Lecturefive虚拟语气

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1、Subjunctive Mood,Presented by： Jack Zhu,Subjunctive Mood,Focus 什么是虚拟语气？其最基本的作用是什么？有那些词可以用来引导虚拟语气？ 虚拟语气有哪些特殊的表达形式？如何来辨别和使用这些特殊形式？,一、什么是虚拟语气？,语气是动词的一种形式，用来表示讲话某件 事情的看法或态度。英语中有三种语气：,语气,陈述语气 (Indicative Mood),祈使语气 (Imperative Mood),虚拟语气 ( subjunctive Mood),1,2,陈述语气一般用来讲述事实或提出疑问，常常用于陈述句、疑问句和感叹句。, The sit

2、uation could still be remedied. What does this sentence try to tell us?,祈使语气主要用于祈使句，由说话者向对方下达命令、提出要求、劝告等。, Dont make any noise in class! Remember to e-mail me!,3,虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用于表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是想像、假设建议、打算、愿望等。, If we had met him last night, we would have told him what had happened to his family. I

3、wish I were Bill Gates.,虚拟语气的作用： 1.表达假设的情况，与事实相反 2.表达异想天开很难实现的愿望 3.表达建议、命令、劝告等语气,1. If I say sth wrong, you must point it out. 2. If I have free time, Ill help you with your English. 3. If time permits, well go fishing together.,真实条件句,（一）与现在事实相反的非真实性条件句,If wishes were horses, beggars would ride. If

4、I feared death, I wouldnt be a communist.,The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.,( 二）与过去事实相反的条件句,（三）虚拟语气的将来时,If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you should succeed, everything wo

5、uld be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.,1. If I _ enough money, I will buy a laptop. A. will have B. have C. had D. would have 2. If I _you, I would go by plane. Flying is much faster. A. be B. was C. were D. am,B,C,3. If they _ on stealing, they will reap what they s

6、ow. A. will keep B. keep C. kept D. had kept 4. If Jane _ tomorrow, what would you do? A. were not to come B. will not come C. would not come D. had not come,B,A,5. If they had known him, ( ) to him? A. would they have talked B. would they talk C. had they talked D. they would talk 6. Getting up ear

7、ly isnt difficult if you _ an alarm clock. A. will have B. have C. had D. had had,A,B,7. I would have gone to the concert, if I ( ) time. A. had had B. have had C. had D. would have had,A,(四）错综时间条件句,有时候，主句与从句的动作发生在不同 的时间，这时主、从句谓语动词的虚拟语气 形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做错综时间条 件句或混合条件句。 遇到此类题时，一要注意时间状 语的提示，二要注意事实和虚拟 的混合

8、。,If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实反。） If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).,I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I _ fully occupied the whole of last week. A. had been B. was C. w

9、ere D. would be,（五）虚拟语气的倒装省略“if”的条件句,虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含 were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had移到从句句首，实行倒装。,Were they here now, they could help us.,If they were here now, they could help us.,Had you come earlier, you would have met him.,If you had come earlier, you would have met him.,If it were no

10、t for their help, we would be in great trouble.,Were it not for their help, we would be in great trouble.,在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。,注意,(六) 含蓄条件句,在虚拟语气中，有的句子可能没有明显的由“if”引导的条件从句，但是句子中隐含着一个条件，这种句子称为含蓄条件句，通常有以下三种来表达。,1,介词或介词短语。常见的可以引导虚拟语气的介词有：with, without, in case of ，under more

11、 favorable condition, but for, but that, for the fear of等。,Some examples,In the absence of sunlight, there would be no moonlight. Under a better condition, we would have done much better. Except for air and water, nothing could live on the earth.,2,连词。常见的用来连接虚拟语气的连接词 有：otherwise, or, so that, unless

12、, supposing, provided, provided that, on condition that, unfortunately等,I didnt have his telephone number. Otherwise, I would have already called. （95）,3.暗含在上下文中,1. Given the opportunity, he might have become a well-known singer. 2. I would have bought that DVD player.,Some examples,例(1) Without hea

13、t and sunlight, plants on the earth _ well. A. would not grow B. will not grow C. had not grown D. would not be grown 例(3) But for the rain, we _ a nice holiday. A. should have B. would have had C. would have D. will have had 【答案】 (2003年4月28题),A,B,例(2) But for my classmates help, I _ the work in tim

14、e. A. did not finish B. could not finish C. will not finish D. would not have finished 【答案】 (2004年4月36题),D,三、虚拟语气的特殊形式,虚拟语气的特殊形式是这一语法项目的难点是安徽省专升本考试中的频率较高的考点，其表现形式我们从以下几个方面进行学习记忆。,1,一些动词在接宾语从句时，要用虚拟语气,这些动词有：,suggest, command, order propose, recommend, ask require, request, intend, insist, etc.,decide

15、, suggest, decree, demand, insist, move, order, prefer, propose,recommend, request, require, vote,上述动词所接的虚拟语气基本句型是：主句依据说话者要求，采用正常的陈述句相对应的时态，从句用 “should” + “动词原形”，常常省略“should”。,1. Mother insists that the wallet I picked up in the street ( should) be given back to the owner.,2.He intended that she do

16、it right now.,特别提示,这种句式要重点掌握,2,当上述动词以过去分词形式用在如下句型中时，从句用“should”（可省略）“ V”该句型为：it is/was (上述动词）过去分词that 从句,3.It is strongly recommended that students should listen to the English news broadcasting in the morning.,4.It was suggested that every scientist master at least one foreign language.,3,当上述动词以名词形

17、式出现，并且被用来做主语引导一个表语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，其形式同上。,5. My suggestion was that we ( should ) leave the burning building at once,4,当上述动词的名词形式接同位语从句时，同位语从句用虚拟语气，用法同上。,6. The students put forward the demand that the class ( should ) be started at 8:30 in stead of 8:00.,5,在“it is/wasadvisable, preferable等形容词that 从句”的句

18、型中用虚拟语气。,常见的形容词有：,necessary，important， essential， urgent，vital， natural ，strange， imperative,7. It is vital that he be warned before he takes action. 8. It was strange that she should go away without saying good-bye.,lest / for fear that/in case从句,1. She walked quietly lest she should wake up her ro

19、ommates. 2. The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we should misunderstand him.,3. Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur. 4.She put a blanket over the baby for fear that it should catch a cold.,6,在“到了该做的时候了”（It is time that)句型中，从句用过去式这种虚拟 形式。,9. It is time that we went

20、 to bed. 10.It is high time that we handed in the homework.,7,在“would rather + that（常省略）从句”的句型中，从句用虚拟语气。从句时态根据句子要表达的意义而定。,11.Mary would rather she had not broken the window.,8,由if only, as if, as though等引导的从句，要用虚拟语气。,12. He behaves as if he were the owner of the house. 13. Even if it had been a rain

21、y day, I would have gone to see her.,9,在表达美好愿望的独立句中使用虚拟语气。,14. God bless you! 15. Long live my motherland! 16. So be it then.,17. Long live the Peoples Republic of China! 18. God damn you! 19. Heaven forbid! 20. Devil take you! 21. Far be it from me to spoil the fun. 22. He will remain here if need

22、be.,情态动词+ have done的虚拟语气,1. 表示与过去的事实相反 should (ought to) have done shouldnt have done would have done could have done might have done need (neednt) have done,Typical examples,1. Peter would have gone with me, but he was ill. 2. John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she neednt have w

23、alked back home. 3. You ought to / should have studied harder.,2. 表示对过去的推测,Note: 只有 must/could/may/might + have done 1. you must have seen the film Titanic. 2. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet now.,3. Mr. Smith cant have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 4.

24、They may not have known it beforehand. 5. You might have read about it in the papers.,Typical examples,【经典考例1】 The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I _ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me. (2006江西) A. should have taken B. could have taken C. neednt have taken D. mustnt have taken,C,【经典考

25、例2】 As you worked late yesterday, you _ have come this morning. （2006陕西） A. maynt B. cant C. mustnt D. neednt,D,【经典考例3】Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting , but he didnt show up. （04广西卷） A. should have arrived B. should arrive C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving,A,【经典考例4】(NEMT 2001) I w

26、as really anxious about you. You _home without a word. A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left D. neednt leave,B,【经典考例5】 (NEMT 1998) I stayed at a hotel while in New York. Oh? Did you ? You_with Barbara. A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed,A,【经典考例6】 (2005江西) Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today ? Something _to him. A. must happen B. should have happened C. could have happened D. must have happened,D,