最新高中英语外研版选修8学案：Module 4 Section Ⅳ GrammarWriting 含解析

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1、最新教学资料外研版英语Section Grammar & Writing状语和状语从句阅读下列句子并体会黑体部分的用法1English spread across the world over hundreds of years because of trade，exploration and business.2Sometimes it is difficult for British and American people to understand the Australian accent.3A few years ago a wellknown English author was

2、signing copies of his books in a Sydney bookshop.4A customer came up to the author holding a copy of the book and said Emma Chissit.5But as it is so widely spoken，it has become impossible to say which English is“correct”and which is “incorrect”6As long as speakers can understand each other，“correctn

3、ess”seems less important.7There are so many differences between their dialects that they could not understand each other.一、状语1概念状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分；通常用副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、独立主格结构或从句等充当，表示时间、地点、程度、方式、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、伴随等意义。2状语的位置一般来说状语在句中的位置比较灵活，它可以处于句首、句中或句末。修饰形容词的状语，通常放在所修饰的词之前。修饰动词的状语，一般放在所修饰的动词之后。但有些

4、副词，如always，often，usually，never，ever等作状语时，常置于句中，放在实义动词之前，be动词或第一个助动词之后。3状语的构成和分类(1)副词：修饰形容词、副词或动词以及介词短语。It sounds very different from place to place.各地英语听起来差别很大。(2)形容词：作伴随、条件、原因状语。Full of hope，the local people are working hard to rebuild their hometown.心中充满希望，当地人正在努力工作重建自己的家园。(3)现在分词：分词的逻辑主语为动作的执行者。H

5、aving lived abroad for twenty years，the old man returned to his hometown where he was brought up.在国外居住了20年后，那位老人回到了养育他的故乡。(4)过去分词：分词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者。Injured in the earthquake，the tenyearold boy lost his two legs forever.在地震中受伤后，那位10岁的男孩永远地失去了自己的双腿。(5)不定式：表示动作在将来发生，作目的、结果、原因状语。We were sorry to hear that

6、a terrible earthquake occurred in Gansu in July,2013.我们非常遗憾地听到2013年7月甘肃发生了可怕的地震的消息。(6)介词短语：作原因、地点、时间、条件、让步状语。The Shanghai World Exposition Garden was open to all visitors for 184 days.上海世博园对游客开放了184天。(7)独立主格结构：非谓语动词、形容词、介词短语、副词(拥有自己的逻辑主语)作状语。Spring coming on，the trees turned green.春天来了，树木变绿了。(8)with

7、复合结构：with/without的宾语后跟补足语。The day is bright with a fresh breeze blowing.天气晴朗，吹着一股清风。(9)名词及其词组：表示时间的名词或短语作时间状语。I will stay another five months.我将再待5个月。二、状语从句状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词，按意义可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等状语从句。状语从句通常由从属连词或起连词作用的词组引导。从句的位置放在句首，也可放在句末。放在句首时，从句后面常用一个逗号；放在句末时，从句前一般不用逗号。1时间状语从

8、句时间状语从句是表示时间关系的从句。可以引导时间状语从句的连词有很多，根据意义和主从句之间的时间关系，通常可分为以下几种情况：(1)when/while/as引导的时间状语从句when从句中可用短暂性动词(表示时间点)，也可用延续性动词(表示时间段)while在期间，从句的动作是延续性的，侧重表示和主句动作同时进行as侧重于主从句的动作同时进行，常译为“一边一边”，“随着”When I got home，my family were having dinner.当我到家时，全家人正在吃晚饭。While the teacher paraphrased the text in English，th

9、e students listened attentively and took notes.当老师用英语解释课文时，学生们专心地听并做笔记。As the students walked to their dorms，they sang happily.学生们一边往宿舍走，一边快乐地唱着歌。(2)since引导的时间状语从句since意为“自以来”，引导时间状语从句时，主句用现在完成(进行)时，从句中用短暂性动词的一般过去式。They have lived happily since they got married in 1950.自1950年结婚以来，他们一直生活得很幸福。名师点津若sin

10、ce引导的状语从句中动词是延续性的，它表示的时间从该动作或状态结束时算起。It is three years since he lived here.他不在这儿住有三年了。(3)before/after引导的时间状语从句I had written my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad.在导师出国之前，我已经完成了我的学术论文。After the boy had finished his homework，he played football with his friends.男孩完成作业后，和他的朋友们去踢足球了。名师点津before

11、经常翻译成“才，趁”，“还没(来得及)就”。He ran off before I could stop him.我还没来得及阻止他，他就跑掉了。(4)till/until引导的时间状语从句a如果主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，就常用肯定式表示“直到为止”；如果主句的谓语动词是瞬间动词，就常用否定表示“直到才”。He will remain in college until(till)he finishes his PhD course.他将留在学校里面，直到完成他的博士学位课程。I will not go with you until(till)I finish my homework.等我做完

12、作业我才和你一起去。b当not until位于句首时，主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序。Not until she stopped crying did I leave.直到她不哭了，我才离开。名师点津until引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，但till从句一般不放在句首。在强调句型中一般只能用until，不用till。It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized her.直到她摘下墨镜，我才认出她来。(5)表示“一就”的时间状语从句as soon as，once，immediately，instantl

13、y，directly，the moment，the minute，the instant，the second，no sooner.than，hardly.when，scarcely.when等引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生了，即“一就”。As soon as we got home，the telephone rang.我们一到家，电话就响了。He said hed turn on the TV the moment he got home.他说他一到家就打开电视机。名师点津hardly/scarcely.when，no sooner.than引导的时间状语从句中用一

14、般过去时，主句中用过去完成时。当hardly/scarcely/no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。Hardly had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door woke her up.她刚要睡着，忽然被敲门声吵醒了。(6)next time，the first time，the last time，every time，by the time等引导的时间状语从句Be sure to call on us next time you come to town.下次你进城一定要来看我们。By the time you came back，

15、I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。名师点津by the time引导的时间状语从句时态为一般现在时态，其主句常用将来完成时；从句时态为一般过去时态，其主句常用过去完成时。2让步状语从句让步状语从句由although，though，while(虽然；尽管)，as，even if，even though(即使)，however，whatever，whoever，whomever，whichever，whenever，wherever，whether.or.(不管还是)，no matter(who，what，etc.)等引导。Although they

16、 lack official support，they continue their struggle.他们虽然没有得到官方的支持，但仍然继续斗争。Even if you fail，you will have gained experience.纵然斗争失败，你也会得到一些经验。名师点津as引导让步状语从句时，从句的表语、状语副词或动词原形通常提到句首倒装，形成：表语/状语副词/动词原形as主语谓语形式。Child as he is，he has to earn his living on his own.尽管他是一个孩子，但他不得不自己谋生。3条件状语从句条件状语从句由if(如果)，unle

17、ss(除非)，as long as(so long as)(只要)，in case(that)(如果，万一)，on condition that(条件是)，suppose，supposing that，provided/providing that(假如)等引导。I will buy a computer if I am able to save up enough money.如果我能存下足够的钱，我就买台电脑。名师点津在条件、时间和让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示一般将来时，用现在完成时表示将来完成时，用一般过去时表示过去将来时。Unless the weather was bad，my

18、father always used to take a walk in the evening.除非天气不好，我的父亲晚上总是去散步。4原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的有as，because，since，now(that)，considering that，seeing that等。You shouldnt get angry only because some people speak ill of you.你不该仅仅因为有些人说了你的坏话就生气。Since youre not interested，I wont tell you about it.既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了。5结果状

19、语从句和目的状语从句(1)引导结果状语从句的连词有so.that，such.that(如此以至于)，so that(以至于，所以)等。结果状语从句通常置于主句之后。I didnt plan the work well，so that I didnt finish it on time.我没把工作计划好，结果没按时完成。The scientists report was so instructive that we were all very excited.科学家的报告很有教育性，我们感到很兴奋。(2)引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that，in order that，lest，for fe

20、ar that，in case。They started early so that they might arrive on time.他们早点动身，以便可以准时到达。Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。6地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词有where(在地方)，wherever(无论哪里)，everywhere(到处)，anywhere(任何地方)等。You can go wherever you like these days.这些天你可以去你想去的任何地方。7方式状语从句和比较状语从句(1

21、)方式状语从句常由as，as if，as though等词引导，通常位于主句之后。He acted as if/though nothing had happened.他装得似乎什么事也未发生过。(2)比较状语从句由as.as；more.than；the more.，the more.等引导。Our new school is four times as big as the old one.我们的新校区是老校区的四倍大。三、状语从句的省略在时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中，如果谓语含有动词be，主语又和主句中的主语一致，或者主语是it，常把从句中的主语和谓语动词be省略。Look ou

22、t for cars when crossing the street.Look out for cars when you are crossing the street.过街时当心车辆。If possible(If it is possible)，Id like to have two copies of it.可能的话，我想要两本。.单句语法填空1(2016天津高考)_ the average age of the population increases，there are more and more old people to care for.2That was really a

23、splendid evening.Its years _ I enjoyed myself so much. 【导学号：72880016】3Take your raincoat in case it _(rain)4When _(cross)the street，you cant be too careful.5Ill go to the party if _(invite)【答案】1.As2.since3.rains4.crossing5.invited.单句改错1As he is young，he knows a lot._2He hardly got home when it began

24、 to rain._3I was about to go out while someone knocked at the door._4It was not until midnight when they stopped working._5It is the first time I visited the Great Wall._【答案】1.AsAlthough/Though2.He后面加had3.whilewhen4.whenthat5.I后面加have正反观点议论文写正反观点议论性书面表达需要做到文章结构完整，条理清楚，逻辑性强。此类书面表达的结构一般是：1开门见山地点明所要阐述的

25、内容，即提出争论的焦点。2陈述正方观点及论据(理由)。3陈述反方观点及论据(理由)。4归纳总结或发表自己的观点。亮点句式1Opinions are divided on the question.2Some are in favour of it.(be for/approve of/agree/support.)In their opinion，./They hold the view that.3Others hold the opposite opinion (be against/disagree.)4Every coin has two sides.5As far as I am c

26、oncerned./In my opinion.They argue that.写作任务人们对于学生网上交友持不同意见。请你用英语写一篇关于学生网上交友的短文，介绍人们的不同观点，并表达自己的看法。赞成的理由反对的理由你的看法1.广交朋友2可自由表达思想3利于外语学习1.浪费时间2影响学习3可能上当受骗？注意：1.文章必须包括表中的全部内容；2词数100左右。参考词汇：网络朋友online friend(s)；上当受骗get cheated审题谋篇体裁议论文话题学生网上交友时态一般现在时人称第一、三人称遣词造句.词汇1_对待的态度2_ 赞成；支持3_ 反对4_ 对有影响【答案】1.an att

27、itude to.2.be in favour of/be for3.be against4.have an effect on.句式1They say making friends online is a waste of time.It should be spent more meaningfully on study.(用定语从句合并句子)_【答案】They say making friends online is a waste of time，which should be spent more meaningfully on study.2Students should plac

28、e their study，health and safety before other things.It is my opinion.(用it作形式主语合并句子) 【导学号：72880017】_【答案】It is my opinion that students should place their study，health and safety before other things.妙笔成篇_【参考范文】Should students make friends online？Different people have different opinions about it.Some p

29、eople are in favour of it.First of all，the Internet helps make many friends.Chatting online，students can freely express their feelings and opinions，and even get help with their foreign language studies.Others，however，think students shouldnt chat online.They say making friends online is a waste of ti

30、me，which should be spent more meaningfully on study.Besides，some students get cheated online.It is my opinion that students should place their study，health and safety before other things.As for friendship，we can readily find it in our classmates.学业分层测评(十二).完成句子1He got down to working _(一到办公室)2_(和他的妻

31、子争吵完)，he left home in a bad temper.3_(高温时)，liquids can be changed into gases.4He spent seven days_(在风雪中，又冷又饿). 【导学号：72880037】5_(为了赶上早班车)，he got up early.【答案】1.immediately he got to the office2Having had a quarrel with his wife3Heated4.in the wind and snow，cold and hungry5To catch the first bus.阅读理解A

32、There is one word that is on the lips of Americans, day and night, “sorry”One time as I was walking on the street, a young man ran by hurriedly, brushing against my handbag.Even as he continued on his way, he turned back and said “sorry” to me.Even in a rush, he didnt forget to apologize.One day, af

33、ter I bought a mango, the salesman was giving me the change, but I wasnt ready for it and a coin dropped to the ground.“Im sorry，” he said while bending down to pick it up.I was puzzledwhy would he apologize when it was my fault?Another time, I stepped on a mans foot in an escalator.At the same time

34、, we both said “sorry”. I thought it interesting: was it really necessary for him to apologize?Later on, an American friend explained to me that according to the American mentality，the escalator is a public place, and everyone should be able to stand in it.After someone occupies a position in the el

35、evator, making it difficult for someone else to find a place to stand, isnt it necessary to express an apology?Whenever one of your hopes goes unfulfilled, an American will say “sorry”， as a sign of sympathy.During my stay in America, I often came across situations in which I was supposed to say “so

36、rry”Gradually I realized that when friction occurs in daily life, Americans dont care much about who is responsible; if someone important comes and she is very busy, the secretary, will say：“sorry”If someone is troubled, a “sorry” is always necessary.When this happens, even if the other person is hu

37、rt, the “sorry” cools tempers and human generosity is displayed.Perhaps this is why I never saw anyone quarreling on the buses, subways or streets of America.1When the salesman gave me the change，_.AI intentionally didnt accept itBhe intentionally didnt pass it to meCI was a little slower than the s

38、alesman so as not to accepted itDhe was slower to give than I accepted it【解析】细节理解题。由文章第三段的“the salesman was giving me the change，but I wasnt ready for it and a coin dropped to the ground”得知，售货员给我零钱，而我没有做好准备接， 所以零钱落在地上，故C是正确答案。【答案】C2Why did the man on whose feet I stepped apologize to me?ABecause the

39、 elevator is a public place.BBecause the man is afraid of me.CBecause the “sorry” he said to the author was intended to say to another people.DBecause there is not enough place to get my feet in so I have to step on his feet.【解析】细节理解题。由文章第五段的“the escalator is a public place，and everyone should be ab

40、le to stand in it.”得知，“电梯是一个公共地方”的理念是导致那个美国人向我道歉的原因。【答案】A3The author cites several examples to show that _.Athe Americans are friendlyBthe Americans are kindCthe Americans are generous Dall of the above【解析】主旨大意题。本文介绍的是美国式的“道歉”，所举例子，是为了说明美国人的友好、善良、大方等，故D是正确答案。【答案】D4What is the authors tone to America

41、ns “sorry”？ANeutral.BNegative.CUnnecessary.DApproving.【解析】作者态度题。通读全文可知作者是以一种赞许的口吻介绍美国式“道歉”的，故D是正确答案。【答案】DBLanguage learning begins with listening. Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and later starters are often long listeners.Most children w

42、ill “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak，though the word “obey” is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child.Before they can speak，many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.Any atte

43、mpt to study the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties.It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves as particularly expressive as delight, pain, friendliness, and so

44、 on.But since these cant be said to show the babys intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new words to their store.This selfimit

45、ation leads on to deliberate(有意的 )imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people.The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.It is a problem we need to get our teeth into.The meaning of a word depends on what a part

46、icular person means by it in a particular situation and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world.Thus the use at seven months of “mama” as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply because he also uses it at

47、other times for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes.Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself, I doubt, however whether anything is gained when parents take advantage of this ability in an attempt to teach new sound

48、s.5Before children start speaking_.Athey need equal amount of listeningBthey need different amounts of listeningCthey are all eager to cooperate with the adults by obeying spoken instructionsDthey cant understand and obey the adults oral instructions【解析】细节理解题。由文章第一段的“Children are greatly different i

49、n the amount of listening they do before they start speaking，.”得知，开始说话前，孩子在倾听别人说话的量上大不相同。故B是正确答案。【答案】B6A babys first noises are_.Aan expression of his moods and feelingsBan early form of languageCa sign that he means to tell you somethingDan imitation of the speech of adults【解析】细节理解题。由文章第二段的“It is a

50、greed that they enjoy making noises，and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves as particularly expressive as delight，pain，friendliness，and so on.”得知，婴儿在最初几个月发出的吵闹声可以分为是高兴、疼痛、友善等情感的独特的表达。故A是正确的答案。【答案】A7The problem of deciding at what point a babys imitations can be conside

51、red as speech_.Ais important because words have different meanings for different peopleBis not especially important because the changeover takes place graduallyCis one that should be properly understood because the meaning of words changes with ageDis one that should be completely ignored because ch

52、ildrens use of words is often meaningless【解析】细节理解题。本题考查对最后一段的理解，最后一段讲，判断孩子的模仿在什么程度上是语言是很难的，因为“The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world.”。既然情况是

53、多变的，也就不是一个特别重要的问题了。故B是正确答案。【答案】B8The speaker implies_.Aparents can never hope to teach their children new soundsBchildren no longer imitate people after they begin to speakCchildren who are good at imitating learn new words more quicklyDeven after they have learnt to speak, children still enjoy imit

54、ating【解析】推理判断题。由文章最后一段的“Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself，.”得知，孩子会讲话后，仍然喜欢进行一些好玩的和无意义的模仿，故D项是正确答案。【答案】D.语法填空“Fire! Fire！” What terrible words to hear when one wakes up in a strange house in the middle of the night!It w

55、as a large，old，wooden house and my room was on the top floor.I jumped out of the bed，1._(open)the door and stepped outside the house.There 2._ (be) full of thick smoke.I began to run，but as I was still only halfawake，instead of going towards the stairs，I went in the opposite direction.The smoke grew

56、 3._ (thick) and I could see fire all around.The floor became hot under my bare feet.I found an open door and ran into a room to get to the window.But 4._ I could reach it，one of my feet caught in something soft and I fell 5._.The thing I had fallen over felt like a bundle of clothes，and I picked it

57、 up 6._(protect) my face from the smoke and heat.I crashed to the floor below with pieces of 7._(burn) wood all around me.As I reached the cold air outside，the bundle of clothes gave a thin cry.I nearly dropped 8._ in surprise.Then I was in a crowd gathered in the street.A woman 9._ (wear) a night d

58、ress and a borrowed mans coat screamed as she saw me and came running 10._ (mad)She was Mayors wife，and I had saved her baby.【答案】1opened考查时态。此处的时态应与句中的jumped，stepped一致，故填opened。2was考查主谓一致。本句为there be结构，其谓语动词的形式由句中的smoke决定，结合本文的时态可知填was。3thicker考查形容词比较级。根据上文的thick smoke，再结合grew可知后来烟变浓了，故用thicker。4bef

59、ore考查连词。根据语境分析，“我”是在够着窗子之前摔倒的，故用连词before。5down考查固定搭配。fall down意为“摔倒，跌倒”。6to protect考查非谓语动词。“我”将这团像衣物的东西捡起的目的是为了保护自己的脸免受烟火灼伤，故填动词不定式to protect作目的状语。7burning考查词性转换。此处修饰名词wood，且表示一种持续的状态，故应填burning。8it考查代词。根据语境分析，此处表示“我”听到那捆布发出的声响后，吓得差点把它扔掉，故用人称代词it指代the bundle of clothes。9wearing考查非谓语动词。此处意为“一个穿睡衣的女人”，表示穿着的状态需用wearing。10madly考查词性转换。根据语境分析，此处修饰动词，故用副词madly。.短文改错Last summer，I was going to visit a friend in Hangzhou.I go to the station to buy a ticket.After get it