ome close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed.The word regarded in the passage is closest in meaning to analyzed considered altered criticized60 Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes.The word paradoxes in the passage is closest in me

56、aning to difficulties accomplishments parallels contradictions61 Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920s.The word overshadowed in the passage is

57、 closest in meaning to distracted from explained conducted coordinated with62 To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920 s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would

58、not take no for an answer.The word neglected in the passage is closest in meaning to failed needed started expected63 The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq.The word drastically in t

59、he passage is closest in meaning to obviously unfortunately rapidly severely64 In recent years, groundwater has become an increasingly important source of freshwater for desert dwellers.The word dwellers in the passage is closest in meaning to settlements farmers tribes inhabitants65 Groundwater is

60、stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated (unsolidified) sediments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering.The word fractures in the passage is closest in meaning to streams cracks storms earthquakes66 Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can se

61、ep out at springs or leak into other aquifers. The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) ground waters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped.The word immobile in the passage is closest in meaning to enclosed permanent motionl

62、ess intact67 Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction .The word complex in the passage is closest in meaning to delicate elaborate private common68 More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.The word endowing in the passage is closest in meaning to leaving exposing