毕业论文设计初探单元说明文教学

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1、初探单元说明文教学 工作单位：大同市灵丘县古之河中学 电话：13835253772 马生强 2011-8-30初探单元说明文教学 山西省大同市灵丘县古之河中学 马生强说明文是三大实用文体之一，它是以说明为主要表达方式，用来介绍或解释事物的状态、性质、构造、功能、制作方法、发展过程和事理的，使读者对这一实物或事理有所了解，说明文的目的在于给人以知识。遍观中学现行人教版语文教材，七年级上册第四单元出现的课文看云识天气是说明文，本课目的在于激发学生的求知欲，培养学生的科学精神，对文体知识没有作过多的要求，因此在教学过程中也不宜渗透说明文的文体知识。除此之外，说明文集中在了八年级上册的第三、四两个单元

2、，这样安排的目的不仅在于向学生普及有关知识，而且更重要的是让学生系统了解、掌握说明文这一文体，所以两个单元的教学直接关系到学生对这一文体的掌握程度。怎样教学好两单元的说明文呢？我们传统的教学方法是：按照课文的编排顺序一篇接着一篇的讲解，讲课过程中涉及到什么知识讲解什么知识，这样的方法既耗时费力，又没有形成知识系统。学生学完之后，往往感觉到单元内容的杂乱，并且在教学过程中师生均感觉到乏味，因为他们都能读懂该文体的文章，这是由于改种文体的特点就是用通俗明了的语言使读者对说明的事物有清晰的认识，不需教师再作过多解释，同时语文课程标准中特别指出：“阅读是学生个性化的行为，不应以教师的分析来代替学生的阅

3、读实践，应培养学生的探究性阅读”，从这一点上来说，显然传统的教学方法已不适应新课程改革的要求，所以我们应改变先前阅读教学繁琐分析的弊端。怎样在教学说明文单元的过程中体现新课程的改革方向，而且省时省力，学生在兴趣学习的同时又系统的掌握这种文体，成了我们每位教学工作者亟待解决的问题。语文课程标准的推出，对说明文教学（阅读和写作）有了总体性的指导，其中第三学段“阅读”第6条明确指出：“阅读说明性文章，能抓住要点，了解文章的基本说明方法。”阅读中抓要点即主要是通过阅读理清说明的顺序，搞清说明对象的主要特征（所谓“特征”就是这一事物区别于其他事物的标志），抓住了要点，也就是抓住了文本，所以在教学中学生自

4、主阅读是关键。关于了解文章的基本说明方法，即常见的说明方法，主要掌握六种：下定义、分类别、举例子、打比方、列数字、作比较。其它说明方法可让学生了解。在第四学段“写作”第五条明确提出“写简单的说明文，做到明白清楚”，这就涉及到写作中抓事物的基本特征、采用合理的说明顺序、运用多种说明方法和准确的说明语言上，而这些知识的运用须建立在阅读教学的环节之上，通过写作训练进一步落实文体知识，达到能够写作简单说明文的目的。依据语文课程标准，结合初中学生实际情况，我摸索了一条“说明文四步六课时”教学法：第一步：利用1课时综合讲解说明文的文体知识，包括说明文特点、说明文分类、说明顺序、说明文结构形式、说明方法以及

5、说明文语言特点等。（1课时）第二步：从两个单元的说明文中挑选有代表性的一课作为范文教学，利用1课时的教学时间结合第一步中的文体知识进行教学。（1课时）第三步：学生根据已掌握的知识自行研读剩余的篇目，教师根据学生具体情况设置不同形式的问题和练习，进一步巩固文体知识。（2课时）第四步：学习写作说明文。写作时要进行有目的的训练，如说明方法的使用，说明顺序的合理运用以及说明文语言特点的体现，使学生初步掌握说明文的写作方法，能够写作简单的说明文。（2课时）究竟采取以上教学方法的效果如何呢？我就我教学的八年级六个班在县科教局统一组织的期末学情检测结果做了统计分析。检测题入选的说明文是该册教材中的生物入侵者

6、，而这一课也是我在教学中未讲解的篇目，试题共计11分。全年级6个班289人参加了测试，非实验的5个班240人此题累计得分1009.5分，生均得分4.20分，试验班49人此题累计得分283分，生均得分5.78分。以上事实证明，采取此种教学单元说明文的方法是切实可行的，不但在成绩上高于其他班级，而且大大缩短了教学时间，同时，学生在教学过程中兴趣很高，课堂活动积极，充分体现了新课程改革下倡导的学生自主、合作、探究的学习方法。培养学生良好的学习习惯是新形势下素质教育所提倡的，由于学生受传统教育的影响时间较久，学习中一直处于被动地位，更无从谈起自主、合作、探究的学习方法，通过说明文单元的教学，既让学生明

7、白了读书的方法和技巧，又锻炼了学生的自主阅读能力，让学生变得会学、善学了。Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle aro

8、und a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascina

9、ted with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sittin

10、g next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimagin

11、able free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would j

12、ust line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this,

13、Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, wit

14、h skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hu

15、ng his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no preci

16、pitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cr

17、uising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless

18、Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the d

19、istance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begi

20、n to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-sq

21、uare-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything g

22、oes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.