高三讲稿非谓语动词.ppt

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1、Grammar 非谓语动词,谓语动词与非谓语动词的定义区别,谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。它有人称、数、时态和语态的变化。 e.g. He works. He takes care of the baby. He will go to Shanghai. He didnt go to Shanghai. He has gone to Shanghai. You are students. You look smart.,单谓语或动词短语,情态动词/助动词+ v.,系动词,to do,doing,done,非谓语动词,非谓语：主要包括不定式（to do），ving形式以及过去分词p

2、p（done）。无人称，数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以有宾语或状语。,He wants to work here.,Being students, you dont work in the factory. Seen from the top of the mountain, the city is beautiful.,作主语,To make everyone enjoy English is a hard job. Making everyone enjoy English is a hard job.,作表语,Your responsibility now is to le

3、arn the lesson well. The book is interesting. Im interested in surfing the net.,作宾语,Dont pretend to understand me. I dont allow talking during the lesson.,作定语,She is the first to answer my question. The man talking to my father is my head teacher. This is the problem discussed yesterday.,作补语,I would

4、 like you to speak at the meeting. I saw the boy playing near the river then. Everywhere they found nearly everything destroyed.,做状语,To help the people in the disaster, tens of thousands of people donated their money. Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy. Seen from the hill, the city look

5、s like a garden.,非谓语动词功能比较,主语,不定式作主语,1. 直接作主语 （1）眼见为实 （2）今天早晨做早操对身体无益,To see is to believe To do morning exercise today is not good for health.,2. 用it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型,（1）你这么说真是太好了. （2）我们学好英语是必要的.,It is very kind of you to say so. It is necessary for us to learn English well,3.固定句型,（1）李垒每天花两个半小时完成作业,It

6、 takes LiLei two and a half hours to complete his homework.,动名词作主语,1. 直接作主语：,（1）眼见为实。 （2）天天做早操有益于健康。,Seeing is believing. Doing morning exercise every day is good for health.,2.用it作形式主语，常与no use,no good,useless, worthwhile连用,（1）光说不做没用 （2) 吸烟太多无益,Its no use talking too much without doing anything. It

7、s no good smoking too much,注意：.“there is no +主语”句型中，多用 -ing form. There is no sense/ no point doing sth. 1. 这样做是没有意义的. There is no sense/point doing so.,3.固定句型,小结：动名词与不定式作主语时的区别,一、对称原则 二、特殊表达 三、固定句型 四、习惯用法,主语和表语对称,动名词表示经常性、反复发生的 动作不定式表示具体的、某一次的 动作,There is no point/sensedoing sth. It takes sb some t

8、ime to do sth,Its no use+ doing Its kind of sb. to do sth. Its important for sb. to do sth.,Task: complete the following sentences,_(没有用) learning without practice 2.Its no good _ （广说不做） 3.Its necessary _ (我们学好英语） 4.It very kind _ （你帮助我） 5.How long _ 你每天参加体育活动？） 6.Because of the heavy sand storm, _

9、(今天做晨练）is of no benefit to you.,to do morning exercise today,talking too much without doing anything,for us to learn English well,of you to help me,does it take you to do sport every day,Its no use,1. It is very generous _ you to buy me such a nice gift 2. You are clever; it will be easy _ you to wo

10、rk out the word puzzle,填空,of,for,宾语,不定式、动名词作宾语,一、句型 1. I think it no use doing sth 2. I feel it stupid of him to say such silly things to her 3. I find it uneasy for you to learn your subjects wellwithout hard work it 做形式宾语的情况. 当ving, to do作宾语后接宾语补足语时, 需用it 作形式宾语, 真正的宾语后置.,miss, mind, risk, recall,

11、resist, cant help, consider, cant resist, complete, cant stand (bear), enjoy, escape, excuse, endure, finish, fancy, feel like, favorite, imagine, include, advise, avoid, appreciate, admit, allow, practise, postpone, pardon, prevent, put off, delay, understand, suggest, keep, deny(否认）,二、后加to do, vin

12、g的谓语动词.A 下列动词只能带动名词作宾语：,B 以介词to结尾的常用短语后常接名词或动名词作宾语,be/get used to, come to, devote oneself to, listen to, look forward to，object to，get down to, prefer.to, pay attention to, refer to，stick to,forget, remember, regret, want, need, require, try, stop, go on, mean等动词后，可接不定式,也可接动名词做宾语，但含义差别。 forget ,rem

13、ember , regret +doing 动作已经发生+to do 动作未发生 want ,need ,require + doing 表被动= to be done 注：be worth doing = be worthy to be done 3. try doing 试着做 try to do 尽力做，想要做,C.注意下列11种不同动词或句型的用法,4. stop doing 停止做某事，(先后是一件事). stop to do 停下来做某事,(先后不是同一件事) 5. go on doing 继续做某事，(先后 是同一件事 ) go on to do 接下来做某事，(先后不是同一件事

14、) 6. mean doing 意味着做某事 mean to do 故意或想要做某事 7. cant help doing sth 抑制不住、禁不住做某事 cant help (to) do sth 无帮助、无助于做某事 8. only to do 结果是（出乎预料） only doing 结果是 (必然是),9. prefer to do rather than do 宁愿 而不 prefer doing to doing would rather do than do would do rather than do 10. have nothing to do /do nothing bu

15、t/except do 只好做（别无选择） enjoy doing nothing but doing 只喜欢做 want nothing but to do 只想做,11. 在 begin ,start ,continue 等词后可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，意义区别不大.但要注意 1）本身是-ing 形式时，其后要接不定式 2）如果表示主语有意识地开始做某事，多用动名词 3）主语是物多用不定式 4）其后的动词是表示情感的或与智力有关的，不用 v-ing 形式know, realize, hate , love , understand , wonder , remember , f

16、orget,Task: complete the following sentences,Do you remember _ （以前见过这个人吗）? 2.He denied _ （冤枉了他的父母） 3.She regreted _ (在会上给领导提了意见）. 4.Dont waste time _ (劝他戒烟） 5.I would rather stay at home _ (也不出去玩） 6.Do you think it necessary _ (我们学好英语）？,seeing the man before,doing wrong to their parents,putting forw

17、ard the suggestion to her leader.,advising him to give up smoking,than go out to play,for us to learn English well,Task: complete the following sentences,7.How long did it take you _、(写完作文）？ 8.He has done nothing but _（玩了一整天）. 9.On hearing the news, Tom _ (抑制不住哭了）.,to finished writing your compositi

18、on,play all day long,couldnt help crying,表语,1. My aim is _( go ) to Tsinghua University. 2. She seemed _( think ) about the problem.,1 表示主语的内容 (表达具体的动作或将来),His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future. 他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。,2. 不定式在appear, seem, prove, remain等系动词后说明主语的性质, 状态和特点. He appears to

19、be working hard.,to go,to be thinking,1 表示主语的内容 (表达抽象的一般性行为)Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。 2 表示主语具有的特征The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令困惑。,1. Her work is _( look )after the children. 2. The performance is _(amaze).,Looking,amazing,1. 动词ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明

20、主语的状态。 The students are fully prepared. 学生们已做好了充分的准备。 When we got there, the shop was closed.我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。比较 作表语的-ed形式表示_，被动语态表示_。,The library is now closed. 图书馆现在关门了。 The library is closed at six. 图书馆常在六点钟关门。,状态,被动动作,动词-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别,动词-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，表示感到的. 而动词-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征, 表示

21、使人感到的。 They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。At the sight of the _scene, all the people present were_.看到这么感人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。,同一动词的ed形式与ing形式作表语时的区别,moving,moved,宾语补足语,1. 动词不定式可以跟在以下下动词后作宾补：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, ca

22、use, force, call on, wait for, invite. I didnt want my parents _(help ) me. 2. 此外，有时还可放于介词之后充当介词宾语的补语，如： With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema,to help,表达与宾语的主动关系及将来的动作.,3. 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. He was se

23、en _the road.,to cross,表达与宾语的主动关系及动作的全过程.,1 动词-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。 We heard the children shouting upstairs.我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。 I felt my heart_ (beat) violently.我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。,beating,表达与宾语的主动关系及动作的正在进行.,2 动

24、词-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示致使的动词后作宾语补足语。They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。I wont have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。We kept the fire _(burn) all night long.我们让火整夜燃烧着。,表达与宾语的主动关系及动作的持续.,burning,在see, hear, feel, watch, no

25、tice等感官动词后，用动词-ing形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。 He saw a girl _the bus. 他看见一个女孩在上公共汽车。 He saw a girl _the bus and drive off. 他看见一个女孩上公共汽车后开走了。,比较,getting on,get on,动词-ing形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别。,当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语。 1 在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find等后作宾语补足语。 I heard

26、 the Ninth Symphony played last night.昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。 We found all the rivers seriously_.我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。,polluted,表达与宾语的被动关系及动作的完成.,2 在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。 动词-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。Doris got her bad tooth _in the hospital.多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。Ill just get these dishes _and then Ill come.我得先把盘子

27、洗了，然后就来。 动词-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。He raised his voice in order to make himself_.他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。 动词-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。They all went home, leaving all the work_.所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。,表达与宾语的被动关系,pulled out,washed,heard,undone,3 动词ed形式也可用在with (without) 结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。 With everything well arranged, he left

28、 the office.一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。Without any more time_ (give), we couldnt finish the task in three weeks.如果不再给我们任何时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。,given,表达与宾语的被动关系及动作的完成.,4 某些动词后(如want, need, prefer, would like等)，作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了动词ed形式作宾语补足语。I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately.我希望这事立即得到

29、解决。 The peasants dont want good farmland _on.农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。,(to be) built,表达与宾语的被动关系.,+sb (to )do sth. _ +sb doing sth. _ +sth done _ 1.I used to see these boys _( play ) on the playground. 2.I saw them _( play ) the computer this afternoon. 3.She was surprised to find the house _( break ) into

30、 when she went back home.,不定式, 现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别：,主动,将来, 或全过程动作,（主动, 正在进行, 或持续状态）,（被动, 完成, ）,play,playing,broken,定语,不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后，与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。 1 主谓关系The next train to arrive was from New York.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。 2 动宾关系On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write.星期天

31、，他总是有许多信要写。3 同位关系We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。,4 修饰关系Now it is time to begin our class.现在是上课的时间了。注意由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。He has no friend to depend on. 他没有可依靠的朋友。Ive got a lot of things _this morning. 今天上午我有许多事情要处理。,to see t

32、o,1 单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。 a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室 running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋 a working method =a method of working 工作方法, 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。 developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家 a

33、n ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子 a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题,2 作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。 The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. 装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去 They lived in a house facing south.他们住在一所朝南的房子里。,3 某些情况下，动词-i

34、ng形式不能用来作定语，必须用定语从句。 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。 【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。, 动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。 【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake

35、will be rebuilt soon.【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。,1 前置定语单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。A watched pot never boils.心急锅不开。提示如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。Money spent is more than money earned.入不敷出。,2 后置定语作后置定语的动词-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从

36、句。We have read many novels written by this author. 我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。 (= that are written by this author) Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。(= who had been invited to the reception),动词-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成， 而动词-ing形式作定语表示动词正在进行。boiled water开水 b

37、oiling water正沸腾的水 fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves正在飘落的叶子 developed countries发达国家 developing countries发展中国家,动词ed形式作定语和ing形式作定语的区别,分词作定语： 1. Do you know the man _(speak ) at the meeting? 2. Do you know the man _( praise ) at the meeting? 3. The building _( put ) up last now is our library. 4. The build

38、ing _( put ) up now will be our new company.,5. The building _( put ) up next year will be our new company. 6. There was an old temple _( stand ) at the top of the hill. 7. There is a sports meeting _ ( hold ) next Tuesday. 8. There was an old man _( live ) in the village.,状语,前提: 其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致. 区

39、别: 不定式: 现在分词: 过去分词:,与主语构成主动关系，作目的状语,与主语构成主动关系，作其他状语,与主语构成被动关系，作其他状语,To serve the people well, I study hard.,Hearing the bad news, they couldnt help crying.,When they heard the bad news,Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.,If they had been given more attention,Being so angry, he c

40、ouldnt go to sleep.,Because he was so angry,They came into the classroom, singing and laughing.,and they were singing and laughing,一.动词不定式作状语,1.不定式 用作目的状语，为了强调语气，可在不定式前加in order 或so as (so as to 不放在句首） I come here to say goodbye to you . _(为了能上重点大学，），we should study hard at present.,To go to a top u

41、niversity,2.作结果状语。常用于下列句型：enough.to ,too.to ,so .as to do ,such +名词.as to do 和only to do 表示出乎意料的结果。 The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus and support him across the street . We hurried to the classroom _ 我们匆忙赶到教室，结果没看到一个人。,only to find none there.,分词短语放在句首多作原因，条件，时间等状语，其作用相当于一个状语从句

42、。在句末多作方式，伴随状语，也可作结果状语。现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。,二.分词短语作状语,时间状语： 现在分词作时间状语（相当于 when 引导的从句），如： Turning around, she saw a police car driving up 。 _,(听到这个消息） they all jumped with joy. 注： 这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作，这动作一发生，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用 when 或 while + 分词这种结构，如：,Hearing the news,_ (praise) by th

43、e teacher, he became the pride of his classmates.,praise,例子 ：Be careful when crossing the street. 跟他说话的时候不要提到这个。 Dont mention this while talking to him. 注： 如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时， 分词的动作已经完成，这个分词要用完成形式，如： Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. _ （听完这个）, the woman astronaut expressed her

44、 satisfaction,Having heard this,原因状语： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. _, we couldnt get in touch with her. 注：如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式，如： Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. _(没有收到答复), he decided to write another letter.,Not knowing

45、her address,Not having received an answer,方式或伴随状语： 现在分词作状语，表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况，如： The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. She sat at the desk_. 她坐在桌子旁读报纸. The teacher came into the office, _ (follow) by a student.,reading a newspaper,followed,表示结果、条件和让步，如： Her husband died in 1942,

46、 leaving her with five children The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. Working hard, you will succeed. Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone.,. (结果),(结果),(条件),(条件),(让步),但现在式表示的是主动的行动，过去式表示

47、 被动的行动，如： Entering the room, she found the wall newly painted. Written in haste, the essay had some errors. _(stand)on top of the tall building, we could see the whole city. _(see) from the hill,the city looks like a garden.,Standing,Seen,独立主格结构,当分词有它自己的独立主语（不同于句子主 语的名词或代词）时，则是一种独立主格结 构形式，在句中作状语、定语等

48、。例如： The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. When the bell rang, we all stopped talking. 没有公车,我们不得不走路回家. There being no bus, we had to walk home. =There was no bus ,so we had to walk home.,将下列非谓语短语改写为状语从句,1. Not knowing her address, I cant write to her. 2. Entering the room, I saw a strange sight.

49、 3, Scolded by the teacher, he was very sad.,4.Not knowing where to go, he asked a policeman . 5. Hearing her friend was bad- ly hurt, she burst into tears.6. Knowing his team had won, he became happy at once.,语态,时态,现在分词的时态和语态,现在分词的时态和语态：,Having been to the Great Wall many times, He didnt go there y

50、esterday.,Not having received his fathers letter, he decided to make a call to him.,因为没收到他父亲的来信， 他决定给他打个电话。,The building being built is our new library.,Not having been finished, the book cant be returned at present.,比较动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。I couldnt get the car to start this mornin

51、g. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。,点津坊动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词-ed形式，但不可用动词-ing形式。【误】Can you make the students understanding the text?【正】Can you make the students understand th

52、e text? 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？【正】Can you make the text understood by the students? 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？, 使役动词have后既可接动词-ed形式，也可接动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语补足语。三者之间有一定的区别。have不定式动作由宾语发出，表示让某人做某事 *Im going to have the teacher answer this question after class.我打算课后让老师回答这个问题。 1. 让某人做某事或让某种情况发生。 *He had the car waiting outside.他让

53、小汽车在外面等着。 2. 常用于否定结构，表示“不容忍”、“不能让”。 *We wont have the child talking to his mother like that.我们不能容忍那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。 1. 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，表示某事由别人做。 *Where did you have your hair cut?你在哪儿理的发？ 2. 表示主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境。 *The house had its roof blown off.房子的屋顶被吹掉了。 3. 完成某事(自己也可能参与)。 *He has had one thousand yu

54、an saved. 他已存了1000元。 4. 否定式表示“不允许”。 *I wont have anything said against her.我不允许别人说反对她的话。,比较： amusing 使人高兴的 amused 开心的 encouraging 鼓舞人心的 encouraged 受鼓励的 disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 失望的 exciting 使人激动的 excited 激动的 puzzling 迷惑人的 puzzled 迷惑的 satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的 Worrying 令人烦恼的 worried 烦恼

55、的 tiring 引起疲劳的 tired 疲劳的 pleasing 令人愉快的 pleased 高兴的 astonishing 令人惊讶的 astonished 惊讶的,1. I didnt want my parents _(help ) me. 2. Wed prefer you _( take ) the job instead of Zhang. 3. The school ordered all the classroom _( clean ). 4. My parents expect me _( go )to a ideal university. 5. Joan promise

56、d the dinner _( cook ) before we returned. 6. The doctor advised the patient _( take ) two pills every four hours. 7. He determined me_( tell ) everything.,4. Unfortunately, he got his wallet _( steal ) on the bus. 5. He wont have us _( criticize ) him. 6. Its a bad habit to leave the work _( undo ). 7. Yesterday I caught him _( take ) my dictionary when I went into the classroom.,