TOFEL近期现的托福听力加试总结以及分析

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1、近期托福听力加试总结以及分析 如下几篇文章是笔者在网上整顿的有关近期托福听力加试中浮现的演讲以及对话内容、题目以及对这些文章的分析。由于加试的文章会在此后的考试中频繁浮现，并且部分文章难度会比较大，因此建议同窗们仔细看一下。本文共波及到 篇演讲， 篇对话，但这些文章只是起到一种抛砖引玉的作用，人们可以结合本文所波及的措施，对近期的机经进行进一步整顿，必然会对自己的考试提供巨大的协助。LECTURE ONE主题：神经胶质细胞研究内容简介：专家说初期对人类大脑的研究集中在神经细胞neuron，让一男生起来回答上节课的重要内容，男生说bioelectricity（生物电） 通过神经细胞传导，通过两个

2、神经细胞的接触点传到下一种细胞，有趣的是说到这里被专家打断，说她答得已经很完整了（有题目浮现，问专家打断她的用意）。glial cells（神经胶质细胞）的作用在初期被忽视了，人们觉得胶质细胞只有支持神经细胞的作用。后来人们发现胶质细胞也有传导信息的作用，不是通过生物电，而是化学物质传导。于是总共有三种传导方式，神经细胞间，胶质细胞间，神经和胶质细胞互相传导。并且发现胶质细胞的数量及其巨大，远多于神经细胞。同步还也许有修复神经细胞，决定哪些神经长的大。专家又说，胶质细胞也许与智力有关，越多智商越高，但这不拟定。专家说对胶质细胞的研究是一种很开阔的领域，建议学生们可以考虑毕业后作进一步研究（有题

3、目浮现）。 本篇文章要点：l 分析：本篇文章所波及的正是托福听力中最难的有关生物学方面的知识，因此其中的生词非常多，例如glial cell等，但是同窗们要注意，但凡托福听力中波及到的生词，都会浮现某些解释原则对其进行解释阐明，例如会浮现which means等词语。l biology 讲glial cell（神经胶质细胞）。以往人们对神经传导的研究仅限于neuron（神经元），也叫nerve cell。神经传导通过electrical communication从一种结点传到另一种结点，神经元被觉得起重要作用，glial cell（神经胶质细胞）研究的很少，始终被忽视，被看作help the

4、 growth of neurons（有题目浮现），起辅助作用。l 后来偶尔发现大脑中glial cell（神经胶质细胞）比neuron（神经细胞）的数目多诸多，glial cell（神经胶质细胞）引起了科学家的注重，开始研究它究竟起什么作用（有题目浮现，问glial cell怎么引起科学家注意的）。l 后来有一重大突破， 发现glial cell传导信号不是用的electrical signal，而是用chemical conductor（有题目浮现）。老式观点始终误觉得glial cell也像nerve cell同样用电信号。后来谈到glial cell也许的作用：使人更intellige

5、nt。l 对glial cell的结识目前十分有限，但有关研究已经开始流行，是人们毕业之后可选的研究课题（有题目浮现） l 本文波及到的背景知识简介：Glial cell is thought to help the growth of neurons. However， scientists accidentally discover that glials amount is much more than the neuron. So glial attract peoples attention. They use chemical conductor to communicate wi

6、th others. In the past glial was thought to support nerve cell. Glial cells (神经胶质细胞)and Neurons （神经细胞）：Glial cells， commonly called neuroglia or simply glia， are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition， maintain homeostasis， form myelin， and participate in signal transmission in the ne

7、rvous system. In the human brain， glia is estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1. Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons， the other main type of cell in the central nervous system. They are thus known as the glue胶水 of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cell

8、s are to surround neurons and hold them in place， to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons， to insulate one neuron from another, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.Glia was discovered in 1856 by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a connective tissue in the brain. The hum

9、an brain contains about ten times more glial cells than neurons. Following its discovery in the late 19th century， this fact underwent significant media distortion， emerging as the famous myth claiming that we are using only 10% of our brain. The role of glial cells as managers of communications in

10、the synapse gap， thus modifying learning pace， has been discovered only very recently In addition to neurons， the nervous system is populated with another category of cells， glial cells. Glial cells are approximately 10 times more plentiful than neurons， but since they are approximately one-tenth th

11、e size， they take up equal size， glia is a Greek term meaning glue， researches originally believed that glial cells served as the putty that held the neurons together， and recent research indicates that these cells provide very important contributions.A neuron is the functioning unit of the nervous

12、system， specialized to receive， integrate， and transmit information， the flow of information moves in the following direction.DIALOGUE ONE主题：女学生丢了钱包内容简介：女生的钱包中里面有她的student id& meal card以及 key等东西，无法回dorm。于是去student service办id card，遇到staff（口音是黑人）扼守，说没有id card 不能进去，要么出示driving license，要么是有头像照片的证件，例如pas

13、sport或者其她。但是女生说，我的wallet丢了，id card没了，passport也在dorm里面，而没有id card，dorm不让进(有题目浮现，问她为什么拿不到passport)。后来女说这个问题她和dorm负责人说过，有email 到这里做阐明。staff查了查，果然如此，然后staff又说如果你能对的说出passport 的number，就让她进去，女学生沉着的说出了number，她说OK，你可以进去了，但是你会受到监视。女生说who cares! 女生又说了：她的meal card也掉了。管理员说：你在里面办ID的时候也可以顺便办了meal card。女生说:你真的是帮了我

14、很大的忙啊! 管理员：if you have some other problems, I am glad to help you。女生说you help! （本句语调为降调，有问题浮现，问女生为什么这样说。此题两个选项为对的选项：1、女生怀疑这个管理员是不是能帮她。 2、女生在解决了所有的问题之后如释重负）本篇文章要点：l 分析：本篇文章属于对话类文章，波及的内容为学生的平常生活以及学习生活。此类文章的难点在于会浮既有些在外国大学中会浮现的某些专有名词，例如id card, meal card等等，这些名词是我们在中国大学中不会看到的，因此需要同窗们事先按照我们的场景分类法对该场景的词汇进行

15、总结记忆。此外，本篇文章波及到了某些有关句子语调语调的解释，不同的语调语调该句话的意思就会产生变化，例如最后一句话you help!。这是一道双选题，要根据女生的语调进行选择。l 常用场景的特有单词的体现法：student ID, dorm, student service, staff, driving license, director, meal card, check, wallet/pursel 语音语调的考察：If you have some other problems, I am glad to help you. You help! / who cares. LECTURE

16、TWO 主题：浪漫主义诗歌内容简介：重要简介18-19 世纪英国浪漫主义(Romanticism)诗歌的代表人Wordsworth的诗。她是浪漫主义的鼻祖，但浪漫主义这个称谓是后人加上的，不是她们自身这样称呼自己的（有题目浮现）。Romanticism不是我们平时理解的romance，和男女之间的爱情无关。Romanticism针对的是common people而不是少数educated people，用的是simple language，描述的是平常生活中常用的事物，孩子，人类情感，以及自然和人类之间的互动。专家以自己为例，说自己在散步时感受到了这种互动（有题目浮现）与romanticism

17、针锋相对的一种风格是neoclassicism新古典主义，也是那位romanticism的鼻祖很反对的。neoclassicism使用太多的elaboration，如sky不叫sky，而叫blue什么的；bird不叫bird，而叫feathered person。专家把该诗人的作品分为三个阶段。初期的浪漫主义作品，重要描述植物的（花与草）诗歌。 中期时是对某些社会现象的评论。后期时对初期的作品进行修改。目前文学界还是觉得它初期的作品是最佳的。专家还说，她的诗越写到后来越糟糕，反而初期的比较好，本文重点讲了她第一阶段的诗。本篇文章要点：l 本篇文章中波及到了一道举例题，例如文章中专家会用自己的一

18、种经历举例子，然后问专家为什么说这个例子，学生在听文章的时候应当注意到例如for example等词句，文中一旦浮现例子，一定会有考题浮现。此外，文章波及到了一种事物的分类，像这种分类的状况，一定也会波及到考题，例如填表体等等。因此考生在听得过程中，应当记住是怎么分类的，并且记住每一类的具体特性即可。l 本文波及到的背景知识简介：Wordsworth, as we have said, is the chief representative of some of the most important principles in the Romantic Movement, but he is

19、far more a member of any movement, through his supreme poetic expression of some of the greatest spiritual ideals he belongs among the five or six greatest English poets.First, he is the profoundest interpreter of nature in all poetry. His feeling for nature has two aspects. He is keenly sensitive,

20、and in a more delicately discriminating way than any of his predecessors, to all the external beauty and glory of nature, especially inanimate nature of mountains, woods and fields, streams and flowers, in all their infinitely varied aspects. A wonderful joyous and intimate sympathy with them is one

21、 of his controlling impulses。 In the second place, Wordsworth is the most consistent of all the great English poets of democracy, though here as elsewhere his interest is mainly not in the external but in the spiritual aspect of things。 The obstinacy and these poems are only the most conspicuous res

22、ult of Wordsworths chief temperamental defect, which was an almost total lack of the sense of humor. Regarding himself as the prophet of a supremely important new gospel, he never admitted the possibility of error in his own point of view and was never able to stand aside from his poetry and critici

23、ze it dispassionately.DIALOGUE TWO主题：鸟类迁徙bird migration内容简介：一种学生找教师由于她要写的bird migration的报告，但找不到足够多的材料，教师觉得不也许材料不够（有问题浮现，问专家这话什么意思，答案是她觉得找resource应当easy)，男生说由于她要写得paper是有关古代鸟类迁徙的，因此资料不够。专家的说：“你的确找到了一种好的题目，但是你要懂得我的规定是你们的论文要反映你们这学期学了什么。”后来她说想写有关Aristotle有关这个题目的见解之类的，教师说她的规定是但愿她们运用所学知识研究来完毕paper 不要做summ

24、arization，但愿她换一种想法，可以写此前的old theory，然后目前的这些新研究如何支持或者驳斥这些theory，接着她想到可以写bird migrate at night，人们大多只看到大鸟，因此觉得小鸟在大鸟的翅膀下迁徙什么的，其实新发现是由于小鸟晚上飞（有问题浮现，通过说这个topic来验证自己理解了教师的意图change the topic from ancient to recent）。后来她又想写一种不迁徙而是冬眠的鸟，又被教师回绝了，教师说才15页的报告就不要那么折腾成这样，但是想法挺不错。最后教师但愿她一周后再来一下，看一看她拟定的方向。本篇文章要点：l 分析：本篇

25、文章仍然可以按照场景分类法进行整顿总结，例如遇到些论文的场景，也许会浮现论文材料的讨论，论文波及的内容，论文上交的日期等等，听力前掌握好这些要点对于听力会有一定的指引性。l 本文波及到的背景知识简介：People think small birds do not migrate. But birds migrate at night and the small birds are under the wing of big wings. So they are invisible to people. Then the student wants to write a bird that no

26、t migrate but hibernate, but the teacher denies his idea. At last, the teacher hopes that he can come a week later and see his new topic. He cannot find sufficient material for the bird migration. But the teacher thinks it is impossible. They he wants to write some ideas from Aristotle. But the teac

27、her says that her request is to apply their knowledge to accomplish the paper. So he should change the topic.LECTURE THREE主题：拉格泰姆音乐(1890-1915期间在美国流行的一种音乐)Ragtime music内容简介：Ragtime简介了一种流行于美国十九世纪左右名为ragtime的音乐，可以体现年青人的活力(spirit of youth)之类的，此乐流行是由于piano的关系，由于两者真是太搭配了。在那个年代，在多种场合都用钢琴。此乐当时流行限度，就像Rock &

28、Roll在某一时期同样。（有问题浮现，女学生说了一堆后，来了一句 I just dont get it，意思是要专家explain），还说piano 之因此当时那么受欢迎，一是由于它能与音律产生和谐，另一是由于当时它算一种财富地位的象征什么的symbol of wealth and status。再加上那个年代，人们都没钱，就去public concert or restaurant什么的听音乐，而piano声音够响亮，又和ragtime music rhythm搭配的天衣无缝，因此，两者相得益彰这个音乐年轻人很喜欢，由于很有激情。除了到处表演啊，park表演等不用钢琴，由于难搬（有考点浮现，

29、because of transportation problem）。同步，此乐也是 jazz的前身，由于演奏者不按牌理出牌，一首曲七个人弹，弹出七种调。这种ragtime音乐影响很远啊，例如目前的jazz就是从那发展来的。本篇文章要点： l 分析：本篇文章在用词上面也许会有某些难度，由于波及到专业的音乐词汇，此外本篇中也波及到了句子的语调语调的考察，这种考察一般会波及到listen again题型中，这个题型和旧托福中的part a部分相似，可以参照旧托福中的part a部分的材料和总结进行复习。l 本文波及到的背景知识简介：Ragtime 拉格泰姆音乐(1890-1915期间在美国流行的一

30、种音乐) Ragtime is an American musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1899 and 1918. It has had several periods of revival since then and is still being composed today. Ragtime was the first truly American musical genre, predating jazz. It began as dance music in popular music settings

31、 years before being published as popular sheet music for piano. Being a modification of the then popular march, it was usually written in 2/4 or 4/4 time (meter) with a predominant left hand pattern of bass notes on odd-numbered beats and chords on even-numbered beats accompanying a syncopated melod

32、y in the right hand. A composition in this style is called a rag. A rag written in 3/4 time is a ragtime waltz. Ragtime is not a time (meter) in the same sense that March time is 2/4 meter and waltz time is 3/4 meter; it is rather a musical genre that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter.

33、 The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which melodic accents fall between metrical beats. This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizing notes that either anticipate or follow the beat. The ultima

34、te (and intended) effect on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat, thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the King of Ragtime, called the effect weird and intoxicating. He also used the term swing in describing how to play ragtime mu

35、sic: Play slowly until you catch the swing. The name swing later came to be applied to an early genre of jazz that developed from ragtime. Converting a non-ragtime piece of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as ragging the piece. Original ragtime pieces usually c

36、ontain several distinct themes, four being the most common number.LECTURE FOUR主题：大王花Rafflesia内容简介：专家一开始就简介植物分类，提到分类中的species种，genus属，order目。说植物的classification 很难，某些特性比较特殊的植物特别是这个样子。提出植物的分类不能完全依托它flower的形态和特性。提到Rafflesia(大王花)，开花石会散发腐臭的味道，以吸引蝇类传播花粉。她举了Indonesia的一种植物M，它的flower很特别，超级大（图片显示它的直径有一种手臂这样长，颜

37、色为绛红），有难闻的味道，象什么肉，但是最后发现她们不是一种order 的。生长在很恶劣的环境中，其他的植物都不能生长（有题目浮现：它生长在什么样的环境当中?） 这种植物有事物的来源，但是它还是会抓insect吃，由于它不能从土壤中得到足够的营养，因此要通过这种方式来获取所需的营养（有题目浮现：为什么吃虫子）。然后专家说了它怎么抓虫的? 通过很长时间的研究，专家发现它和violet(紫罗兰)、willow(柳树) 等是属于一种order的，后提到幼时的violet，也会散发那种smell的。提到共存（有题目浮现）有提到另一种南美洲的植物和它是同一目的，但是花很小，味道也不难闻，与蓝莓共生coh

38、erent。学生提问不能测DNA吗，专家说这种大花基本不进行光合伙用，没法提取一般植物能提取到的DNA。在DNA分析技术成熟之前主线无法将她们并为同类，由于她们的特性差别太大。专家还提到这种植物的交配不易，其一气味难闻致使传蜜的动物不易接近，其二它每年只开一次花，且花分雌雄。因此要这样多先天条件凑齐不易，因此很少有人有机会看到开花的全过程。（有考题浮现）因此，结论，不可以貌取人。后来又讲了这种花很有也许灭绝，因素是要fly帮忙运花粉，要同种的花在一起，要这些条件同步发生，是小概率事件。Small incident 本篇文章要点：l 分析：本篇文章在近几种月中的考试中浮现的频率极大，建议考生认真

39、准备，并且生词非常多，不适宜作答。l 本文波及到的背景知识简介：Rafflesia, genus of various parasitic, stemless, leafless plants, distinctive for their putrid, carrion odor. The plants are native to the Malay Archipelago and Indonesia and live on the stems and roots of certain woody vines. The large, pink, five-lobed flowers are p

40、ollinated by carrion flies. The blossom of one species, the corpse lily, is recognized as the largest flower in the world. It grows up to 91 cm (36 in) in width, with petals 3 cm (1 in) thick and 46 cm (18 in) long, and weighs as much as 7 kg (15 lb). Scientific classification: Rafflesia make up the genus Rafflesia of the family Rafflesiaceae. The corpse lily is classified as Rafflesia arnoldii.