高考英语系列讲座一句子成分

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1、高中英语系列讲座（一）句子成分一、句子成分 定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。(一) 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1) During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.2) We often s

2、peak English in class.3) One-third of the students in this class are girls.4) To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5) Smoking does harm to the health.6) The rich should help the poor.7) When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8) It is necessary to master a foreign language

3、.(二) 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：1) He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：1)You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系动词加表语构成。如：1) We are students.(三) 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, loo

4、k, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：1) Our teacher of English is an American.2) Is it yours?3) The weather has turned cold.4) The speech is exciting.5) Three times seven is twenty one?6) His job is to teach English.7) His hobby is playing football.8) The machine mu

5、st be out of order.9) Time is up. The class is over.10) The truth is that he has never been abroad.(四) 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1) They went to see an exhibition yesterday.2) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3) How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.4) They

6、helped the old with their housework yesterday.5) He pretended not to see me.6) I enjoy listening to popular music.7) I think (that)he is fit for his office.宾语种类：(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)，例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补)，例如：They elected him their monitor.(五) 宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾

7、语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：1) His father named him Dongming.2) They painted their boat white.3) Let the fresh air in.4) You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5) We saw her entering the room.6) We found everything in the lab in good ord

8、er.7) We will soon make our city what your city is now.(六) 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：1) America is a developed country.2) There are thirty women teachers in our school.3) His rapid progress in English made us surprised.4) Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.5) He is readi

9、ng an article about how to learn English.(七) 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：1) Light travels most quickly.2) He has lived in the city for ten years.3) He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.4) He is in the room making a model plane.状语种类如下：1) How about

10、meeting again at six?2) Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3) I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4) Mr Smith lives on the third floor.5) She put the eggs into the basket with great care.6) She came in with a dictionary in her hand.7) In order to catch up with the others,

11、I must work harder.8) He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.9) She works very hard though she is old.10) I am taller than he is.练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. They went hunting togeth

12、er early in the morning.5. His job is to train swimmers.6. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.7. There is going to be an American film tonight.8. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.9. He found it important to master English.10. Do you have anything else to say?11. He sat there, reading

13、a newspaper.12. It is our duty to keep our classroom tidy.13. He noticed a man enter the room.14. The apples tasted sweet.二、选择填空1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here nowC. The man who is here now D. The man is here now2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C.

14、not wet and cold D. were wet and cold3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet4. He got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter5. The actor _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. was dying6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest

15、.A. We; us B. Us; we C. We; our D. We; we7. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly8. I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is9. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked10. I will never forget the day _ I joi

16、ned the army.A. that B. when C. in which D. where二、简单句、并列句和复合句 (一) 句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1) 陈述句 (肯定、否定)：He is six years old.She didnt hear of you before.2) 疑问句 (一般、特殊、选择、反意)：(1) Do they like skating? (2) How old is he? (3) Is he six or seven years old?(4) Mary can swim, cant she?3) 祈使句：1) Be careful

17、, boys; 2) Dont talk in class4) 感叹句：1) How clever the boy is!2) What a clever boy he is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1) 简单句：只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。 1) He often reads English in the morning.2) Tom and Mike are American boys. 3) She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词 (and,

18、but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。 1) You help him and he helps you.2) The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 3) 复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句 (主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。 ) The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. (二) 简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语： He is a s

19、tudent.2、主语+不及物动词： We work.3、主语+及物动词+宾语： Henry bought a dictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)： My father bought me a car.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补)： Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。 (三) 并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only.but also., neither.nor., then等连接。The teachers name is Smith, and

20、 the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either.or., otherwise等。Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、 表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。

21、August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.练习二1. Give me one more minute _ Ill be able to finish it.A. and B. or C. if D. so2. Its the third time that John has been late, _?A. hasnt he B. isnt heC. isnt it D. hasnt it3. _ joyful he was to meet his broth

22、er again!A. How B. What C. What a D. What an4. Let us pass, _?A. shant we B. shall we C. wont we D. will you5. I suppose hes serious, _ ?A. do I B. dont I C. is he D. isnt he6. You had better not smoke here, _?A. will you B. had you C. shall you D. have you7. Train as hard as you can _ youll win the

23、 swimming competition.A. then B. but C. and D. or8. Im sorry to have to say this, _ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.A. and B. but C. so D. because9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and _.A. Henry hasnt too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry ha

24、s D. neither has Henry10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, _ others enjoy swimming.A. or B. for C. while D. so11. Do you feel like going out _ would you rather have dinner at home?Id like to go out. A. or B. and C. but D. so12. “_ is the temperature today?” “Its 38 deg

25、rees.”A. Which B. How C. How hot D. How high13. Your uncle isnt an engineer, is he? _.A. Yes, he isntB. No, he isnt C. No, he is D. He is14. _ friendly _ to everyone!A. How, is sheB. What, is sheC. How, she is D. What, she is15. Mary went to bed early, _ she felt very tired.A. or B. so C. for D. yet

26、16. Mother _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. was makingB. makes C. is making D. made17. He lay in bed _ read something borrowed from library.A. but B. and C. or D. yet18. Id like some lunch but I have so much work to do. _ what you want and I can get it for you.A. Tell me B. If you would say to m

27、e C. You will tell me D. If you tell me19. As he is strong, _ can lift one hundred pounds.A. yet he B. but he C. and D. he20. I thought you had an umbrella. I had, _ Ive lost it.A. since B. but C. because D. so21. _ down the radio the babys asleep in the next room.A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D.

28、Turn22. I dont like chicken _ fish. I dont like chicken _ I like fish very much.A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but23. Would you like to come to dinner tonight? Id like to, _ Im too busy.A. and B. so C. as D. but24. Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?

29、A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise25. She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later.A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived26. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice.A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed27. She thought I was talkin

30、g about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.A. whom B. where C. which D. while28. _ it with me and Ill see what I can do.A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leaveD. Leave29. Alice, you feed the bird today, _? But I fed it yesterday.A. do you B. will you C. didnt you D. dont you30. _ him and then try to copy what he does.A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch