大学英语四级写作句子练习.ppt

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1、,英语写作之二 句子写作 外语部 齐红(38),welcome,句子定义及作用 句子成分和句子类型 常见错误句 句子写作原则 句子多样性及长难句写法,内容提要,一、句子,句子是文章基础，是作者表达思想最小语言单位。 句子的质量直接影响文章质量。 写作基本要求句子语法正确。 好文章的共性句型多样。 提高写作水平首先必须写好句子，掌握不同句型的写法，根据需要进行灵活的句型转换，使文中的句子长短错落，起伏有致。,下面几个句子正确吗? 如果有误, 怎么改?,1.The meeting will until 3:00.,2.Work hard, you will succeed.,3. There ar

2、e only 4 students take part in the sport meeting.,last,and,who,taking/to take,1）句子的定义和作用,句子是由词按照一定的规则组成的能够表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。,二、句子的构成 （句子成分）,主语 陈述和说明的对象 谓语 对主语动作进行陈述和说明的文字 宾语 动作涉及的限定的文字对象 定语 对名词进行修饰和 状语 对形容词、动词、副词、句子进行修饰的文字 补语 对宾语进行补充说明的文字 表语 在系动词之后，对主语进行说明的文字,句子成份再复习,主,谓,宾,表,补,定,状,S - subject P - pred

3、icate O - object Attri.-attribute Adv.- adverbial C - complement,P-predicative,1、按句子功能分类？ 2 、按语法结构分类？,Question 句子类型有几种？分别是什么？,1按句子功能分类 陈述句（declarative sentence） 疑问句（interrogative sentence） 祈使句（imperative sentence） 感叹句（exclamatory sentence） 2 按语法结构分类 简单句（simple sentence) 并列句 (compound sentence) 复合句 (

4、complex sentence)和并列复合句(compound-complex sentences),三、句子类型,( 一 )、按句子的用途可分四种： 1 、陈述句（肯定、否定）： He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before. 2 、疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）： Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3 、祈使句 Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class

5、4 、感叹句 How clever the boy is!,句子功能分类再复习,陈述句（declarative sentence）,疑问句（interrogative sentence）,祈使句（imperative sentence）,感叹句（exclamatory sentence）,你会造句吗？ 1、陈述句. 2、疑问句. 3、祈使句. 4、感叹句.,句子类型（语法分类）,简单句,并列句,复合句,2 How to say them in English 简单句（simple sentence) 并列句 (compound sentence) 复合句 (complex sentence)和

6、并列复合句(compound-complex sentences),简单句：主语（或并列主语）部分+谓语（并列谓语）部分 并列句：简单句+并列引导词+简单句； 常见的并列引导词：and，or，so，for，but，not only.but also, either.or, neither.nor, when, while，therefore等 复合句:简单句+从属连接词+简单句 常见从属引导词： whether ,as, if, since等。 所有的句子都是由五个基本句型转换来的。,三种句子定义与区别,1、简单句,只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫做简单句。例如：

7、 Alice studied hard. Li Ming and Zhang Hua work in the same factory. Both Tony and Jim go to school at seven in the morning, have lunch there and come back at five in the afternoon.,主语 不及物动词 （ S + V） 主语 及物动词 宾语 ( S + V + O) 主语 系动词 表 (S + V + P) 主语及物动词+间宾+直宾(S +V +Oi +Od ) 主语 及物动词宾语 宾语补语 (S + V + O +

8、 C),简单句的五种基本句型,五种简单句型及例句,主语+不及物动词 2. 主语+及物动词+宾语,Birds fly. Buses run from dawn till midnight. We are studying hard.,We have read many books. They do shopping at the weekend. We are learning English.,3.主语+系动词+表语 4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,We are students. That sounds good.,He gave Tom a

9、present. He offered me a job.,We made him our monitor. The manager thinks the plan practical. He will have his bike repaired. I wont have you speaking to her like that.,英语系动词分几类？有哪些？,1、表示状态系动词： be，说明主语状态 （am、are、is、was 、were） 2、表示持续性系动词： keep、stay、lie、stand、remain 3、表“像”系动词：“看起来像” seem、look、appear 4

10、、感官系动词： feel、smell、sound、taste等，主语往往是物，不是人 5、表示变化系动词： become、grow、turn、fall、get、go 6、表终止系动词：prove、turn out,1、 2、 3、 4、 5、,S V,SVO,SVP,SVOO,SVOC,start !,五种基本简单句回顾 we didnt catch anything.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词： We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等） We fished all day, but

11、(we) didnt catch a thing.,并列句,常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions,平行并列连词: 转折并列连词： 因果并列连词: 选择并列连词:,and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor, and then,but, however, while, yet,for, so, therefore,or, eitheror,Exercise: 请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。,He was tired, so he went to bed.,1. He was tired. He went to b

12、ed.,2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog.,3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.,He made a promise, but he didnt keep it.,The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.,复合句 = 主句 + 从句 由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所 构成的句子。 主句:具有完整的句意, 可以独立存在。 从句:句意不完整,不能独立存在，必

13、须和 主句连用。,复合句, 复合句主要包含以下类型从句： 1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句 3. 表语从句 4. 定语从句 5. 状语从句 6. 同位语从句, 写作最常使用从句,名词从句 状语从句 定语从句,I dont know,him.,宾语从句,that he is leaving for Washington. when he is leaving for Washington. why he is leaving for Washington. how he is leaving for Washington. whether he is leaving for Washington.

14、,宾 语 从 句 例 句,主语从句,the people,surprised,That,What he said What he did,主语,That he didnt know the answer,there.,定语,who were sitting in the room. who were present. whose sons were at war. who had signed the contract.,定语从句,无 “ ，”,，,去掉从句意思不完整,去掉从句不影响表达,既可以修饰单个名词，也可是整个句子,通常修饰单个名词或代词, that 不能引导非限定性定从。 whom

15、在非限定从中不能用who 代替。 引导非限定从的关系词，即使作宾语也 不可省略。,非限定性和限定性定语从句试比较,She has a son who is a doctor. （不止一个） She has a son, who is a doctor. （仅有一个） He said nothing that made her angry. He said nothing, which made her angry.,表语从句,That,is,the fact.,表 语,what he needs. what he gave me. why he was late. what has happe

16、ned.,The earth is round,_ is known to all. _ is known to all, the earth is round _ is known to all that the earth is round.,as,As,It,as的使用,This is the same book as I lost. This is the same book that I lost.,这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。,这本书就是我丢的那本。,状语从句 （九类）,1时间 2地点 3原因 4结果 5目的 6条件 7让步 8方式 9程度,状语从句,1) 时间状语从句,Wait

17、until you are called. When spring comes, leaves turn green.,常用的关联词有：as, after, before, since, till/ until, when, while, as soon as, whenever等,2) 地点状语从句,Put it where you found it. Sit down wherever you like.,常用的关联词有：where, wherever, anywhere,3) 原因状语从句,As I didnt know the way, I asked a policeman,常用的关

18、联词有：because, as, since,4) 结果状语从句,I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the telephone.,常用的关联词有：so, so that, such that, that,5) 目的状语从句,Ill show you so you will see how its done.,常用的关联词有：so, so that, in order that,6) 条件状语从句,If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.,常用的关联词有：if, unless, in case tha

19、t, on condition that,常用的关联词有：though, although, if even if, even though,7) 让步状语从句,Though Im fond of music, I cant play any instrument.,常用的关联词有：as, as if, as though, how,常用的关联词有：so, so that, as far as, so long as,8) 方式状语从句,He did just as you told him.,9) 程度状语从句,He runs so fast that nobody can catch up

20、 with him,指出下列各从句的类型,I believe that everything is going on well. She was reading a novel when I came in. She is the girl who sings best in my class.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,Practice,用所给连词连接句子,He has found out. She was late. (why),He has found out why she was late.,I still remember the day. I first went to Yo

21、rk on that day. (when),I still remember the day when I first went to York.,Practice,句子写作原则,完整 连贯 清晰 简洁 多样,清晰,指代要清楚 Parents often make selfless sacrifices in order to educate their children well. They are willing to do all the heavy housework so that they can bury themselves in piles of books. They w

22、ant them to study hard. They love them very much. 修正：,They, their children, themselves. They, their children. They, their children.,A great crowd of shoppers rushed inside and outside hundreds more were pushing through the door. A great crowd of shoppers rushed inside, and outside hundreds more were

23、 pushing through the door.,正确使用标点符号,完整,My little brother has many hobbies. For example, stamp collection and painting. Living in the city is more convenient.,My little brother has many hobbies. For example, he likes stamp collection and painting.,Living in the city is more convenient than living in

24、the countryside.,协调nevertheless尽管如此,然而; 合:lastbutnotleast最后同样重要的，so,therefore,inconclusion最后，综上所述,toconclude最后,ina/oneword,ingeneral, 例:forinstance,forexample,suchas,Whenitcomesto.说起,经典引导句型Thereisnodoubtthat/insayingthatThereisnoexaggeration夸张insayingthatItisknowntousallthat,Itiswell-knownthatItisap

25、parent/obvious显然that ItisnothardtounderstandthatItisnottoomuchtosaythatItiscommonly/widely/generallyagreedthat(acknowledged公认的that/believedthat),.写插入语 插入语多半用逗号隔开，可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子，例如： thatistosay换句或说toacertainextent在某种程度上 tosomedegree一定程度上， toalargerdegree在很大程度上 foronereasonoranother因为某种原因 toputitina

26、notherway换言之 directlyorindirectly直接或间接 inotherwords换句话说，asamatteroffact事实上,常用插入语 副词：indeed的确，surely无疑，obviously显然，frankly 坦率地说，naturally自然， briefly简单地说等。 短语：strange to say说也奇怪，needless to say不用说，most important of all，worse still更糟糕的，as a matter of fact 分词短语：strictly speaking严格地说， generally speaking一

27、般地说，judging from根据判断 不定式短语：to be sure无疑地，to sum up概括地说，to tell the truth老实说等。 例句：The dictionary contains much information To be sure, the dictionary contains much information.,3.写从句 名词性定语从句:that,who 时间状语从句:before,when,after,during 地点状语从句:where 原因状语从句: because,becauseofthat.primarily/mainlyowingtotha

28、t,partly/partiallyduetothat,inthat 条件状语从从句: if,onconditionthatincasethat 例句：The dictionary contains much information. It must be admitted that the dictionary contains much information.,写后置定语 扩展思路句意不够明确时，深入阐述：“这意味着” in other words,“，which means that” 例1. 在线学习能避免不必要的注意力分散问题，这就意味着学生们能真正把注意力集中于他们课程当中。 O

29、nline learning can avoid unnecessary distraction, which means that students can really focus on their course. 例2. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. As引导的非限定性定语从句： 例1.众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。 As is well known to everybody, Taiwan is an inseparable part o

30、f China. 例2.从图中可看出，手机用户人数从2001年至2009年增长惊人。 As can be seen from the bar chart, the number of mobile phone users is increasing surprisingly from 2001 to 2009.,例3：英语很重要 Englishisvery important. Englishis,toalargedegree,very important. Itisknowntousallthat,Englishis,toalargedegree,veryimportantduetothat

31、Englishisbecomingaglobal/worldlanguage./isbecomingmoreandmore(increasingly)popular,例2：电脑影响我们的生活 Computersinfluenceourlife. 练习 Computers,directlyorindirectly,influenceourlife. Computerscan,asamatteroffact,influenceourlife. Thereisnodoubtthatcomputers,directlyorindirectly,influenceourlifeprimarilyowin

32、gtothat computerscanimprovetheefficiencyofourworkandstudy.,作业，扩句练习： Economy develops quickly. 写出一句三行左右的句子,二、指出下列句子划线部分分别是什么成分 1. I shall answer your question after class. 2. His job is to train swimmers. 3. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 4. There is going to be an American film tonight. 5. Tom came to ask me for advice. 6. He found it important to master English. 7. Would you please tell me your address? 8. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 9. He noticed a man enter the room. 10. The apples tasted sweet.,Hainan Medical College Page.94,start !,END !,fact?,Opinion?,Thank you!,